MAPC Prospectus

Color’s Role in Design and User Experience on News

Websites
Abigail Maxim

ABSTRACT
Color is one of the biggest players in designing a webpage. A user’s
perception of the color(s) on the page can either make or break one’s user
experience when browsing. In this study, I aim to look at the relationship
between Millennials and color in web design using The Huffington Post, a
popular news website among the age group. This qualitative study
compares and contrasts their experiences looking at this website in two
different triadic color schemes—warm and cool tones. Its goal is to further
influence the field of UX design in informing designers of Millennial men
and women’s preferences in regards to color on various sorts of content
pages.
Abby Maxim
April 25, 2017
Research Methods
Dr. Howard
Research Proposal

Color’s Role in Design and User Experience on News Websites

Introduction:

Color. While we may or may not think about it, it is one of the biggest factors

in our experience reading digital or print media. Think of how boring seeing a black

and white advertisement would be, or only being able to see the internet in black

and white. The colors designers choose when creating material are not simply

afterthoughts; they are something each designer thinks deeply about how it may

impact the user or reader. Color can make a webpage go from unreadable to visually

interesting. It can be unique and draw an impact on a user or, for colorblind

individuals, make reading a webpage nearly impossible.

For my research, I pose the question of: “How does color impact user

experience when viewing a website?” While we know that certain colors draw

reactions from users, such as blue’s association with professionalism or red’s ability

to jump from the page, unable to remain in the background, how would a user view

the same website in two different but sensible color schemes? (Williams) Will users

react differently to a warm-toned color scheme as opposed to a cool-toned one? If

so, what are these differences and which one do users prefer? Finally, once the

answers to these questions are known, how might we best use these findings to

better user’s experiences when browsing the websites and webpages we create?
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In the following study, I will be looking at warm and cool tones’ influence on

user experience when viewing the news website, The Huffington Post. Users will be

asked to navigate the website, looking at the homepage, politics page, and the

lifestyle page. They will also be asked follow-up questions involving Likert scales,

their opinions on both versions of the website that they see, and which color

schemes they would use on other types of websites.

Background:
Operational Definitions:

When I say “color,” I mean that I will be looking at warm-toned colors, such

as various tones and shades of reds, oranges and yellows compare to cool-toned

colors, such as various tones and shades of blues, purples and greens in website

design. Both color schemes will be laid out in a way that is as easily-readable as

possible. As I will be looking at the subtleties of the way color impacts design and a

user’s perception of a webpage, each design will be fairly simple and modern. They

will only differ in their uses of color. In fact, I will do my best to make sure that the

tones and shades of each color match up as best as possible. The color schemes I will

be using will be triadic, as users find them most attractive (Brady and Phillips).

Here are the two color schemes I will be using in my study:

Warm tones:
 Maxim 5

Cool tones:

By “user experience,” I mean I will be looking at how a user experiences the

website I present to him or her specifically through the use of color. Usability.gov

says that user experience or UX “focuses on having a deep understanding of users,

what they need, what they value, their abilities, and also their limitations.” The

Nielson Norman Group says this about UX: “In order to achieve high-quality user

experience in a company's offerings there must be a seamless merging of the

services of multiple disciplines, including engineering, marketing, graphical and

industrial design, and interface design.” As I work to create a space in which the

specific effects of color on UX can be analyzed, I will have to keep these things in

mind as I move ahead.

 “Website” refers specifically to the news website, The Huffington Post, which

I will be using in my study. I will be changing the colors of this website to match my

color schemes and testing my participants of their interpretations of this website. I

chose The Huffington Post for a few reasons. One, news websites play a large role in

informing the public and The Huffington Post is one of the most popular news

outlets seen all over the web and social media, such as Facebook. A user’s

experience when browsing a news outlet’s website can influence what they think

about the information portrayed on that website. I am also using The Huffington

Post specifically because its demographic is similar to the one I will be testing, as its

largest audience is Millennials. I want to see how warm and cool-toned color

schemes differ in user’s experiences and perceptions of these websites when users

view the same content with each. Here is the current Huffington Post homepage,

which I will be modifying:

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The warm-toned website will be this:

And the cool-toned website will be this:

 As a background to this paper, I have drawn literature from a few different

areas of concentrations when it comes to color and design on websites. First, I have

taken a look at literature on the role of color and lighting on screens. While the

study I looked at was based on color on mobile screens, the same thoughts can

easily apply to a computer screen. I also look at the different ways color can be

incorporated into structure, including how it can be used to structure information,

how color affects link colors, and how color affects balance on a webpage. My

research also included information on the impression color has on a user, and how

color can affect one’s perception of time on a webpage. Finally, I looked into how

color and design present themselves differently to men and women, something I

plan to keep in the back of my mind when performing my research study.

