CALCULATIONS 1 AND 2

1. The gases from a sulfur burner have the following analysis: 9.86% SO2, 8.54% O2, and 81.60%
N2.After passage of the gases through a catalytic converter, the analysis is 0.605% SO2, 4.50% O2,
and 94.9% N2. What percentage of the SO2 entering the converter has been oxidized to SO3?
a. 80% b. 90% c.95% d. 100%
Given:
605%SO2, 4.5%02, 94.9%N2
Required: %SO2 converted
Solution:
Basis: 100kmol feed
nSO2=8.54 kmol N2in = N2out
81.6=P(.949) P=85.98524763
SO2out=.00605(85.98524763)=.5202 kmol
𝟖.𝟓𝟒−.𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟐
%= 𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟗𝟏% = 𝟗𝟓%
𝟖.𝟓𝟒

2. When 0.01 mole of a substance consisting of O, H, and C is burned, the following products are
obtained: 896 cm3 of CO2 at STP and 0.72 g water. It is found that the ratio of oxygen mass to
the mass of hydrogen plus carbon in the substance is 4/7. What is the chemical formula of the
substance? One mole of CO2 has a volume of 22,400 cm3 at STP.
a. C2H4O b. C5H6O2 c. C4H8O2 d. C8H16O4
Given:
0.01 mole substance (C, H, O) @STP
O 4
:
H+C 7
896 cm3 CO2

O2 0.72 g H2O
1 mole CO2 = 22,400 cm3 @STP

Required:
a. Chemical formula of substance
 Solution:
V1 V2
=
n1 n2

22, 400 cm3 896 cm3

=
1 mole n2

n2 = 0.04 mole CO2

1 mole H2O
mole H20 = 0.72 g × = 0.04 mole H2O
18 g H2O
1 mole C
mole C = 0.04 mole CO2 × = 0.04 mole C
1 mole CO2
2 mole H
mole H = 0.04 mole H2O × = 0.08 mole H
1 mole H2O
12 grams C
g C = 0.04 mole C × = 0.48 g C
1 mole C
1 gram H
g H = 0.08 mole H × = 0.08 g H
1 mole H
4
g O = × (0.48 g + 0.08 g) = 0.32 g O
7
1 mole O
mole O = 0.32 g × = 0.02 mole O
16 g O

C = 0.04 moles Answer: C2H4O,

H= 0.08 moles
O = 0.02 moles
0.04
C= =2
0.02
0.08
H= =4
0.02
0.02
O= =1
0.02
3. Determine the mole percent of CO2 in the products of combustion of C8H15 when 200% theoretical air
is used.
a. 5.5% b. 6.5% c. 7.5% d. 8.5%

Given:
200% theoretical air
C8H15 + 25/2O2 8CO2 + 9H2O
Required: % CO2 in products
Solution: Basis: 100 moles C8H15
8 mols CO2
CO2: 100 mols C8H18 ( ) = 800 mols CO2
1 mol C8H18
9 mols H2O
H2O: 100 mols C8H18 ( ) = 900 mols H2O
1 mol C8H18
25
mols O2
2
O2 supplied: 100 mols C8H18 (1 mol C8H18
) (200%) = 2500 mols O2

25/2 mols O2
O2 free = O2 sup-O2 used = 2500 mols O2 − 100 mols C8H18 ( 1 mol C8H18 ) = 1250 mols O2
79 mol N2
N2 sup = N2 in SG = 2500 mols O2 (21 mol O2) = 4909.7619 mols N2
800
% CO2 = × 100 = 6.47%
800 + 900 + 1250 + 4909.7619

4. Coal fired in a furnace has a heating value of 13800 Btu/lb and contains 78.05%C and 1.2%S. The
proximate analysis shows 4%M, 24%FC, 8%A and the analysis of the refuse shows 8%VCM, 25%FC and
32% ash. Calculate the % of C lost in the refuse
a. 8.0% b. 4.33% c. 9.5% d. 17.0%

Given:
78.05%C HV = 13,800 BTU/lb
1.2%S
Proximate Analysis Refuse
4%M 8% VCM
24%FC 25% FC
8%A 32 % Ash
Required:
%C lost in the Refuse: X=25 moles in refuse
Solution: FC = C in Refuse
Basis: 100 moles of coal C = 0.25(25) = 6.25 moles C

