Intelligent concepts

for the usage of renewable energy

Roughness  mapping  using  Landsat  Imagery  

Ing.  Fernando  Altmann  

Av. Júlio de Castilhos, 440, sala 81
September 2012 90030-130 Porto Alegre, RS,
Roughness Brasil using Landsat Imagery
Mapping
www.epienergia.com.br
 EAB New Energy Group

F EAB New Energy (www.eab-newenergy.eu) operates in project, development and

operation of wind farms
F Installation of the first wind turbine in 1994
F Located in Freiberg, Saxony State, Germany
F Operating the largest wind farm in the Czech Republic
F The EAB group of companies erected and commissioned more than 240 wind turbines
in several countries
F Group of international scope, is represented in several countries like Poland, Croatia,
Italy, Czech Republic, Argentina, Uruguay, Vietnam

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 EPI Energia P&I Ltda.

F Located in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

F Brazilian company of EAB New Energy Group
F Conception, Development, Execution and Administration of Wind Farm Projects
F Technical and Economical Feasibility Study of Wind Energy Projects
F Execution and Administration of Wind Measurement Campaign
F Developing, Executing and Operating Wind Farm Projects in Brazil, Uruguay and
Argentina ± as well as in other South American Countries

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 EPI Energia P&I Ltda.

EPI Energia also works in cooperation with

distinct Brazilian and international
companies as well as universities in the field
of research and development

 Collaboration for the Wind Atlas of the Rio

Grande do Sul State;
 Conception, development and execution of
Wind Farm Projects in the Northeastern and
Southern Brazil;
 More than 600 MW wind farm projects
developed;
 Currently with wind farm projects underway in
Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.

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September 2012 Roughness Mapping using Landsat Imagery 5
 Wind energy

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 Wind Energy

Main principle: transforming the kinetic energy of the moving air to eletric power.

Available energy: the quantity of available energy comes from the kinetic energy
equation.

݉Ǥ ‫ ݒ‬ଶ
‫ܧ‬ൌ  
ʹ

The available mass is function of the air density, cross-sectional area and the air flow
speed.

ͳ
ܲ ൌ  ߩ‫ Ϳݒܣ‬ 
ʹ

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 Wind Energy

Fluid Mechanics
The air is a Atmospheric flow
Logarithimic Wind Profile
fluid
Boundary layer development
Power Law Profile

Then, speed comes as:

‫כݒ‬ ݄
‫ ݒ‬ൌ  Ž  
‫ܭ‬ ‫ݖ‬଴
Where:
v = speed [m/s];
v* = friction velocity [m/s];
K = von Karman constant(K=0,4);
h = height above ground [m];
z0 = surface roughness lenght [m].

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 Introduction

Wind farm simulation: CFD software and simplified flow calculation

softwares (Windpro, Wasp e OpenWind)

Wind Wind measurement or Weibull

Topography DEM ± SRTM or ASTER

Roughness Sources with poor resolution.

MODIS, GLCF

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 Wind Energy - Roughness

Surface roughness and its obstacles (trees, buildings) influence the wind
speed profile, resulting in a wind retardment near the surface.

Terrain mapping is essential to any wind energy project, as its topographic

and roughness characteristics affect the wind profile behaviour and,
consequently, the energy yield.
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 Roughness Classes

Roughness Class Rpughness lenght, zo [m] Landscape Type

0 0.0002 Water surfaces.

0.5 0.0024 Completely open terrain with a smooth surface, e.g.concrete
runways in airports, mowed grass, etc.
1 0.03 Open agricultural area without fences and hedgerows and very
scattered buildings. Only softly rounded hills
1.5 0.055 Agricultural land with some houses and 8 metre tall sheltering
hedgerows with a distance of approx. 1250 metres

2 0.1 Agricultural land with some houses and 8 metre tall sheltering
hedgerows with a distance of approx. 500 metres

2.5 0.2 Agricultural land with many houses, shrubs and plants, or 8
metre tall sheltering hedgerows with a distance of approx. 250
metres
3 0.4 Villages, small towns, agricultural land with many or tall
sheltering hedgerows, forests and very rough and uneven
terrain
3.5 0.8 Larger cities with tall buildings
4 1.6 Very large cities with tall buildings and skycrapers