Literature Review:

First, I looked at a study Laurie Brady and Christine Phillips completed in

regards to color and balance, entitled “Aesthetics and usability: A look at color and

balance.” Laurie Brady and Christine Phillips analyze and study the effects of color

and balance on webpages in this article. In order to complete this study, Brady and

Phillips used eighty college students as participants, the majority of whom were

freshmen with a median age of 20.53. Once the participants were selected, they

analyzed various forms of one website, called www.createforless.com. The authors

chose this design “based on the design principles of interest.” Much like the study I

plan to do, the websites were identical discounting the variables being tested—color
 Maxim 9

and balance. The first website’s color scheme was “triadic,” or as Brady and Phillips

describe, one that “involves hues equally spaced along the color wheel.” However,

the authors changed the variable websites using a “non-standard” color scheme.

Participants each looked at one website and rated the websites on usability and

aesthetic appeal. In the end, the authors found “no statistical difference in user

satisfaction” in the differences between the websites. The authors speculate that this

means user satisfaction is based more upon the user’s ability to navigate a webpage

as opposed to aesthetic appeal. However, users were more likely to want to use the

webpages they ranked highly for aesthetic appeal. The authors found that color

played an important role in their study, as the website with the “triadic color

scheme” was more highly ranked than the webpages with non-standard color

schemes. Participants also noted that they thought these webpages would be easier

to use as well. (Brady and Phillips)

This study influenced my own in that I will be using “standard” color

schemes when assessing participants. Warm and cool-toned schemes, while not

triadic, are still standard color schemes in design. I also plan to make both websites

generally “aesthetically appealing.” As this study says, websites are better received

if they are perceived to be pleasing on the eyes. I do not intend to make content hard

to read or to make graphics hard to see.

Coursaris et al. draw upon previous research in the area of color and design,

such as that by Brady and Phillips in order to complete their study in their article,

“An empirical investigation of color temperature and gender effects on web

aesthetics.” Here, they investigate the effects of color temperature and gender on

one’s perception of webpages in an empirical study. The authors found that the

color temperature of a website design influenced aesthetics in two ways: classical

and expressive (classical being design that “emphasizes orderly and clean design”

and expressive being design that “reflects a designer’s creativity and originality.”

(Coursaris 105)). The authors also found that split-complementary color schemes

were the most aesthetically pleasing to users with a fully-warm color scheme being

the least. They did not find any information indicating any sort of correlation

between gender and the perception of a webpage. (Coursaris et al.)

One aspect that I am interested in looking at in my study is whether or not

gender affects one’s perception of color and user experience. I want to know if

women and men view warm and cool tones differently, and which each gender may

or may not prefer. It is not the main point of my study, but I think it is valuable

research in the field of user experience that I can help to contribute as well. I also

think this factors will influence user experience in my study.

Of course, this research of temperature is also incredibly relevant to my own

research. I will not be asking to participants to analyze the websites’ design in terms

of “classical” and “expressive” terms, but these are things I will keep in mind as I

move forward. I recognize that warm-tones may be less visually appealing than

cool-tones overall, but in the context of a news website directed towards millennials

these perceptions could change.

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In a study directed by Gorn et al., titled “Waiting for the Web: How Screen

Color Affects Time Perception,” it was found that users were 40% more likely to

visit a webpage if a page were to download more quickly and only 20% of users

would be more likely to visit a webpage with “the addition of a richer media

experience” (Gorn 215). The authors believe that while a website’s loading time may

objectively influence users, there are also subjective influences at play. The authors

suggest that these factors could be the colors that appear as a webpage is loading

and that various colors can influence one’s perception of time. Cool colors tend to

calm down users and allow them to believe that time is moving slower as compared

to a webpage created in warmer colors. (Gorn)

I am interested in this study because I will be monitoring the times that it takes

users to complete tasks during my own study. Given this information, I have to wonder if

users will complete tasks faster with the warm-toned screen and slower with the cool-

toned scheme. Combined with the website’s purpose, which one is more ideal for a news

outlet’s website if this is the case?

