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Before 500 BC, people thought that earth was flat. But
thanks to scientists like Aristotle and Pythagoras, people
know that the shape of the earth is spherical. However Sir
Isaac Newton showed that the earth was not a perfect
sphere, but a compressed spheroid.
CRUST
The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. It is also the surface of the earth.
This comprises the continents and ocean basins and therefore it has been
classified into continental crust and oceanic crust.
MANTLE
The next layer is the mantle, which is composed mainly of iron and
magnesium silicates. It is been referred as FeMa layer.
Mantle is also where most of the internal heat of the Earth is located. It is
about 2900 km thick.
MANTLE
The lithosphere is the outermost part of the mantle immediately below the
Mohorovičić discontinuity. It has a part of the tectonic plates that cover
surface of Earth.
OUTER CORE
The third layer is outer core. The outer core is a hot and liquid layer
comprising mainly of Nickel and (liquid) Iron. Therefore it is referred as NiFe
Layer.
The outer core may also contain lighter elements such as Si, S, C, or O.
The outer core ranges from 2900 kms to 5150 kms and is 2300 km thick.
The transition space between outer core and mantle is called Gutenberg
discontinuity
STRUCTURE OF EARTH
INNER CORE
The inner core is mostly made of solid iron and has little amounts of
nickel.
It is unattached to the mantle and is suspended in the molten outer core.
The inner core is believed to have the extreme temperature and pressure
conditions.
The transition region between outer core and inner core is called Lehmann
discontinuity
What is tectonic plates?
What are the different tectonic plates?
What is the history of tectonic plates?
Do the tectonic plates move?
Briefly explain the movement of plates?
What is continental drift?
What is the evidence of tectonic plate movement?
How do tectonic plates cause earthquakes?
What are intraplate and interplate earthquakes?
The lithosphere is divided into several slabs or
blocks or plates. These plates are supported from
below by Asthenosphere. These plates are called
Lithosphere plates or Tectonic Plates.
Divergent Boundaries
North American Plate & Eurasian Plate
Convergent Boundaries
South American Plate & Nazca Plate
Transform Boundaries
North American Plate & Pacific Plate near the JDF Plate
PLEASE NOTE
When two continental plates diverge, a rift is created.
Eg. East African Rift
2. FAULTS
FAULTS
1. DEFINITION OF AN EARTHQUAKE
2. EARTHQUAKES & SEISMICS
3. CENTRES AND SHOCKS
4. INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKES
5. CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKE
6. SEISMIC WAVES
7. EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKES
8. WORLD SEISMIC ZONES
9. SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA
Earthquake may simply expressed as a momentary
shock experienced by the earth at a particular location
and time.
EPICENTRE
The point on the surface directly above the focus where the vibrations
are felt.
SHOCKS
NATURAL SOURCES
Tectonic Plates Movement 90%
Faults in Rocks (Elastic Rebound Theory) 6%
Volcanic Explosions 1%
ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
Explosion 1%
Mine Collapse 1%
Reservoir Failure 1%
SEISMIC WAVES
The energy released during earthquake travels to the
earth in form of waves.
Loss of Life
Building Collapse
Ignition of Fire
Ground Failure and Rupture
Landslides and Avalanches
Floods and Tidal Sources
Tsunami
Change in Soil and Rock Properties
WORLD SEISMIC ZONES
or EARTHQUAKE HOTSPOTS
Based on seismicity, the three most happening earthquake hotspots
in the world are
Zone IV: Gives the area liable to MM VIII. This, zone is second in severity to
zone V. This is referred here as High Damage Risk Zone.
Zone II: The probable intensity is MM VI. This zone is referred to as Low
Damage Risk Zone.
Zone IV: Indo-Gangetic basin and the capital of the country(Delhi, Jammu)
and Bihar fall in Zone 4.
Zone III: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, parts of Kashmir, Western
Himalayas, Western Ghats fall under this zone
Zone II: Other parts of India namely Hyderabad, Lakshadweep, Orissa etc.
Zone I : No
EARTHQUAKE ZONES IN INDIA
Cities and Zones
IN JAPANESE
TSU – HARBOUR
NAMI – WAVES
When they occur beneath the sea, the water above the
deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position.
Coastal Regulations
(Avoiding Low Lying Coastal Areas for developmental works)
Evacuation Plan
GROUND DAMAGE
AND FAILURE
Surface Distortions
Liquefaction
Fissures
Earthquake Fountain
Sand Boils & Mud Flows
Mud Volcano
Landslides & Avalanches
Changes in Surface & Ground Water
GROUND DAMAGE
Due to an earthquake, as a result of
passing of seismic waves, the ground or
the surface may be damaged in several
ways.
Surface Distortions
Liquefaction
Fissures
Earthquake Fountain
Sand Boils & Mud Flows
Mud Volcano
Landslides & Avalanches
Changes in Surface & Ground Water
SURFACE DISTORTIONS
The design and construction of the building should be as per the BIS
(Bureau of Indian Standards) codal provision for earthquake resistant
design as given under the code book - IS 1893:1984 Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
3. SOLVE THE SOIL
The soil on which the proposed building/structure would rest upon should
be thoroughly checked for its shear strength, soil liquefaction, presence
of water bodies etc. The design for the building should be keeping in with
the parameters of the soil
The design and construction of the building should be as per the BIS
(Bureau of Indian Standards) codal provision for earthquake resistant
design as given under the code book - IS 1893:1984 Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
5. STOREY IS THE STORY
6. ENFORCE REINFORCE
8. POST TENSIONING
10. DAMPING
2. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of
Gujarat, India.
3. The earthquake reached a magnitude of between 7.6 and 7.7 on the Richter magnitude scale
and had a maximum felt intensity of X (Intense) on the Mercalli intensity scale.
4. The quake killed around 20,000 people, injured another 165,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000
homes. . 21 districts were affected and 600,000 people left homeless. The total property damage
was estimated at 5.5 billion US dollars
5. This was an intraplate earthquake, one that occurred at a distance from an active plate
boundary, so the area was not well prepared. The 2001 Gujurat earthquake was caused by
movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift
structures.
THE GREAT INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI 2004
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami also known as Indonesian tsunami, Sumatra Tsunami or
Boxing Day tsunami. was a tsunami triggered by undersea earthquake that occurred at 04:10
AM(IST) on Sunday, 26 December 2004.
The epicentre of the earthquake was the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The earthquake was
caused by subduction of tectonic plates. With a magnitude of 9.1–9.3, it is the third largest
earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. The earthquake had the longest duration ever
observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes
The Tsunami accounted for a killing of over 230,000 people in fourteen countries, and is one of
the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed
by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. The total economic damages were evaluated at more than 20
billion US dollars
The risk of famine and epidemic diseases was extremely high immediately following the tsunami
and it posed the biggest ever disaster management challenge.
The entire world came together to offer rehabilitation for the victims affected by the Tsunami.
They were involved in rebuilding homes, children protection, setting up community centres,
providing infrastructure, and establishing means of education and livelihood.