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OTC 5200

by G. Alfano and C. Del Fa', U. di Cagliari; R. Peretti and A. Zucca, Consiglio Nazionale Delle
Ricerche; and P. Accardo and G. Sanna, Progemisa S.p.A.

Copyright 1986 Offshore Technology Conference

This paper was presented at the 18th Annual OTC in Houston, Texas, May 5-8, 1986. The material is subject to correction by the author. Permission
to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words.

ABSTRACT Sardinia (Figs.1 and 2) and attention has been fo-


cussed on these regions in order to:
In- a survey of the Sardinian continental shelf, - define in detail the location and thickness
deposits of sand have been found near the shore not of the deposits,
far beneath the surface, containing the following - establish a correlation between on- and off
valuable heavy minerals: cassiterite, monazite, zir- shore deposits from a geological, chemical
con, rutile, titano-magnetite, etc. The findings of and mineralogical point of view,
an investigation conducted with a view to beneficia- - collect samples offshore, at depths of be-
ting these sands via mineralurgical processes are tween 10 and 40 m representative of the whole
presented. Geological and geophysical results are area or of single points,
reported as well as the outcome of laboratory tests. - collect representative samples along the
coasts facing the areas surveyed offshore,
- set up sui table beneficiation flowsheets in
1. INTRODUCTION a pilot plant.

In 1969 a research programme was undertaken for In the sequel some of the most salient aspects
the purpose of assessing the valuable mineral pot- of the research and the results obtained are illu-
ential of coastal sand deposits in Sardinia. The strated.
findings pointed to the presence of several heavy
minerals of economic interest such as IJlQne,zi te,
cassiterite, rare earths, zircon, rutile, anatase, 2. SAMPLING
ilmeni te and ti tano-magneti te. --
In the offshore survey of the continental shelf
Mineralurgical beneficiation tests carried out aboard the oceanographic ship of the National Re-
on a number of samples yielded promisingresults. search Council (CNR) and small boats, over 1000
On the grounds of these results in 1976 a §urveyof " samples were collected down to a bathymetre of some
the Sardinian continental shelf was launched wi th 200 m, mostly with a Van Veen bottom sampler and
a view to identifying sand deposits of economic in- a 1.2 t gravity corer. A small number of samples was
terest, as well as .to follow up offshore the indi- also retrieved with a vibrocorer penetrating down
cators that emerged from investigation of beach de- to a depth of 6 m.
posits. - - - . -.
Geophysical measurements were taken at the same
The campaign, which also included geophysical time using sub-bottom profiler, uniboom, sparker,
and geological surveys, lead to the delimitation etc. in order to define deposit dimensions.
of some areas of undoubted interest where, among
other things, the heavy minerals are for the most An air-lift system was employed for collecting
part concentrated in the fine size classes. representative samples of the offshore zones inve-
stigated. Representative samples of the coastal
The areas of major interest are in SW and SE areas surveyed were collected throughout the depo-
sit with an appropriate sampler down to a depth of
References and illustrations at end of paper. about 1 m.
403
2 RESULTS OF SURVEY FOR HEAVY MINERALS IN THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SARDINIA (ITALY) OTC 5200

3. GEOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL terrains. Only at Chia has the presence of the
FEATURES Paleozoic sequence been ascertained in the coastal
belt.
On the grounds of--findings of on- and offshore
sampling, and of the knowledge of deposit features The Paleozoic. sedimentary rocks contain numer-
and geology ~ of_ possi ble sources and of the conti- ous small magnetite and mixed sulphide mineraliza-
nental shelf, a first synthesis has been compiled tions in skarn with interesting Sn and rare earth
for the E. Sulcis and in lesser detail for the Sar- grades. In the granite batholith composed mainly of
rabus, with a view to providing guide-lines for post-tectonic leucogranites, molybdenum and calcho-
mining research (Fig.l)._ pyrite mineralizations occur locally and geochemi-
cal anomalies in Sn, Mo, Wand monazite are present
Maps of the main mineralizations known have been Recent studies have suggested that these can be re-
drawn up of the coastal areas of the Sulcis showing lated to porphyry molybdenum deposits and tin-bear-
the elements indicating the presence of heavy min- ing granitoids. Finally late vein systems with Ba,
erals as well as geochemical anomalies identified F and mixed sulphide mineralizations, often anomal-
through a strategical geochemical survey of stream ous in Sn and rare earths are also present.
sediments and alluvions.
The continental shelf of E. Sulcis is a horst
For the part concerning the offshore deposits, bounded to the West by the graben of the S. Sulcis
size class and mineral grade data of the samples and to the East by that of the Campidano. Further
have been processed and the spatial distribution horst and graben zones of minor rank are present
studied. In addition the morphology of the sedimen- within the horst and these condition the Plio-quat-
tary boLlies and the geostructural features of the ernary sedimentation. By the coast the middle part
continental shelf have been reconstructed. of the shelf is composed of rocks, presumably Ter-
tiary at S. Margherita and Paleozoic at Chia, while
Finally further sampling has been carried out off the coast these rocks are covered with well-
on- and offshore in an endeavour to define the stratified marine sediments of the Miocene age. The
evolution with depth of the deposits. whole horst is covered with thin Plioquaternary de-
posi ts, in erosion, whose thickness increases in
3.1 Geostructural context of the E. Sulcis the graben area, to more than 10 m.

The E. Sulcis_consists of a metamorphic basement The peripheral areas, which come under the Cam-
deformed by polyphase tectonics during the Hercyn- pidano and Sulcis graben, are characterized by the
ian orogenesis, composed of metapelites, metasand- presence of an active Plioquaternary sedimentation.
stones, metavolcani tes and metalimestones of age
comprised between Cambrian and Devonian (or Lower 3.2 Investigation of sand deposits
Carboniferous 1 with intrusions of granitoid -rock
and its Late Hercynian differentiates. On- and offshore sampling has been carried out
in the areas of S. Margherita and Chia (Fig.2).
At Capo Spartivento, the presence of rocks,
thought to be Precambrian, composed of an epimeta- Typical of S. Margherita are the narrow belts
morphic sedimentary unit overlying an orthogneiss, resting on a predominantly volcanic Tertiary sub-
has been pointed out. stratum and subordinately on the Cixerri formation.
The upper part of the deposit is composed in the
Overlying this basement are Tertiary sedimentary hinterland of fine (Wentworth scale) sands and
formations composed of sandstones and continental medium fine on the shore. The sands are quartzose-
peli tes (Cixerri formation), aged between Eocene feldspathic with a mafic fraction consisting of
and Oligocene, injected and covered with volcanites rare biotite, in the process of chloritization, and
and volcanoclasti tes with predominantly andesi tic more abundant epidote. The heavy fraction contains
chemical composi tion, of the calc-alkaline Oll.go- ilmenite, titano-magnetite, hematite, garnet, rut-
Miocene cycle. ile, anatase, zircon, cassiterite and monazite.

These rocks are covered by Quaternary continen- Mineral grades range from 50-1400 ppm for SnC2,
tal sediments which can be distinguished into older 50-700 ppm :for Zr02 and 0.25%-26.6% for Ti02 . In
glacis deposits and more recent detritus, soils and addi tion at Cala d I Ostia a small residual heavy
littoral deposits. mineral deposit has been identified, probably form-
ed through eolian processes removing the light min-
Alpine tectonics have defined the spatial rela- erals. The. sand can be classified as medium-fine
tions between the different formations, putting in- (Fig.2, sample E1) and contains the same minerals
to contact, through a fault striking ENE having as the other samples but in different concentra-
prevalently vertical throw, the Paleozoic basement tions: Sn = 353 ppm; V = 0.26%; Zr02 = 489 ppm;
outcropping inland, with the more recent coastal Ti0 2 = 12.62%, Fe tot = 40.68%, rare earths + Th =
404
OTC 5200 ALFAND, DEL FA', PERETTI, ZUCCA, ACCARDO & SANNA 3
234 ppm. Cobalt has also been detected in this sand tained once the technical difficulties inherent in
and in the others of this area. sampling at greater depths have been resolved.

