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MODELLING
IEC model (oil and winding)
Oil flow in
70 Hot Spot
radial ducts
60
Disc number
50
40 Detailed calculation
30
20
Max T corresponds to a min
10 flow rate in radial duct
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature
h o Hg r
H
o b gr
w
2
2 B y2 t 2
( PE ) axial Core clamp
24
2 Bx2t 2
( PE ) radial
24
Core yoke
•2. The THN models also depend on architectural decisions such as:
•… Spatial Discretization
•… Numerical algorithms employed
•3. Most of the THN examples are appliable to the windings but they can also
model the radiators and the whole complete cooling cycle.
2012…Implementation described by
Campelo (Transformer Research and
Asset Management, Cigré HRO, 2012).
•[2D-Ax, Correlations Extracted from CFD,
applicable to ON and OD designs]
Oil velocities
TNM TNM
CFD CFD
30 100
25
90
20
80
15
70
10
5 60
Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4
0 50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Velocities Temperature
29 Transformer Thermal Modelling – CIGRE A2.38
Radiators CFD modelling / experiments
Power 40 / 53 / 66 MVA
Cooling ONAN / ONAF1 / ONAF2
Voltage HV 225 kV Y
LV 26.4 kV ∆
Frequency 60 Hz
Z 22.7% at 66 MVA
63.4°C 28.3°C
91.8°C
Bottom of the winding
Temperature
46.7°C
37 Transformer Thermal Modelling – CIGRE A2.38
Modelling specifications
Eddy-loss calculated at 75°C
Material properties (paper, oil, copper)
Temperature calculation using
• uniform losses
• non-uniform losses (effect of eddy currents)
Inlet boundary conditions:
• Pre-defined total oil flow rate (0.78 kg/s)
• Bottom oil temperature of 46.7°C
Eddy loss
1200 (77%)
DC loss
Losses (W)
800
1000
800 600
600
400
400
200 200
0
0
Q-C
Q-D
Q-H
Q-G
Q-F
Q-I
Q- A
Q- B
Q- E
Q- J
s en
e
r ag
39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78
der
Ave
Disc number
An
Team
TNM
30
CFD 110 CFD
25 100
20 90
15 80
10 70
5
60
0
Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4
50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Channel number
Disc number
Non uniform losses
40 150
Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4 Pass 1 Pass 2 Pass 3 Pass 4
35 140
TNM
Mass flow rate fraction (%)
25 120
20 110
15 100
10 90
5 80
0 70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Channel number Disc number
40 Transformer Thermal Modelling – CIGRE A2.38
Conclusion - Benchmark
Very high Eddy losses at the top of the winding (calculated Q
factors from 1.79 to 2.66) – this is the main contributor to the
high H factor
Hotspot temperature-rise from 97.7 K to 107.2 K
Even if the mean winding rise is below 65 K (61.6 K), the
hotspot temperature-rise is much higher than the IEC
standard limit of 78 K
This explains the overheating of the top disc and the
thermal fault
This example demonstrates clearly the importance of a
detailed thermal modelling to calculate the hotspot
temperature
Variation in results is an indication of the complexity of such
modelling and the importance of experimental validation
41 Transformer Thermal Modelling – CIGRE A2.38
Content
Scope & Introduction
Thermal modelling in steady state
• Input to thermal models = losses
• Thermal-Hydraulic Network Model (THN)
• Computational Fluid Dynamics
Benchmark of numerical tools
Dynamic Thermal Modelling (DTM)
Direct measurements
Shell-type transformer thermal modelling