6.25moles C in Refuse
Ash Balance: % C Lost = 78.05 moles C in Coal
x100

8 mols Ash = 0.32(X) % C lost = 8.007

5. 250 lbs per hour of 98% H2SO4 enters an absorption tower of a contact sulfuric acid plant. If 20%
oleum is produced per hour, how many pounds of SO3 are absorbed?
a. 70 lb/h b. 80 lb/h c. 90 lb/h d. 100 lb/h
Given: 250 lbs 98% H2SO4
Required: lbs SO3 absorbed
Solution:
Let x = SO3 absorbed
SO3 absorbed = SO3 in the converter gas
SO3 Balance:
SO3 entering = SO3 leaving
1H2SO4 SO3 80lb H2SO4 SO3 80lb
x + (250)(. 98) ( 98lb
) (H2SO4) ( SO3 ) = (250 + x) [. 2 + .8 ( 98lb
) (H2SO4) ( SO3 )]

lb
x = 90.28 hr SO3 absorbed

6. A stoichiometric problem was solved on the basis of 100 moles dry flue gas (DFG). The given condition
at the stack outlet are as follows 780 mmHg, 970 K and the partial pressure is 24 mm Hg. The volume of
the wet flue gas is:
a. 6.10m3 b. 8.00m3 c. 8719 L d. 7754 L
Given:

100 Moles DFG

P=780 mmHg
T= 970 K
Required: Total Volume PH20= 24 mmHg
Solution:
nH2O P
= H20
nTotal+nH20 PTOTAL
nH2O 24 mmHg
=
100 mol+nH20 780 mmHg

nH20= 3.1746 mol

(PV = nRT)total
L atm
(100+3.1746)mol x 0.08205 x 970 K 1m3
mol K
V= 780 mmHg x 1000 L= 8.0010 m3 ≈ 8 m3
atm
760 mmHg
7. Impure sulfur is burned to SO2 for conversion to SO3 in a sulfuric acid plant. Orsat analysis of the
burner shows 9.32% SO2, 6.93% O2. The charge fuel contains 48% sulfur. What percent of the sulfur
fired leaves as SO3?

a. 39.21% b. 29.91% c. 30.08% d. 35.78%

Given:

Burner Gas (Orsat)

9.32 % SO2
Burner 6.93 % O2
(83.75 % N2)
Feed
48 % S
52 % inerts

Required: %S converted to SO3

Solution: Basis: 100 kmol of Burner Gas (Orsat)

3
S+ O → SO3
2 2
21 O2
O2 supplied = 83.75kmol N2 [ ] = 22.26 kmol O2
79 N2
O2 disappearance = 22.26 − 9.32 − 6.93 = 6.01 kmol O2
O2 disappearance = O2 used to produce SO3

1 SO3
SO3 produced = 6.01 kmol O2 [ ] = 4.01 kmol SO3
3⁄ O
2 2
4.01
%S → SO3 = x100%
4.01 + 9.32
%𝐒 → 𝐒𝐎𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟓%
8. An automobile uses a gasoline with an octane number of 85. Air is supplied 30% in excess such that
the molal ratio of CO2 to CO is 5.2 and H2 to CO is 1:1 in the exhaust gas. What is the percent of O2 free
in the stack gas?
a. 2.95 b.7.37 c. 7.79 d. 9.51
Given:
Octane number = 85
Ratio of CO2 to CO is 5:2 and H2 to CO is 1:1
30% Excess Air
Required:
O2 free in stack gas
Solution:
Density of iso-octane is 0.6918 and n-heptane is 0.684 g/ml.
Volume Density Wt. % Wt.
C8H18 85 0.6918 58.80 85.14
C7H16 15 0.684 10.26 14.86
Total 69.06 100

Basis: 100 kg of gasoline

Wt. MW Mole At C At H
C8H18 85.14 114 0.7468 5.97 13.44
C7H16 14.86 100 0.1486 1.04 2.38
Total 7.01 15.82

1 mol O2 1 mol O2
O2 theo = 7.01 mol C x 1 mol C
+ 15.82 mol H x 4 mol H
= 10.97 mol O2

O2 supplied = 10.97 mol O2(1.30) = 14.26 mol O2

79 mol N2
N2from air= 14.26 mol O2 x 21 mol O2
= 53.64 mol N2
1 mol CO2 5 mol
CO2 produced = 7.01 mol x 1 mol C
x 7 mol = 5.01 mol CO2
1 mol CO 2 mol
CO produced = 7.01 mol C x x = 2.01 mol CO
1 mol C 7 mol