Sampling has been carried out in the same area 3.3 Remarks on genesis
along the coast of S. Margherita, from Capo S~arti­
vento to Punta d'Agumu (sample E2). The same min- The heavy fraction of the sands sampled on and
erals assayed: Sn = 86 ppm; Zr02 ·856 ppm; Fe tot = off-shore, for the most part concentrated in the
2.63%; Ti0 2 = 0.69%;' rare'-earths + Th = 130 ppm. ultrafine size classes (below 0.15 mm) is very sim-
ilar in the two sectors investigated. The only
The coast of Chia is characterized by small lag- major difference is in the content of ferro-titani-
oons at a short distance from the shore filled with ferous minerals, higher in the beach deposits of
silty-clayey to coarse aediments with banks compo- S. Margheri ta than those of Chia. These minerals,
sed of fine and medium fine sands. Active dunes de- which originate from eroding 'Tertiary volcani tes
part from the coastal belt. find a direct source in the immediate hinterland.

The basement consists of PaJ-eozoicmetamorphic At Chia, where the only mineral source is the
rock, orthogneiss and granitoid rocks overlain in Paleozoic~basement, the presence of ferro-titani-
places by consolidated Quaternary sediment (prob- ferous minerals, very similar to those found in the
ably Tyhrrhenian panchin~L composed of fine reddy- volcani tes and sands at S. Margheri ta, can be re-
brown sandstones with carbonate_ cement _cont!'!.ining lated to transport from the sea due to drifting,
lamellibranchia remains. wi th the current, of sediments in a SW direction.
In fact, in keeping with this hypothesis the di-
The main minerals present in the deposi tare, stribution in offshore sediments is practically uni-
in order of abundance, quartz, feldspar, epidote, form.
biotite, titano-magnetite, ilmenite, hematite, gar-
net, rutile, zircon, casSiterite, monazite. Grades The zircon, accompanied by hafnium and originat-
average Sn ~ 66 ppm; Zr02 ~ 196 ppm, Ti02 ~ 0.51%, ing from granitoid rocks, exhibits a strong yellow
Fe tot ~ 1.39%; REO + Th 63 ppm. fluorescence under Wood's light, which leads to as-
sume a common orlgln. The cassiterite, found in
The consolidated sands of the panchina substrat- anomalous concentrations can be related to inland
um consist mainly 01 quartz and feldSpar, reddish sources where marked geochemical anomalLes have
in colour due to the thin film of iron oxide coat- been detected, associated with the presence of tin-
ing the grains, with scarce mafic and heavy miner- bearing leucogranites and numerous vein-type or
als. Ferro-ti taniIerous miheraTs ar~ very rare,' skarn mineralizations with tin grades of up to 2600
ppm. Monazite anomalies, found on leucogranites in
Offshore sampling was carried out Oll the sedi- the immediate hinterland and anomaLous rare earth
mentary bodies over 3 m thick and presumably Plio- values in some mineralizations can be related to
quaternary, evidenced by the geophysical survey the presence of monazite in the beach deposits.
within the depth contour of -50 m. These bodies ex- Anomalous Sn, Zr, Ti and monazite values have been
tend NE parallel to the coast lines (Fig.2). detected, at least on the surface, in the same Ter-
tiary and Quaternary terrains, the most direct
At S. Margheri ta and Chia, subzones have been source for marine sediments.
identified running parallel to .the coast. The size
class distribution of sur_face samples retrieved 3.4 Investigation of sand deposits in the Sarrabus-
with a bottom sampler is similar, with a prevalence S.E. Sardinia
of coarse classes. The area distribution of Sn, Ti,
and Zr supports this trend. Especially at Chia ano- Analysis of samples collected in the shelf off
malous mineral grades have been detected with peaks the Sarrabus coast has revealed interesting tin
of 350 ppm Sn, 2700 ppm Zr and 11,600 ppm titanium. grades in the form of cassiterite in the ultrafines
smaller than 100 ~m. A clear zoning of Sn distribu-
As far as the main mineral elements, including tion emerges from offshore samples retrieved with
the heavy fraction, are concerned, analysis of the bottom sampler inside the bathymetre -50 m. In par-
offshore samples has revealed the same composition ticular, N of Capo Ferrato, the majority of sands
as those from beach deposits. has an Sn grade in excess of 100 ppm with peaks of
up to 304 ppm; south of this area, down to the Golf
However, whether this trend continues through- of Cagliari, only traces of Sn (less than 10 ppm)
out the depth of these sedimentary bo-dies is not have been detected. A core retrieved N of Capo Fer-
known. Some data has been obtained from three cores rato for a depth of about 6 m revealed throughout
retrieved with a vibrocorer down to a depth of just Sn grades ranging from over 150 ppm to 250 ppm. .
over 1 m. In the first metre the sand ranges from 1530 samples 'have been taken with a double-barrel-
ul tra- to medium-fine whereas below the depth it led mobil d~ill during systematic onshore sampling
becomes very coarse. Further information may be ob- over a dense network 6 km N of Capo Ferrato through-
405
4 RESULTS OF SURVEY FOR HEAVY MINERALS IN THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SARDINIA (ITALY) OTC 5200