In “Color Scheme Adaptation to Enhance User Experience on Smartphone

Displays Leveraging Ambient Light” by J. Yu, Y. Chen, and J. Li, the authors detail a

study they performed involving light and smart phone screens. They were

interested in finding the affects of lighting on user experience, such as how lighting

may affect how one reads in the sun or how a bright screen affects users in the dark.

Here, the authors have developed their own application, called ColorVert, to ease

lighting changes on webpages. Using around 200 volunteers, the authors found that
user experience is impacted by a few different factors: “readability, comfort level,

and similarity between the transformed color scheme and the original one.” The

authors also found that using bright colors hurts user experience in both high and

low light situations. (Yu et al.)

This article is important for one designing a website to be used either on

laptops or on smartphones as either may be used in high or low light situations.

When thinking of user experience, one must consider the lighting in which users

may be using it. While it is impossible to make colors completely adaptable to every

lighting situation, extremely bright or dark colors as the main colors in a design

should likely be avoided so that users can see clearly in whatever lighting situation

they may be viewing the website.

In this article, “Typography, Color, and Information Structure,” Keyes details

how color might be used to promote structure within a design. She writes, “Color

focuses attention. Perceptually it may be more accurate to say that color grabs

attention. It demands and commands primary attention” (Keyes 646). Color utilizes

the design principles of proximity and contrast in order to group objects and

separate them from others. (Keyes)

This article provides useful things to keep in mind when working on

designing a website, as I will be doing for my study. While I am just taking an

existing website and changing around the colors, I must abide by the principles of

design such as proximity in order to create a sensible design that will not confuse or

distract users.
 Maxim 13

“Managing Images in Different Cultures: A Cross-National Study of Color

Meanings and Preferences” by Thomas J. Madden, Kelly Hewett and Martin S. Roth

analyzes the ways different cultures view colors. Madden, Hewett, Roth do their

research in regards to marketing and how knowing different cultures around the

world is important in our global economy. In advertisement design, color is one of

the main ways in which companies and agencies reach consumers. Therefore, the

perception customers have of the colors used in advertisements and logos is of

upmost importance to those designing them. The authors ask the question of, “To

what extent can global managers strategically use color to communicate desired

images and reinforce them to consumers?” to begin their research (Madden et al.

90). The authors present their research goal as “exploring cross-nationally the

meanings associated with color combinations, as well as with specific colors, and to

provide a conceptual framework for further research” (91).

The authors’ research involved gathering participants from eight different

countries and having them analyze ten different colors. Every participant responded

to questions which involved rating them on a scale in order to define the meanings

he or she associated with each color. Then, participants chose colors to insert in

three different logo designs in which either the bottom color was blue, red, or green.

These colors were used because they are generally the most popular colors used in

logos and advertisements, as found in the authors previous research regarding

Ward. Participants were undergraduate students from East Asia, Europe, South

America, and North America. (Madden et al. 93)

 Results included finding that blue was the most liked color, with a score of

6.0 on a score of 7.0. In five countries, blue was the favorite color of the participants

and in the three others, the second-favorite. Brazil listed white as their favorite and

Canada as black. Red was also generally associated with such meanings as “active,”

“hot,” or “vibrant.” Two Asian countries perceived pleasantness from red. (Madden

et al. 98)

This research is incredibly relevant to my own study, even though I am not

looking specifically at advertisements, marketing, or logos. When asking

participants of their opinions of particular color schemes, I must keep in mind the

fact that participants may be influenced by his or her culture or heritage when

looking at my webpage designs. Race may even play a role in my study, as the

authors cited a study which discovered that African Americans generally like red,

purple, and black as opposed to whites who lean towards cooler tones, such as blues

and greens. For this reason, I will be asking participants of their cultural heritage

and their race.