H2= CO= 2.01 mol H2

Free O2= (0.30)(10.97) +1+1 = 5.29 mol H2
 Mol % mol
CO2 5.01 7.37
CO 2.01 2.95
H2 2.01 2.95
O2 5.29 7.79
N2 53.64 78.94
67.94 100

The O2 Free in the stack gas is 7.79%

9. If moist hydrogen containing 4% water by volume is burned completely in a furnace with 25% excess
air, calculate the percent moisture in the flue gas produced from the furnace.
a. 11.89% b. 20.90% c. 29.61% d. 41.56%
GIVEN:

Moist H2 Flue Gas

FURNACE
4% H2O O2
N2
H2O

25% excess air N2

REQUIRED: %H2O
SOLUTION:
H2 + ½ O2 H2O

Basis: 1 mole moist H2

½ mole O2
O2 theo = 0.96 (1 mole H2) = 0.4800 mole O2
1 mole H2
1 mole H2
O2 supplied = 0.4800 mole O2 (1.25) = 0.6 mole O2

79 mole N2
Mole N2 = 0.6000 mole O2 = 2.2571 mole N2
21 mole O2
21 mole O2
O2 excess = O2 free = 0.4800 mole O2 (0.25) = 0.1200 mole O2

1 mole H2O
Mole H2O = 0.96 (1 mole H2) + 0.04 mol H2O= 1 mole H2O
1 mole H2
1 mole H2

COMPOUND MOLE %COMPOSITION

O2 0.1200 3.5533%
N2 2.2571 66.8454%
H2O 1 29.6112%
TOTAL 3.3771 100%

10. 15% oleum is to be produced using an absorbing acid, 40% H2SO4, and a burner gas containing 884.4
kg SO3. Calculate the mass of product solution that would be obtained if the gas leaving the absorption
unit is SO3 free.
a. 1222 kg b. 1622 kg c. 1922 kg d. 2222 kg
Given: 15% oleum product
Input: 40%H2SO4
mSO3 = 884.4 kg
Required: m product
Solution:
TMB: y+884.4=x
80g SO3 80
CMB: 884.4 + (0.4y H2SO4) (98 g H2SO4) = (. 15 + .85 (98)) (X)

X = 1621 kg

11. A mixture of pure sulfur and pyrites analyzing 85% FeS2 and 15% gangue is burned in a standard
pyrites burner. The burner gas contains 10% SO2, 7% O2 and 83% N2 on an SO3-free basis and contains 1
mol SO3 per 100 mol SO3-free burner gas. The cinder contains 2%S as SO3. Calculate the percentage of
FeS2 in the charge.
a. 54.89% b. 73.35% c. 80.0% d. 91.23%
Required: %FeS2 in charge

Solution: Basis: 100 mol SO3-free Burner Gas

g
1 mol(119.85 ⁄mol) FeS2
%FeS2 in cinder = 2% [ g ] = 3.7453%
2 mol(32 ⁄mol) S
4 mol FeS2
FeS2 → SO2 = 10 mol SO2 ( ) = 5 mol
8 mol SO2
4 mol FeS2
FeS2 → SO3 = 1 mol SO3 ( ) = 0.5 mol
8 mol SO3

n FeS2 = 5.5 mol

2 mol S . 98
n gangue = 5.5 (0.037453) mol FeS2 ( ) ( ) = 20.1872 mol
1 mol FeS2 . 02
. 85
n FeS2 in feed = 20.1872 ( ) = 114.3941 mol
. 15

5.5 + 114.3941
%FeS2 in charge = [ ] (100) = 89.0867%
114.3941 + 20.1872

12. Coal fired in a furnace analyzes 57.1%C, 8%ash, 1.4%N, and 0.77%S. The refuse contains 24.5%C and
75.5%ash. Orsat analysis of the stack gas shows 11.21%CO2, 1.57%CO, 7.45%O2, and 79.77%N2.
Complete the ultimate analysis of the coal.
a. 4.2%O & 28.53%H c. 4.76%O & 27.97%H
b. 5.95%O & 26.78%H d. 26.85%O & 5.88&H
Given:

Stack Gas:
Air 11.21%CO2
1.57%CO
7.45%O2
79.77%N2
Furnace

Coal:
57.1%C
8%ash Refuse:
1.4%N 24.5%C
0.77%S 75.5%ash
Since there is no VCM in the refuse, the coal type is Coked Coal;
BASIS: 100kmol DSG

Overall Ash Balance (in kg):

0.08F = 0.755R
Carbon Balance (in kg):
153.36 + 0.245R = 0.571F
F = 281.3740kg
R = 29.8144kg