out the thickness of the belt. titano-magnetite which constitute 70-80% of


the heavy minerala have high excitability and
These samples are now being studied. However are thus amenable to separation at low field
preliminary results confirm the presence of anomal- intensities ( * 3000 Gauss). Processing can
ous values of Sn, Ti and .Zrat different depths on be done wet or dry.
thicknesses over 10 m. The zoning of tin clistPibu-
tion may be correlated with the boundary between The non-magnetic products rejected in magnet-
the Hercynisn post-tectonic granodioritic complex ic separation contain some elements (cassi-
outcropping S of Capo Ferrato and the Hercynian terite, rutile) with higher electric conduct-
post-tectonic leucogranite rocks outcropping in the ivity than others (zircon, rare earths,
N. This is supported by the fact that geochemical quartz, feldspar) and can be electrostatical-
anomalies in Sn, W and monazite are known to exist ly separated in electrodynamics drum separa-
only in the leucogranitic complex. However, their tors. In addition, experiments in electro-
origin has not yet been ascertained. static separators based on the principal of
differential triboelectric charging also pro-
The presence of tin-bearing granitoid differen- ved successful. In the rare presence of
tiates, associated with the leucogranites has also ultrafines, better separation efficiency is
been suggested for the northern Sarrabus. achieved with this technique.

Summing up, the beneficiation process should


4. BENEFICIATION comprise (Fig.3):

Analysis of the chemical, mineralogical ~d size 1, preliminary classification to eliminate the


claas characteristics of the sands, and the study +1 mm size class
of possible beneficiation techniques indicated the 2. hydrogravity separation
following: 3. magnetic separation
4. electrostatic separation.
The coarse size classes, i.e. + 1 mm, in the
majority of cases contain no elements worth In addition a drying process should be introdu-
recovering. Consequently this fraction could ced between stages 2. and 3. or better still be-