Chapter 7 of Robin Williams’s Non-Designer’s Design Book is titled “Design

with Color,” which is the main chapter I will be talking about in reference to

Williams’s book. While I referred to the entirety of her work in order to introduce

myself to the basic ideas of website design and design in general, the chapter on

color is the most relevant in relation to this study. One of the main points, especially

in regards to this study, is on page 107, when she points out that warm colors jump

to the foreground and that cool colors stay in the background. Williams gives
 Maxim 15

readers hints of how to utilize these differences and how to balance out designs with

one or both tones. (Williams)

When working with color, many of the color theories Williams mentions in

that chapter and in her book as a whole will apply to my website and the thought

that goes into it as I design what it looks like for users. She also provides

information on triadic color schemes, which, as I mentioned above, I will be working

with on my website design.

Methodology:

Research Question/Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to examine how color impacts a user’s experience when

browsing a webpage. Specifically, I will be looking at how warm and cool colors

affect a user’s experience. A good website design is necessary for the best user

experience possible and colors greatly affect a website’s design. I will use a

combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in order to complete my study

and afterwards analyze my data.

As stated above, I will be showing users two versions of the same website—

one warm-toned and one cool-toned in order to gauge their reactions towards these

different color schemes. I will be using the Huffington Post, as I feel that particular

website is heavily focused towards Millennials.

Research Process:

Subject Data Collection

Selection • Scenario
Data Analysis
• Pretest • Post-test
questions

Subject Selection:

Participants will be between ages 18-25, generally college-freshman age. As I

am completing this study for my MAPC research project, the most efficient way for

me to get participants is to draw from what I have available as a teacher of the

freshman course, Advanced Composition and Rhetoric. Because participants are so

hard to come by without incentive, I plan to offer a bit of extra credit in order to

gather volunteers. I will also reach out to fellow first-year students and perhaps

send along an email to others who teach first-year classes. I will not be reaching out

to upper-level classes as I want a variety of majors to participate in my study. Any

advanced knowledge of design, technical communication, or rhetoric could

potentially skew my results. Potential participants will be given a pre-test at the

 Maxim 17

start of the study in order to make sure they come into the study unbiased and to

also gather demographic information. The questions will be as followed:

Name:
Gender:
Age:
Year: Freshman | Sophomore | Junior | Senior
How would you describe your race?
How would you describe your heritage?
In which region of the country did you grow up?
Major:

Have you studied visual rhetoric?

How many English courses have you taken?

If so, list them in the space below:

Have you taken any art or design courses?

Do you typically use your phone or computer to browse the Internet?

Or do you use each equally?

How much do you think a website’s design impacts your experience in

browsing a webpage? Not at all | A little | Neutral | Some | Very much

What is your favorite color?

What is your least favorite color?

After participants have answered the pre-test questions, they will be asked to sign a

content form in order to be recorded. I have pasted it here:

Informed Consent Agreement

Usability Test for Website Design

Principle Investigators:
Abigail Maxim
MAPC Final Project
Purpose: To compare to versions of the same website in order to find
which one is more user-friendly and appealing.
Study Environment: The study will take place in Usability Testing Facility,
in Daniel Hall 410, where you will be observed as you browse the websites
and compare them. By signing this form, you agree to abide by the rules of
the Usability Testing Facility. We will be glad to provide a copy of these
rules for your review.
Information Collection: I will record information about how you use the
both websites. We will interview you before and after your work with the
websites. I will use the information you give us, along with the information
we collect from other participants, to complete my final project and thesis
for the Master’s of Professional Communication program.
Audio/Video Waiver: All or some of your work during this study and the
interviews will be recorded on an audio and visual video recorder. The
researchers shall own the results of the services you perform under this
agreement. By signing this form, you give your consent to us to use,
reproduce and publish your voice and verbal statements, but not your name,
for the purpose of evaluating these two websites and showing the results of
my study.
Comfort: We have scheduled breaks for you, but you may take a break at
any other time you wish. Merely inform the study administrator that you
would like to do so.
Risks: There is the possibility that an excerpt from an A/V recording of you
could be used in a public setting. Clemson University cannot be held liable
for any injury you may receive as a result of your participation in this study.
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Freedom to Withdraw: You may withdraw at any time.

