Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Department of Rural Engineering

34th Promotion
Water Resources Engineering and Rural Infrastructures

Reinforced Concrete
Prepared by : Group B2
Advisor : HUN Ketya

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2017-2018 DATE: OCTOBER 25, 2017

DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ENGINEERING វ ិទ្យោស�នបកវ ិទ្យោក�

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WATER RESOURCES | MODELLING|CLIMATE CHANGE | GIS-REMOTE SENSING | WATER & SANITATION
INSTITUT DE TECHNOLOGIE DU CAMBODGE
 THE ENGINEERING
2.2 Cracking Moment FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

• 2.2 Cracking Moment

 The area of reinforcing as a percentage of the

total cross-sectional area of a beam is quite small
(usually 2% or less).
Ac  Its effect on the beam properties is almost
negligible as long as the beam is uncracked.
 An approximate calculation of the bending
As stresses in such a beam can be obtained based on
the gross properties of the beam’s cross section.

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.2 Cracking Moment FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

 In this case (uncracked), the stress in the concrete at any

distance y from the neutral axis is determined by:
𝑴𝑴
𝝈=
𝑰𝒈

 M = bending moment and My ≤ Mcr

 y = distance from the neutral axis

 Ig = moment inertia of cross section

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.2 Cracking Moment FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

- Modulus of rupture of concrete σr

𝝈𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟕λ 𝝈′𝒄
With σr = modulus of rupture of concrete
σ c′ = strength in concrete N/mm2 or Mpa
λ = correction factor related to unit weight for concrete
 λ = 1.0 for normal-weight concrete
 λ = less than1.0 for lightweight

 If the tensile stress is less than the modulus of rupture,

then the beam is not cracked 𝜎𝑡 ≤ 𝜎𝑟 .

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.2 Cracking Moment FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

 The cracking moment is as follow:

𝝈 𝒓 𝑰𝒈
𝑴𝒄𝒄 =
𝒚𝒕
 Mcr = cracking moment

 σr = modulus of rupture of concrete

 yt is the distance from the centroidal axis of the section to its

extreme fiber in tension.

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

• 2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked

 When tensile stress > modulus of rupture, it is assumed that all

of the concrete on the tensile side of the beam is cracked and
must be neglected in the flexure calculations. If the load is
further increased, these cracks begin to spread up to vicinity of
the neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to move
upward.

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

Cracked, transformed section

In assumption of perfect bond made between the reinforcing

bars and the concrete, 𝜖𝑐 = 𝜖𝑠 but their stresses cannot be the
same since they have different moduli of elasticity.

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

𝐸𝑠
Modular ratio: 𝑛=
𝐸𝑐

Since, 𝐸𝑠 : modulus of elasticity of steel

𝐸𝑐 : modulus of elasticity of concrete

 If the modular ratio for a particular beam is n=k, the stress in

the steel will be k times the stress in the concrete at the same
distance from the neutral axis. Or 1 unit area of steel will carry
the same total force as k unit area of concrete.

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 THE ENGINEERING
2.3 Elastic Stresses—Concrete Cracked FOR FUTURE OF CAMBODIA

To determine the stresses and resisting moments for reinforced

concrete beam:
i. Locate the neutral axis, which is assumed to be located a
distance x from the compression surface of the beam.
Hint: 𝑄𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑄 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 , about neutral axis
i. After the neutral axis is located, the moment of inertia of the
transformed section is calculated,
ii. and the stresses in the concrete and the steel are computed
with the flexure formula.

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