be preventively rejected at the head of the tween stages 3. and 4. Obviously each processing
flowaheet. stage will be more or less complex, entailing
roughing, scavenging and recleaning, depending on
The valuable minerals contained in the sands the sand, desired recovery and above all on process
have higher specific weight than the gangue economy.
components (quartz and feldspar) and can
therefore be recovered by hydrogravity sepa- In any case, with the above operations commer-
ration. cial grade ilmenite, titano-magnetite, casaiterite
and rutile can be obtained with appreciable proces-
Processing recoveries are high due to the sing recoveries, at leaat in the majority of cases.
fact that the valuable minerals are well li-
berated. Moreover, except for rare cases, the The recovery of zircon and rare earths is not
size range of the sands is quite narrow and so straightforward. On the whole a preconcentrate
as a result efficiency of hydrogravity sepa- with ZrQ2 grade ranging from over 10% to 48% can
ration ia not impaired by the presence of be obtained with high yields. However, further be-
ultrafines. neficiation, by means of electrostatic separation
This processing stage could be carried out which requires calcination, would obviously consi-
offshore with appropriate apparatus mounted derably impair efficiency.
on pontoons, This solution offers two advan-
tages: As for rare earths, at the best a good precon-
a) savings in the cost of transporting centrate can be obtained (max 6.4% in RE + Th) with
the sand extracted from the sea-bed, recoveries in excess of 90%. From research in pro-
particularly in view of the fact that gress it has emerged that hydrometallurgical pro-
the valuable mineral content rarely cesses offer concrete possibilities of obtaining
exceeds 5% of the whole; commercial rare earth products.
b) restoration, at least in part, of the
original deposit in that about 80% of The beneficiation processes outlined above were
the sand would be replaced immediately. applied to some samples of sand, whose size class
distribution is shown in Table 1, and the results
The heavy minerals recovered by hydrogravity are reported in Tables 2-8. These results represent
separation exhibit very different magnetic in general, for each case, the final outcome achie-
excitability. Ifl particular ilmenite ““and ved with the flowsheet tested in the laboratory and
4 $
.— ALFANO, DEL FA’, PERETTI, ZUCCA, ACCARDO & SANNA 5
OTC 5200
then verified in-a pilot plant= ‘“ tude. Furthermore, the results confirm that the
beach deposits of S. Margherita have higher ferro-
Tables 2-5 refer %6 sands -frorn”aeposit~off the titaniferous mineral content than those of Chia.
coast of Chia in points A and B, and in the area No comparison can be drawn with offshore sands from
C covering some 1.8 km2. Sand D comes f?om a beach this area since the results given here refer to
deposit (see Fig.2). The results of Table 4_refer samples taken from the continental shelf off SW
moreover to the pilot plant verification of proces- Sardinia and mineralogical atudiea have not been
sing a sand reported elsewhere (Alfano et al. , completed.
1984) .
In regard to Sand F, coming from a deposit off
The Zr02+RE+Th preconcentrate of sand D (see SE Sardinia, it should be added that its composi-
Tables 2,3,4) was recleaned via electrostatic sepa- tion is similar to sands from the SW. A detailed
ration in order to assess the possibilities of ob- mineralogical investigation is now under way; how-
taining a final Zr02 concentrate. ever, the presence of the same mineral components
has been ascertained.
Tables 6 and 7 show the results for two samples
collected at S, Margherita (Fig.2, sample El and Lastly, for all cases examined, preliminary
E2). In the case of El, retrieved, as mentioned, classification to 1 mm proved uneconomic due to the
from a residual heavy mineral deposit, processing scarcity of this fraction.
was limited to magnetic separation followed by hy-
drogravity separation of the non–magnetic product.

In Table 8 the results of hydrogravity and mag- The research programme, started in the ambit of the
netic separation of a sand from the continental Oceanography Project of the CNR, is being completed
shelf off Capo Ferrato (Fig.1, sample F) are given. through a contract with the EEC by the Centro Studi
Geominerari e Mineralurgici of the CNR, Cagliari,
The data shown are purely indicative and processing
in collaboration with Progemisa, S.p.A., Via XXIX
recoveries very poor, indicating the need for fur-
Novembre 57, Cagliari.
ther research.

Extensive geological, geophysical, chemical and


REFERENCES
mineralogical work is currently being conducted in
S.E. Sardinia. Flowsheets are being set up for pro-
(1) Ghezzo, C., Orsini, J.B., “Lineamenti Strut-
cessing sands sampled at single points and in well
turali e Composizionali del Batolite Ercinico
defined areas offshore and along the coast.
Sardo-Corso in Sardegna”. Guida alla Geologia
del Paleozoic Sardo. Guide Geologiche Regio-
Finally, by way of example, Table 9 shows the
nali. Sot. Geol. It., 1982, 165-181.
grade of the different rare earth elemen_ts_SZr02+
RE+Th preconcentrate of sand D - Table 5). The ra-
(2 Carmignani, L., Cocozza, T., Gandin, A.,
tio between rare earth elements remains practical-
Pertusati, P.C., “Lineamenti dells Geologia
ly the same in all the preconcentrates obtained from
dell’Iglesiente Sulcis”. Guida alla Geologia
the different sands.
del Paleozoic Sardo. Guide Geologiche Regio-
nali. Sot. Geol. It., 1982, 65-77.

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
(3 Scarteddu, R., Lecca, L., “La Piattaforma Con-
tinental Meridional Sarda tra Punta Zavorra
The data for the sands sampled at Chia reveal
e Capo Teulada: Batimetrie, Sedimenti Plio-
that:
quaternari, Sedimenti Superficial e Batime–
trial!. Internal report (unpublished), Proge-
the mineralogical composition of both beach
misa, S.p.A. Cagliari, 1985.
and offshore sands is fairly uniform despite
the slightly different chemical composition,
(4) B.R.G.M. - Italconsult, “Prospezione Strategi-
the obtained products have similar heavy min-
c Alluvionale e Geochimica dells Sardegnatl,
eral content,
Internal report, general extraordinary re-
processing recoveries are more than accept-
search programme. Ente Minerario Sardo, 1974.
able, considering the low heavy mineral con-
tent of the sands.
(5) Biste, M., flApplicationof various Geochemical
Proximity Indicators to the Tin Favorability
From Table 6 it emerges that the sands of S.
of South Sardinian Granites!f.Journal of Geo-
Margherita and Chia have similar mineralogical com-
chemical Exploration 15, 1981, 295-306. Else-
position and the composition and recoveries of the vier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
obtained products are of the same order of magni-

4
6 REsuLTsOF SURVEY FOR HEAVY MINERALS IN THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF SARDINIA (ITALY) OTC 5200

:6) Del F5, C., “Le Projet Finalis6 !Oceanographie


et Fends Mar’insdu CNRI 31,Inter”nationalSemi-
nar on Mineral Resources, Or16ans, 1978.

:7) Researchers of the U.O. Carta - Centro Studi


Geominerari e Mineralurgici of the CNR at the
University of Cagliari, ‘JAttivit5svolta e Ri-
sultati Preliminary delle Ricerche in attu in
alcuni Placers dells Piattaforma Continental
Sarda”.Meeting on Finalized Oceanography Pro-
ject of the CNR, Rome, 1979.

;8) Researchers of the U.O. Carta - Centro Studi


Geominerari e hlineraluFgici of -the CNR at the
University of Cagliari, “The Sardinian Conti-
nental Shelf Sampling Campaign: First Results
and Indicationsi!. XXVII Congress - Plenary
Assembly CIESM, Cagliari, 1980.

9) Alfano, G., Del F3, C., Ghiani, M., Peretti,


R ., Zucca, A., IfHeavyMineral Sands from the
Sardinian Continental Shelf. Analysis” of me
Mineral Content and Mineralurgical Beneficia-
tion”. 2nd International Seminar, Brest
(France), 1984.

I
TABLEn.1- PARTICIE
SIZEANALYSIS
OFSANIEA,B,C,D,E1,E2,F.

WSIGIfF %
SIZE CL4SS
SANDA .%l?DB SANO c SAND D SAND E2 SANO F

+llnn 0,73 0,37 0,15 0,22 0,35 0,92


-l+o,51nn 3,&l 3,52 2,81 3,95 6,o5 5,34 0,94
-0,5 + 0,3m 15,48 25,02 24,09 64,11 57,08 50,72 3,44
-0,3 + 0,15m 73,26 61,83 62,02 31,16 36,31 41,92 70,56
- 0,15+0,038
mn 6,44 8,70 10,07 0,55 0,17 0,98 24,81
-0,038mn 0,49 0,56 0,86 0,01 0,04 0,12 0,25