Excess O2 = 6.06kmol
Theo O2 =21.2 – 6.06 = 15.14kmol Considering the Modified Analysis of the Coked Coal:
netH = 7.01kg CW = 100 - 2.49 - 0.77 - 1.4 - 8 - 57.1 = 30.24%
7.01kg = 281.3740kg(%netH)
%netH = 2.49% O = (8/9)(30.24) = 26.85%
H = (1/9)(30.24) = 5.88%
Using Dulong’s Formula:
CV = 0.338C + 1.44netH + 0.094S
CV = 0.338(57.1) + 1.44n(2.49) + 0.094(0.77)
CV = 22.96MJ/kg

13. Determine the amount of O2 theoretically required for the combustion of 100 kmol of blast furnace
gas analyzing 25% CO, 10% CO2, 5% H2, 8% CH4, 48% N2, and 4% O2.
a. 37 kmol b. 31 kmol c. 27 kmol d. 20 kmol
Given:
Burner gas: 100 kmol
25% CO 8% CH4
10% CO2 48% N2
5% H2 4% O2
Required: Theo O2
Solution:
1
CO + O2 CO2
2
2H2 + O2 H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O

1
mole O2 1 moles O2 2 moles O2
Theo O2 = (25 moles CO) ( 2 ) + (5 moles H2) (2 moles H2) + (8 moles CH4) (1 mole CH4)
1 mole CO

= 31 moles O2.

14. A well-known reaction to generate hydrogen from steam is the so-called water gas shift reaction:
CO + H2 O → CO2 + H2
If the gaseous feed to the reactor consists of 30 moles CO, 12 moles CO2, and 35 moles steam per hour
at 800 ˚C, while 18 moles of H2 are produced per hour, the limiting reactant is:
a. CO b.steam c. CO2 d. H2
The ratio of CO to steam is 1:1. There are 30 moles of CO and 35 moles of steam, 30<35. The limiting
reactant is CO.

15. In the preceding problem, the degree of completion of the reaction is:
a. 0.10 b. 0.60 c. 0.45 d. 0.80
mols H2 produced
Degree of Completion = mols H2 used in feed
18 mol H2 produced
1 mol H2 = 0.60
30 mol H20 used in feed( )
1 mol H20

16. To prepare a solution of 50% sulfuric acid, a dilute waste acid containing 28.0% sulfuric acid is
fortified with a purchased acid containing 96.0% sulfuric acid. How many kilograms of the purchased
acid must be bought for a 100 kg of dilute acid?
a. 45 b. 55 c. 65 d. 75
Given:
F2 100 kg
28% H2SO4

F1 P
96% H2SO4 50% H2SO4

Required: kilograms of purchased acid, F1

Solution:
TMB: F1 + 100=P
CMB (H2SO4 balance): F1 (0.96) + (100) (0.28) = P(0.50)
F1= 47.8261 kg

17. A solution of specific gravity 1 is 35% by weight A and the rest is B. If the specific gravity of A is 0.7,
what is the specific gravity of B?
a. 1.16 b. 1.5 c. 1.71 d. 1.8
Given:
Liquid solution: SG = 1 ; xA=0.35 ; xB=0.65
SG of A = 0.7
Required: SG of B
Solution:
Basis: 1000 kg solution
mA= 0.35X1000 = 350 kg
mB= 1000 – 350 = 650 kg
Density of liquid solution = 1x1000 = 1000kg/m3
1000 kg
Volume of liquid solution = kg = 1 m3
1000
m3

350 kg 650 kg
1 m3 = +
kg ρB
700 3
m
ρB = 1300 kg/m3
1300 kg/m3
SG of B = 1000 kg/m3
= 1.3

18. You are asked what size of containers to use to ship 1000 lbs of cottonseed oil (SG = 0.926). What
would be the minimum size of drum expressed in gallons?
a. 85.6 b. 103.9 c. 129.5 d. 254.2
Given:
1000lbs cottonseed
SG=0.926
Required: minimum size of drum in gallon
Solution:
 lb lb
ρ = 0.926 (62.4
3
) = 57.7824 3
ft ft
m 1000lb
v= = = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠𝐚𝐥
ρ lb 1ft 3
57.7824 3 [ ]
ft 7.481gal

19. Coal is mixed with water to form a slurry for transportation by pipelines. If 2 tons/hr of coal are mixed
with water to give a slurry containing 50% coal by weight, find the mass (tons/hr) of water.
a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 3.5
Given:
F = 2 tons/hr
X2 = 0.5
Required: W