Freedom to Ask Questions: If you have any questions, you may ask either
study administrator, now or at any time during the test.
Compensation: Your participation in this study is completely voluntary.
There is no monetary compensation for participating.
If you agree with these terms, please indicate your acceptance by signing
below.
Signature:
______________________________________________________ Date: ________________
Printed Name: ________________________________________________ Your Initials:
_________
Witness:
________________________________________________________ Date: _________________
Investigator: __________________________________________________ Date: ____________
_____
Participant Number: ______________

Data Collection Methods:

To conduct my study, I plan to use a few different forms of data collection.

First, I will present participants with either the warm-toned website or the cool-

toned website. Half will see the warm-toned website first and the other half will see

the cool-toned website first in order to control for bias against one or the other. As

participants view the websites, they will voice each of their thoughts in a think-

aloud protocol. Participants will partake in multiple scenarios as they browse the

websites. Recordings and comments will be taken in TechSmith Morae, a software

used for usability testing. Finally, the participants will see the two side-by-side and

be able to compare and contrast the effects each has on his or her user experience.
 Each participant in my study will be treated equally. So that I can ensure this

equality, beyond the pre-test questions I will also follow a script and have guided

questions for each to follow. The script I plan to use is as follows:

Thank you for taking part in this study regarding website design and

user interaction. Your answers will remain completely confidential and you

can choose to pause or end the study at any time.

Today, we will be looking at two different versions of the same website

on the screens in front of you. First, you will see one website on the screen

to your left. Then, you will see a slightly modified version of the same

website on the right screen. You will start on the homepage of each website.

As you view these webpages, you will be asked to imagine scenarios in

which you complete certain tasks. Please think aloud every thought you

have as you go through these scenarios. If you forget to think aloud, I will

say, “Please keep talking.” After you look at each website separately, I will

ask you to compare the two with pre-formed questions. Do not worry about

giving “right” or “wrong” answers. Anything you can say is helpful to the

study. I am just trying to get a feel of your user experience when using these

websites. As you do this, I will be recording you and gathering data of your

experience as a user.

Do you have any questions at this point?

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These are the questions I will ask participants to begin the study:

1. You open up the Huffington Post as you browse for current events news.

You take note of the

current headlines,

including “Science

Friction: Thousands

Across The Globe March

In Opposition To

Trump…” and “Federal

‘Witch Hunt’ Against

Trump Critic On Twitter

Sparks Investigation.” You go through the homepage before venturing

anywhere else on the website.

2. First, you decide you are interested in the “Politics” section of the

website. Scroll through and click on any article that interests you.

3. Next, you decide to view the “Lifestyle” section of The Huffington Post.

Again, click on any story that interests you.

4. Proceed to navigate the website in any section, as you have viewed what most

interests you.

Participants will go through these scenarios twice: once for the warm-toned

webpage and once for the cool-toned webpage. Responses will be recorded in Morae

and I will record comments and create a system of flags for each type of comment.
 Maxim 23

Comments will be grouped as follows:

CRTL+A
• Positive Comments

CRTL+N
• Negative Comments

CRTL+R
• Recommendations

CRTL+O
• Observations

The next questions will be based on a Likert scale. They are as follows:

This website is visually pleasing

1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat pleasing] 5 [Very pleasing]

This website is creative in design.

1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat creative] 5 [Very creative]

The navigation is easily-visible.

1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat] 5 [Very]

I can read the text easily.

1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat] 5 [Very]

My eyes have a concrete place to focus.

1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat] 5 [Very]
The website’s colors do not distract from the content.
1 [Very distracting] 2 [Somewhat distracting] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Generally not

distracting] 5 [Not distracting at all]

Next, participants will compare the two questions using these questions:

Which website is more visually appealing?

Which website makes you feel more calm?

Which website catches your attention more?

Which website is easiest to navigate?
Which website is more distracting?

If you were creating a website to rally local grassroots campaigns, which color
palette would you choose?
How comfortable do you feel with your choice?
1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat] 5 [Very]

If you had to build a website that was marketing cosmetics to women, which
color palette would you choose?
How comfortable do you feel with your choice?
1 [Not at all] 2 [Not very] 3 [Neutral] 4 [Somewhat] 5 [Very]

Data Analysis Methods

Once I have recorded all participants in Morae, I will open the clips in Morae

Manager. Morae Manager has all the clips labeled with the comments that I

previously made. As I look through each flagged comment, I will code the comments

by subject. For example, if a participant mentions the navigation, the comment will

be coded as “navigation” and included in a video about color and navigation. If the
 Maxim 25

participant notes the background color, the same thing will occur—a separate video

will be made to showcase participants’ comments on the background.