mn’AL lCO,CQ Kn,al Im,m lCXJ,(XJ lCO,CQ lCOJO lco,m

TA81E n.2 -=TSOFMD?ERAL PRXESSD?20F SANDA

PRmJcl’s !4iIOHr AssAY

% Fe
Ti02 Fe Sn RE+l% p TiO
%2 ~tot
Sn RE+Th
y
% P’ % m %%

W!NE1’Ic ‘1) 3,23 0,73


LnwENmAm 0,64 ~,095 22,58 46,12 0,029 150 2,03 48,o8 30,48

Sn
wNcEm’PAm 0,017 0,70 lz,c?j 6,15 21,35 150 0,40 0,68 0,11 62,9U 0,02

zm2+(Rs+ml)
PmxNcEmR4m 0,2Q3 9,50 2,@ 3,85 0,18 64CZQ 64,44 1,76 0,81 6,33 98,50

l’AILIMS 99,14 0,01 0,15 0,67 0,0316 ‘r 33,13 49,48 68,69 27,50 0,75

mEc 103,CO 0,03 O,y.) 0,97 0,CC6 132 lCO,CO


I.m,co lCO,KJ 10JJXI
lcn,cn

(1) Prduct containing 0,27% V-ire W lCOppn Cobalt

TABJE n.3 - RFSOLTS OF MINERAL PSCR23SING OF S!4/0 B

L--L
zm2 Ti02 sn RwTh Zmz Ti02
F% %ot
Sn FE+m
% % %%pm % %% %%

0,78 0,18 29,55 42,60 O,OW 180 3,81 46,21 24,23 3,47 1,16

Sn
cawEhmATE 0,019 1,18 13,08 6,6o 24,13 160 0,61 0,51 0,09 68,04 0,03

Zmz+(FrE+m)
PmcFNIRAm 0,211 11,99 3,99 4,Q3 O,w 5m 68,70 1,69 0,63 9,39 97,99

TAILINGS 98,99 0,01 0,26 1,04 0,C013 tr 26,88 51,59 75,o3 19,10 0,82

mm lCO,CO 0,04 0,9 1,37 0,07 121 I Co,co lCO,W 1CX3,CX2 lm,cx) 103,CKI
TAMEn.4- EES.lL13. OF KOWIALPKmSINO OF SANDC

‘mIOm ASSAY D~cR

%
Zrq T@ Fe~O~ Sn F50+TM2 7@ Tio~ lre~o~ Sn REcwlM3~
% % % % Ppn % % %% %

MMXiWIc (1)
OWcEWRAm 1,81 0,046 35,16 48,250,016 150 1,34 63,09 28,8k 37,63 41,56

*
mWE?WRAm 0,0145 0,950 16,78 5,0725,23 tr 0,22 0,24 0,02 15,58 -

ZX02+(RKM’W2)
PR?mNcm?mAIE 0,3255 17,31 5,43 3,52 0,07 355A32 81,1o 1,75 0,38 0,97 57,95

TA.TUtW 97,85 0,011 0,36 2,190,011 tr 17,34 34,92 70,76 45,82 0,49

FEED I.cQ,m 0,06 1,01 3,03 0,02 199 lIX),CO KQ,co 1.03JXJ I.co,cil 103,CO

(1) Pi’cduct contain@ alxn.it 0,25% V?umditnn

TASIEn.5- EESOLIS OF MRWIALPRXZSSING OF SANDD

PRXXJWS !131GI-w MM.Y DBIWSWKN

%
zr02 Ti02 Fq,ot * mm ZIQ2 Tio2 ~t Sal mm
%% % %Pml % % % %%

MAONEWIC (1)
KWENIRAIE 0,43 O,CO% 23,6il Wl,44 0,025 103 0,08 Z2,CXI 13,73 1,62 0,68

.%
CmcENmAm 0,023 1,26 11,75 5,20 22,50 iYM 1,48 0,53 0,09 77,45 0,07

-+(FE+I%)(2)
WMXMmmAm 0,C07 48,1o 1,67 0,17 2,24 8130 17,17 0,02 - 0,26 O,w

I
ZIqt(m+m)
PmmwNmAm 0,150 6,65 3,70 4,17 0,25 41CXXI 50,82 1,10 0,45 5*66 %,79

TAILIXGS I 99,39c I 0,C06 0,40 1,20 O,CO1 tr I %,41 78,35 85,7315,01 1,56

FmD K0,03 0,02 0,51 1,39 0,C07 64 lW,CO lCO,CXJ 102,O3 103,co 1CX3,CIJ

(1) Prcduct
con- 0,23% Vancdium ti 180 w Cobalt
(2) IkdUct CmWining 0,77% HafMlm

TAME n.6 - FE’30LTS OF MINER4L PFCXXSSItW OF SAND E2

mcrz WSIOF?J! ASSAY DBINWIKN

% TiOz Fetot Sn mm Zr’3z Tio2


~ %ot Zm FuWlll
% % %Xln % % %%%

MAoNErIc
KNcFMFAm 2,C6 0,049 14,65 44,810,032 llo 1,18 43,96 34,14 0,47 1,75

.%
KNCPMRA!IE 0,03 0,75 16,3o 6,3522,35 lIXI 0,26 0,71 0,07 77,52 0,02

zm2+ (F&l’@
PmKNcR?rKAfIE 0,44 17,65 2,15 3,61 0,10 287@l 9,63 1,38 0,60 5,09 97,48

TAILINOS
I
97,47 0,C070 0,38 1,73 o,rx)15 tr
I 7,96 53,95 64,19 16,92 0,75

mED lm,m 0,086 0,69 2,63 o,@46 130 103,CX) 103,CC 1CY3,W 103,CX3 lCO,CO
TABJEn.7 -FFSOITSO
FNINFRALPRXESSIN2DP SANDE1

Pmt.mm WXlf71 A2SAY DISTRIEW!IC3J

%
Tio2 Fetot Sn RE+Ih ZJQ2 Ti~ * FE+Th
- ‘etot
% %% % PP % %% %%

MUNm’Ic “)
CWmlRAm 86,88 0,020 14,34 45,96 O,CC@ 180 35,55 98,74 98,16 2,21 66,96

HmvY
NCN-klmwmc 2,65 1,09 5,65 26,86 1,30 2122 59,C9 1,19 1,75 97,49 24,o8

LIfsnr
NcN-NAGNErIc 10,44 ] 0,025 O,og 0,35 O,colo 2KI I 5,36 0,07 0,09 O,yl 8,96

FmD (2) X0,-co 0,049 12,62 40,68 0,035 234 KXJ,w Kx3,cx) 1CX3,C0 EC@ 1CX3,03

(1) PrCductco) @ 0,26% Vmadium am! 130 pm Cobalt (2) Prcduct containing 0,25% Vanadium

TASLEn.8-RFSULTSOF~~~ OFSANDF

-1-
PFoxJCiT3 WEmFr AssAY DLTINWTICN

%
I
y Ti02 Fetot Sn 21’02 Ti02 Fetot .%
% % % % % % %

MMNmTc (’)
ComENmAm 0,07 0,C02 7,50 38,20 0,015 0,03 0,92 0,95 0,12

iWN-MAGmC(2)
PREmNcENmAm 0,17 1,25 10,40 10,09 0,91 58,67 3,09 0,61 17,11

TAILIN3S 99,76 o,ixl15 0,55 2,78 0,m75 41,?0 95,99 98,64 82,77

mm
I 1C0,02 0,c036 0,57 2,82 O,CCLW KO,co 1(13,03 UXl,m MXI,CYJ

(1)Frcduct containing
0,094%
Vanadim (2)Prcductcontaining 0,17% HEO + mx32

TAME n.9- SANDD.CCMFt131TION


OFRE+~ PRF.CONCENIRNE

Th Y Ce Ia m~~mmalllki % lbtal
CmIm?l’
PP 3740 2180 15680 7(XO 73S 420 168o 230 840 1150 7293 m 41clx
....... .. .. . .b >,, . . . . . . . .. . . . . ..
.,9. \ 1

a “\ .+++,, +++.+..’
+,+.,+.,+++.++

w+:++
\ I -%5%7 .2%3>->’:?’f-$’ In rdrz!ar,
.“* o..tcr”.!,

L-J K+
“ :.’ Y:”t’rE”’r*.~~o
.: ::: ;/ .. .. ‘+’,” .,,,
J.+

. + ,. :::

., .,,,
“A
+

.Ir,-oo
.250

I /
.. . .“.
ID Palm,.,. racks

/ ~.,” f.”(t.

. I*O Pm. !4” “.!...

t ,,, ,.”,,,.

● m!!”. 0.,. ..1.

LEGEND
,.,,,.,, ... ..,,.,..,,
,.,,.,.,
0,,,. - m,... ”,. ..d..,,,c

“.,...,,.,

“arc, ”,.” .. . . . ,,s.,,,,

F’.,..,.,. ,.,,,

M.,. A ..”,.,,.,

LOOSE SEL)IME14, S

7,,. ”..,s ,,, . . . . , ., ,,,


,,, ,.,

,, ,, ,.5

,,,, , .,O

,, .,. ”. !,

M.,,.. ,.m,,..

(“. ” “... b.,,.,n ,.,O,,., )

7p’”i’-LJ’” ,
B,, %.,,!,,<,

! c9- ..,. ,.1.,


C.gl,. rr
f+ ~,
~; s.”,,,., .,.. 10,


k.i.g,. t.d b,, ,.,”,,.
‘., :

t?? A

CIAS.SIFICATI13J GRAVITYSEPARATION TAILIW?

1 I

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