Solution:
TMB:
P=F+W
P = 2+W – eqn 1

CMB: 4 = 2+W
0.5P = 2 W = 4-2;
P = 4 tons/hr W = 2 tons/hr

20. Humid air at temperature 600 F and a total pressure of 1 atm passed through a humidifier at the rate
of 1000 ft3/min. If the partial pressure of water vapour in air is reduced from 45 mmHg to 10 mmHg. How
many pounds of water is removed per hour?
a. 1.09 b. 82.6 c. 76.3 d. 65.2
Given:

Required: lbs water removed per hour, W

Solution:
45 18 lbH2O
Y1 = 760−45 (29) = 0.0391 lb da

10 18 lbH2O
Y2 = 760−10 (29) = 8.2759x10^ − 3 lb da
lbH2O
Y1 – Y2 = 0.0308
lb da
1 0.0308 0.7302(600+460)
VH = (29 + 18
)( 1
)
ft3 min hr
VH = 28.0415 ( )( )
lb da 1000 ft3 60min

lb da/hr = 2141.7488
lb H2O/hr = 0.0308 (2141.7488)
lb H2O/hr = 65.9659

21. To prepare a solution of 50% sulfuric acid, a dilute waste acid containing 28% sulfuric acid is fortified
with a purchased acid containing 96% sulfuric acid. How many kilograms of the purchased acid must be
bought for a 100 kg dilute acid.
a. 45 b. 55 c. 65 d. 75
Given:
50% sulfuric acid
96% sulfuric acid
28% sulfuric acid at 100 kg

Required: kg of 96% sulfuric acid

Solution:
 Let x = kg of 96% sulfuric acid
0.5(100 + x) = 0.28(100) + 0.96(x)
x= 47.8261 kg

22. A radioactive material was originally weighed 10 grams and after 6 months, only 1.7 grams remain.
What is the half-life of the radioactive material?
a. 1.35 mos b. 2.35 mos c. 0.35 mos d. 4.35 mos
Given:
NO= 10 grams
N= 1.7 grams
t= 6 months
Required: half-life, t1/2
Solution:
N = No e−kt
1.7 = (10)(e(−k)(6) )
k = 0.2953
ln 2
t 1⁄ =
2 k
ln 2
t 1⁄ =
2 0.2953
t 1⁄ = 2.3473 months~2.35 months
2

23. A pressure gauge is attached and fixed to a delivery pump. The gauge reads 75.49 kPa. If the
atmospheric is assumed to as 10.8 meters of water, determine the absolute pressure of water pumped.
a. 1 atm b. 6589 kPa c. 18.48 mH2O d. 36 psi
Given: Pgage= 75.49kPa
Patm = 10.8 mH2O
Required: P abs of water
Solution:
Pabs = Pgage + Patm
 10.33 mH2O
Pabs = 75.49 kPa [ ] + 10.8 mH2O = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟗𝟔𝟏 𝐦𝐇𝟐𝐎
101.325 kPa

24. A high volatile bituminous coal was found to contain 6% moisture, 60% fixed carbon, 6% ash, 2.4% S
and 2.6% N with a heating value of 14000 BTU/lb. Calculate the % carbon in the coal.
a. 69.81% b. 78.10% c. 78.43% d. 83.89%
Given:
HHV = 14000 BTU/lb
Proximate Analysis:
Moisture - 6%
Fixed Carbon – 60%
VCM – 28 %
Ash – 6%
Required: % Carbon
Solution:
Using Calderwood Equation:
1.55
28
C = 5.88 + 0.00512 (14000 − 40.5(2.4)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
60
C = 78.2778%

25. Calculate the % oxygen in the ultimate analysis. (Refer to no 24)

a. 2.8% b. 3.8% c. 4.0% d. 5.8%
Given:
HV= 14000 BTU/lb
6% moisture, 60% FC, 6% ash 2.4%S, 2.6 %N
Required: % O in the ultimate analysis
Solution:
% VCM=100-6-60-6=28 % VCM
100(28/60) = 46.66< 80 , use (-)
using Calderwood to solve for %C
VCM 1.55
C=5.88+0.00512(HHV-40.5S) + 0.0053[80 − 100 ( FC
)]

C=78.2778% C
 HHV= 145.44C +620.228(net H) +40.50 S
net H=4.0599 %
CW=100-78.2778-6-4.0599-2.6-2.4-6=0.6623% CW
HTOTAL =HNET H +HCW +HM
HTOTAL =4.0599+0.6623(2/18) +6(2/18)
HTOTAL =4.8%
%O2 = 100-4.8-78.2778-2.4-6-2.6
%O2 = 5.9222 %