I will also be creating graphs that show the number of positive and negative

comments in regards to each version of the website. I plan to use a bar graph in this

case.

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50% Cool-Toned Website

Warm-Toned Website
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Positive Comments Negative Comments

I will also average together the Likert scales once the study has finished. Raw

data will be provided as well as a clustered bar graph, which visualizes the

information. An example is provided here:

 Question 4

Question 3

Cool-toned
Warm-toned
Question 2

Question 1

0 1 2 3 4 5

Two questions in the post-test will also get accompanying graphs. The two I

will be looking at more closely here are: “If you were creating a website to rally local

grassroots campaigns, which color palette would you choose?” and “If you had to

build a website that was marketing cosmetics to women, which color palette would

you choose?” An example is provided below:

If you were creating a website to rally

local grassroots campaigns, which
color palette would you choose?

Warm-toned
Cool-toned
 Maxim 27

As I am also taking gender into account with my research, I will further

divide answers by the participants’ genders. While I will provide data with both

genders combined, a separate section will be dedicated to the differences and

similarities in each gender’s perceptions of the website’s design. As with the

previous graphs shown, I will compare the gender’s differences in both the coded

think-aloud protocols and the Likert scales. Being able to see these data both

together and separate should be able to determine whether or not gender

contributes to one’s perceptions of color on a website and in user experience.

Threats to Validity

When conducting this study, I am planning on addressing various points that

may threaten my research’s validity. While it is impossible to account for all these

threats, I intend to do the best that I can to get the most accurate data possible.

As my literature review shows, I have done research on how color is

perceived in cultures other than my own. Of course, colors are seen differently in

different cultures and parts of the world. When designing a website, website

designers, usability testers and UX designers should keep in mind that there may be

cultural differences when it comes to color. The participants in my study do not

have to be from one specific culture, country, or area of the country. That would be

inaccurate to the audience who may look at the website, in this case The Huffington

Post. However, I will be asking the question, “How would you describe your

heritage?” in my pre-test in order to gauge whether or not these factors may

influence the participant. I expect, as I am drawing from first-year Composition

students, that most will be white and from South Carolina, although a diverse

representation is certainly wanted.

Next, I will have to account for internal biases which my participants may or

may not have towards certain color schemes. Perhaps one person’s favorite color is

red and thus prefers the warm-toned color scheme immediately, or perhaps another

prefers cooler-toned colors. In order to weigh these responses correctly, I will be

asking “What is your favorite color?” and “What is your least favorite color?” I have

to wonder whether or not the colors that men and women end up preferring will

also be separated by gender. It is something I may consider including in my final

research.

Users also may prefer the first website they are presented with over the last

in which they are presented. In order to control for this bias, I will be presenting half

of the participants with the warm-toned website first, and half of the participants

with the cool-toned website first. Combined with the other data I am collecting to

make sure the study is structurally valid, this bias should be accounted for.

Timeline:
Phase Task Completion Date
1 Present prospectus to August 28
committee members
1 Reach out to students, September 11
other possible
participants
1 Begin scheduling studies September 12
in Daniel 410
2 Conduct Studies September 12-November
1
2 Code studies November 10
 Maxim 29

2 Send Committee Progress November 10

3 Put together graphs, data November 27
3 Finalize data December 1
3 Update Committee on December 4
Progress
Begin writing report January 8
Finalize report with March 14
committee
Defend MAPC portfolio April 18

Conclusion:

My research aims to provide more insight into web design and user

experience, particularly in user’s reactions and feelings towards warm and cool-

toned color schemes. Going forward, this research should help web designers know

more of what Millenials opinions are in regards to websites, especially the news

websites that they frequently look at, such as The Huffington Post. This research has

a goal of providing more information to web designers and UX designers on how

men and women view websites differently. While there has been research done in

this area, hopefully the specific nature of this study will help designers know the

different attitudes each gender has towards news websites and other content, such

as lifestyle and political pages.

Thank you for taking the time to look over my research design. I look

forward to hearing any feedback you may have.

Works Cited
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