Troen & Petersen, 2009

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 Overview project
z0, m Land cover classes
0.4 Urban  and  Built-­‐Up  Land  
0.1 Irrigated  Cropland  and  Pasture  
0.1
Mixed  Dryland/Irrigated  Cropland  and  Pasture  
0.07 Cropland/Grassland  Mosaic  
0.15 Cropland/Woodland  Mosaic  
0.05 Grassland  
0.07 Shrubland  
0.06 Mixed  Shrubland/Grassland  
0.07 Savanna  
0.4 Deciduous  Broadleaf  Forest  
0.4 Deciduous  Needleleaf  Forest  
0.5 Evergreen  Broadleaf  Forest  
0.5 Evergreen  Needleleaf  Forest  
0.4 Mixed  Forest  
0.03 HerbaceousWetland  
0.02 Barren  or  Sparsely  Vegetated  
0.15 Wooded  Tundra  
0.1 Mixed  Tundra  
GLCF adapted from USGS 0.001 Ice or Snow
0.0002 Water bodies

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 Study Overview

Wind Energy Air Flow Fluid mechanics

Roughness Roughness Į Land Cover

Low resolution land Create a dataset with higher

cover datasets sources. resolution

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 Objectives

‡ Review, apply and develop methodologies concerning to

land cover mapping from Landsat imagery

‡ Produce a reliable roughness dataset to be used on wind

farm projects

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 Reasons

‡ Wind energy market in Brasil is highly competitive. More

than ever the energy yield must be accurately predicted.

‡ Nonexistence of good resolution local roughness datasets.

‡ Digital image processing with Landsat imagery can

produce good resolution datasets

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 Study area

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 Study area
Round hills, deciduous needleleaf forests, broadleaf forests, grasslands.

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 Study area

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 Remote Sensing

Classic definition: remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object

without being in touch with it.
Eletromagnetic radiation register, creating images.

Different targets have different responses to the different radiation bands.

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 Remote Sensing

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 Lansdat
Landsat System
Since 1972
Serie of satellites ± NASA and USGS
To monitor collect information about Earth from space
Landsat 5 ± sensor TM

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 Digital Image Processing

Technics used to identify, extract, condensate and enhance the

information of interest to specific purpouses.

‡ Pre-processing Geometric and

Radiometric corrections

‡ Image Enhancement Contrast enhancement

Spatil filtering

Principal Components Analysis

‡ Image transformations Vegetation index
Tasseled Cap

‡ Classification

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 Classification

To assign a specific class ot theme to each pixel of the image, based on

statistical characteristics of the pixel brightness values. Also called
spectral pattern recognition.

‡ Unsupervised ± Essentially statistical comparisson and

clustering by simillarity.
‡ Supervised ± Samples identification of the interest
classes an signatures comparisson.

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 Methodology

Structure and data sources

Satellite imagery
Topographic maps
Google Earth
GIS softwares ± Spring; MapWindow

Procedures
Geometric correction
Transformations (PCA and Tasseled Cap)
Choice of channels to be used in classification
Classification ± Maxlike
Quality Assessment
Dataset creation

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 Results

True color composition

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 Results

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 Results

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 Conclusions

Satellite imagery classification ± well known technique, lots of

information, great cost/benefit.

Roughness mapping from classification ± low cost, great

value for companies

In general, remote sensing and GIS showed to be high

efficiency and low cost tools to identify and to map land
cover with a good resolution, in order to procude accurate
roughness datasets to use in wind farm projects.

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 EAB  New  Energy  Group  
3Energy  Service  Group  

September 2012 Roughness Mapping using Landsat Imagery 30

 Intelligent Concepts
for the usage of renewable energy

epi Energia Projetos e Investimentos Ltda.

Av. Júlio de Castilhos, 440, sala 81
90030-130, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

Tel.: +55 51 32730191

E-Mail: info@epienergia.com.br
www.epienergia.com.br

       
September 2012 Roughness Mapping using Landsat Imagery