26. Calculate the % hydrogen in the VCM. (Refer to no. 24)

a. 2% b. 4% c. 4.8% d. 6%
Given:
VCM =28% 6%M
N=2.6%
S=2.4%
C=78.43%
CW=0.5461%
Net H=4.0239%
Required: % H in VCM
Solution:
1
%H in VCM = (0.5461) + 4.0239 = 4%
9

27. 100 moles of benzene are burned with 30% excess air. Assuming complete combustion, what is the
percentage of water in the flue gas?
a. 4.7% b. 6.3% c. 12.5% d. 76.5%
Given:

100 mols
C6H6 burner Flue gas

30% excess
air
 15
C6 H6 + 2 2
O → 6CO2 + 3H2 O

Required: % water in flue gas

Solution:
6 mols CO2
nCO2 = 100 mols C6 H6 [1 mol C ] = 600 mols CO2
6 H6
15
mols O2
nO2 entering = 100 mols C6 H6 [12mol C ] (1.3) = 975 mols O2
6 H6

79 mols N
nN2 = 975 mols O2 entering [ 21 mol O 2 ] = 3667.8571 mols N2
2

3 mols H2 O
nH2 O = 100 mols C6 H6 [ ] = 300 mols H2 O
1 mol C6 H6
15
mols O2
nO2free = 975 mols O2 entering − 100 mols C6 H6 [12mol C ] = 225 mols O2
6 H6

nflue gas = nCO2 + nN2 + nH2 O + nO2free = 4792.8571 mols flue gas
300 mols H O
2
𝐱𝐇𝟐𝐎 = 4792.8571 mols flue (100) = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟑%
gas

28. If moist hydrogen containing 4% water by volume is burnt completely in a furnace with 25% excess
air. Calculate the percent moisture of the flue gas produced from the furnace.
a.11.89% b. 20.90% c. 29.61% d. 41.46%
Given: 25% excess air

furnace % moisture of
4% 𝐻2 𝑂 flue gas
96%𝐻2
Required: % moisture of flue gas
Solution:
1
H2 + O2 → H2 O
2
1
mol O2
nO2 theo = 0.96 molsH2 O × 2 = 0.48 mol O2
1 mol H2
nO2 supplied = 0.48 mol O2 (1.25) = 0.6 mol O2
nO2 free = 0.48 mol O2 (0.25) = 0.12 mol O2
79
nN2 = 0.6 mol O2 ( ) = 2.2571 mol O2
21
 1 H2 O
nH2 O = 0.6 mols O2 × + 0.04 = 1 mol H2 O
1
2 mol O 2

Composition Kmols % kmol

O2 0.12 3.5533
H2 2.2571 66.8354
𝐇𝟐 𝐎 1 29.6112
Total 3.3771 100

29. If a fuel is composed mainly of saturated hydrocarbon, what is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the
fuel?
a. 0.271 b. 0.324 c. 0.613 d. 0.890
Solution:
C=1
H=4
C/H = ¼=0.25

30. A high speed diesel engine burns fuel to give an exhaust gas analyzing 7.14% CO2, 4.28% CO, 8.24%
O2 and 80.34% N2. The cetane number of the fuel fired is
Given: Assume diesel composition to correspond to cetane
Density of cetane = 0.7751 g/mL Density of methyl naphthalene = 1.025 g/mL

AIR Exhaust Gas

7.14% CO2
Fuel ENGINE 4.28% CO
8.24% O2
Diesel Oil
80.34% N2
Required: cetane #

Solution:
Basis: 100 moles of dry exhaust gas
21
O2 from air = 80.34 x = 21.356 mols
79
 4.28
O2 unaccounted for = 21.356 − 7.14 − − 8.24 = 3.836 mols
2
at net H = 3.836 x 4 = 15.344 mols = at total H
at C = 11.42 mols
FUEL n At C At H
C16H34 x 16x 34x
C11H10 y 11y 10y

at C bal: 16x + 11y = 11.42

at H bal: 34x + 10y = 15.344
x = 0.255
y = 0.667
226
volume of cetane = 0.255 x = 74.35 m3
0.7751
142
volume of MT = 0.667 x = 92.404 m3
1.025
74.35
% cetane by volume = x 100 = 44.58%
92.404 + 74.35
𝐂𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟖