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哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司指导性技术文件
Harbin Turbine Company Limited
Guiding Technical Document
B/Z44.5-2008
汽轮机转子高速动平衡
High Speed Dynamic Balancing for Rotor of Steam Turbine
2008—05—17 发布 2008—05—20 实施
Issued on 2005-05-17 Implemented on 2008-05-20
哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司 发布
Issued by Harbin Turbine Company Limited
B/Z44.5-2008
前 言
Preface
本标准根据 B/Z44.5-98《汽轮机转子高速动平衡》而修订的,主要是
对公式书写错误进行了修正。主要参考由西屋带回的动平衡资料
Ps 84351QH Low & high speed balance &
Overspeed test of steam turbine rotors
in vacuum spin test Facility.Rev.3 07/03/96
This standard is the revised edition of B/Z44.5-98 High Speed
Dynamic Balancing for Rotor of Steam Turbine, the main purpose of this
revised edition is to revise the mistake of formula writing from referencing
the dynamic balancing document of Westinghouse Company.
公司生产的功率 300MW 等级及以上机组的汽轮机转子高速动平衡
时,可同时测量轴承振动和轴的绝对振动,本标准暂规定轴承振动和轴
的绝对振动均可作为动平衡精度的评定值。
For the high speed dynamic balancing for rotor of steam turbine with
capacity above 300MW manufactured by HTC, the bearing vibration and
absolute vibration of shaft can be measured at the same time, this standard
prescribes temporarily that both bearing vibration and absolute vibration of
shaft can be used at the evaluating value of dynamic balance accuracy.
本标准从实施之日起,同时代替 B/Z44.5-1998。
Once this standard is implemented, it will take place of B/Z44.5-1998.
本标准由技术管理处归口。
This standard is controlled by Technology Management Department.
本标准起草单位:研究院
Drafted by: Research Institute
编 制:刘书秀
Prepared by: Liu Shuxiu
校 对;初丽辉
Checked by: Chu Lihui
审 核:赵彤军
Reviewed by: Zhao Tongjun
标准审查:李景滨
Standardization checked by: Li Jingbin
审 定:李毅刚
Accepted by: Li Yigang
本标准归哈尔滨汽轮机厂有限责任公司(HTC )所有。未经HTC
授权,不得擅自复制,不得向第三方转让、披露及提供。违者必究。
This standard is property of HTC. It is forbidden to reproduce, transfer
disclose or supply to the third party without authorization of HTC.
B/Z44.5-2008
汽轮机转子高速动平衡
High Speed Dynamic Balancing for Rotor of Steam Turbine
1 范围
本标准规定了汽轮机转子高速动平衡和超速试验中的工装设计、平
衡设备运转方式、转子最终不平衡状态的评定,以及平衡对转子设计、制
造方面的要求。
This standard prescribes fixture design of turbine rotor for high speed
balancing and over speed test, operation mode of balance equipment,
evaluation of final unbalance of rotor, and the requirements to rotor design,
manufacture.
本标准适用于本公司生产的内重心式汽轮机转子,其它旋转机械的
内重心式转子亦可参照使用。
This standard applies to steam turbine rotor with gravity within span
manufactured by HTC, and this also can be referred for other rotating body
with gravity within span.
2 规范性引用文件
Applicable Standard
下列文件中的条款通过本标准中的引用而成为本标准的条款。凡是
注日期的引用文件,其随后所有的修改单(不包括堪误的内容)或修订
版均不适用于本标准,然而,鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否
可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本适
用于本标准。
The following documents shall form an integral part of this standard to
the extent specified herein. Any succeeding amendment (except for contents
of corrigenda) or revisions of these documents with issue date are not
applicable to this specification. However, It’s encouraged to study the
availability of the latest issue of these documents for the parties which have
reached an agreement according to this specification. For the documents
without issue date, their latest issue is applicable to this specification.
ISO1940-1 机械振动 稳态(刚性)转子的平衡精度要求
ISO1940-1 Mechanical vibration—requirements of stable (rigid) rotor
balance quality
GB/T2298 (ISO 2041-1990) 机械振动、冲击名词术语
GB/T2298 (ISO 2041-1990) Nomenclatures of mechanical vibration and
impact
GB6557(idt ISO 11342:1998) 挠性转子的机械平衡
GB6557(idt ISO 11342:1998) mechanical balance of flexible rotor
3 名词术语
Nomenclature
3.1 刚性转子
Rigid rotor
在转子支承条件接近实际工作条件时,可以在转子的一个或任意选
定的两个平面上进行平衡校正,且校正之后,该转子在直至最高工作转
速的任意转速时的不平衡量均不明显超过允许值,这样的转子称为刚性
转子。
When the supporting condition of rotor is close to the working condition,
the balance correction can be done on one or any two planes of rotor, and
after correction, the unbalance of this rotor is not obviously beyond the
allowable value when it is at any speed, such rotor can be called rigid rotor.
3.2 挠性转子
Flexible rotor
工作转速接近或高于转子第一弯曲临界转速的转子,它不满足刚性
转子定义。
It is defined as the flexible rotor whose working speed close to or higher than
first bending critical speed and which does not satisfy the definition of rigid
rotor.
3.3 低速平衡(对挠性转子而言)
Low speed balancing (for flexible rotor)
被平衡的挠性转子在它能被视为刚性转子的转速下进行的平衡过程。
It is defined as the balancing process for flexible rotor at a speed when the
flexible rotor can be Balanced as a rigid rotor.
3.4 高速平衡(对挠性转子而言)
High speed balance (for flexible rotor)
被平衡的挠性转子在它不能被视为刚性转子的转速下所进行的平衡
过程(此时,平衡转速一般为工作转速)。
It is defined as the balancing process for flexible rotor at a speed when
the flexible rotor can be Balanced as a rigid rotor (generally,at this time, the
balancing speed is the working speed).
3.5 内重心式转子
Rotor with gravity within span
重心在两轴颈之间的双支承转子。
It is defined as two-bearing rotor with the gravity between two journals
3.6 不平衡响应
Unbalance response
在给定的转速下,由转子不平衡引起的转子一支承系统的参数,如
1
B/Z44.5-2008
转子或轴承座的振动,支承反力,油膜压力等的变化。
It is defined as the change of parameters of one support system at specific
speed resulted from rotor unbalance, such as vibration of rotor or bearing
pedestal, support reaction, oil film pressure, etc.
3.7 不平衡灵敏度
Unbalance sensitivity
在给定的转速和测量位置,当给定平面上的不平衡量改变时会引起
振动矢量的变化。振动矢量变化量与不平衡变化量之比称为不平衡灵敏
度。
At specific speed and measuring position, the vibration vector varies as the
unbalance on the given plane changes. The ratio between vibration vector
variation and unbalance variation is called unbalance sensitivity.
3.8 第 N 阶振型不平衡量
Unbalance for vibration mode in order N
只对转子一支承系统第 N 阶主振型起作用的不平衡量。
It is defined as the unbalance of rotor-bearing system for vibration mode
of order N.
3.9 初始不平衡量
Initial unbalance
平衡前转子上存在的不平衡量。
It is defined as the unbalance existing on rotor before balance.
3.10 允许不平衡
Allowable unbalance
为保证旋转机械正常工作所允许的剩余不平衡量的最大值。
It is defined as the max. allowable residual unbalance for ensuring the
normal operation of rotating machinery.
3.11 允许不平衡振动
Allowable unbalance vibration
为保证旋转机械正常工作所允许的转子平衡后的轴承(或轴)振动
的最大值。
It is defined as the max. allowable vibration of bearing (or shaft) after
rotor is balanced for ensuring the normal operation of rotating machinery.
3.12 制造厂内平衡平面
Balance plane at shop
转子设计规定的制造厂内动平衡时使用的平面。
It is defined as the plane used to do dynamic balancing in HTC as
specified in rotor design.
3.13 现场平衡平面
Balance plane at site
转子设计规定的用于机组现场平衡的平面。
It is defined as the plane used to do balance at site as specified in rotor
design.
现场平衡平面应力求使汽轮机组可不揭缸进行转子不平衡质量校正。
For the balance plane at site, the unbalance of rotor can be corrected
without opening the casing of turbine unit.
3.14 脆性转变温度
Fracture-Arrest Transition Temperature
金属材料在某温度区的抗断裂性能随温度降低而大幅度降低,其韧
性断裂百分比下降,脆性断裂百分比增加。一般,将韧性断裂为 50%时的
温度称为脆性转变温度(F.A.T.T)。
The anti-fracture property of metal material will greatly reduce as the
temperature decreases in a certain temperature zone, and the percentage of
ductile fracture can be reduced. The percentage of brittle fracture grows.
Normally, the temperature at which the ductile fracture is 50% is called
fracture-arrest transition temperature (FA T T).
3.15 无韧性转变温度
Nil ductility transition temperature
金属材料完全呈脆性断裂时的温度(NDT)。
It is defined as the temperature at which the metal material is in completely
brittle fracture condition (NDT).
3.16 轴承振动
Bearing vibration
在轴承上测得的振动。本标准规定轴承振动以振动速度的均方根值
表示,单位 mm/s。
It is defined the vibration measured on bearing. This standard prescribes
that the bearing vibration is denoted by means of square root of vibration
velocity, in mm/s.
3.17 轴振动
Shaft vibration
在转子轴颈测得的轴的振动。轴振动又分为轴的绝对振动和轴相对于轴
承的相对振动。其单位为 mm。
It is defined as the vibration of shaft measured at journal. The vibration can be
divided into absolute vibration and relative vibration of shaft to bearing. The
unit is in mm.
3.18 工频振动
Power frequency vibration
频率与旋转速度相同的振动,即转子振动频谱中以旋转速度为其振
动频率的振动分量。
It is defined as the vibration whose frequency is same as rotation speed,
i.e. in vibration frequency spectrum, the rotating speed is a vibration
component of vibration frequency.
4 转子动平衡的基本理论
Basic theory of rotor dynamic balancing
2
B/Z44.5-2008
4.1 汽轮机转子动平衡的动力学原理
Dynamic principle of rotor balancing of steam turbine
4.1.1 转子平衡的理想状态是使转子达到完全的质量平衡。但是,不平衡
量分布是随机的,结构尺寸相同的转子其不平衡量分布可能相似,却很
难相同,不平衡量的分布和大小是无法测量的。
The perfect state of rotor balancing is to make completely mass balance of
rotor. However, the distribution of unbalance is at random, the unbalance
distribution of rotors with same structure and dimension may be similar but
are not exactly same, and the distribution and amount of unbalance is unable
to measure.
我们所能测量和消除的只是各不平衡响应:(如:力、振动值等)。
What we can measure and eliminate is only the unbalance response:
(such as force, vibration value)
4.1.2 就刚性转子而言,平衡的目的是消除转子的力不平衡(静不平衡)和
力矩不平衡(动不平衡),使其轴承力降低或消除,其平衡效果与转速
无关。
Take rigid rotor as an example, the aim of balancing is to eliminate the
unbalance of force (static unbalance) and moment (dynamic unbalance) of
rotor and to reduce or eliminate the bearing force. And the balance effect has
nothing to do with speed.
4.1.3 对于挠性转子来讲,不平衡量的分布比对挠性转子具有更重要的意
义。转子的平衡状态随转速而变化。这种情况使平衡技术复杂化,挠性转
子动平衡理论也因此发展起来。
For flexible rotor, the distribution of unbalance is more important than rigid
rotor. The balancing state of rotor can vary as speed changes. And this
situation makes the balance technique more complex, and the dynamic
balance theory of flexible rotor consequently develops.
4.1.4 挠性转子动平衡的方法很多。但主要是影响系数法和振型平衡法。
振型平衡法又有 N 法和 N+2 法之分。本厂一般采用影响系数和 N+2 振型
平衡法相结合的方法。
There are many methods for dynamic balancing of flexible rotor. But the main
methods are influence coefficient technique and vibration mode balancing
technique. Vibration mode balancing technique is divided into N method and
N+2 method. Our company usually adopts the influence coefficient technique
combined with N+2 vibration mode balancing technique.
4.1.4.1 影响系数法原理
Concept of Influence coefficient technique
被平衡转子平衡平面数 q
Number of balancing plane on balanced rotor is “q”
测量转速数 m
Measured speed is “m”
测量点数 n
Number of measuring point n
测量参数总数 P=m·n
The total amount of measured parameter will be: P=m·n
影响系数 The influence coefficient
r r
r VkL -Vk0
a kL = r (1)
gL
式中:
Where:
r
gL ——在 L 平面施加之试重;
added weight at L plane
r r
VkL ——在 L 平面施加试重 gL 后测得的第 K 个振动参数;
The Kth vibration parameter measured after adding weight at L plane
r
Vk0 ——未加试重前测得的第 K 个振动参数,根据线性理论则有:
The Kth vibration parameter measured before adding weight. According
to the linearity theory:
r r r r r r r r
Vk0 + a11B1 +L + a1L BL +L +a1q Bq = R1
M M M M M
r0 r r r r r r r
Vk + a K1B1 +L +a KL BL +L +a Kq Bq = R K (2)
M M M M M
r0 r r r r r r r
VP + a P1B1 +L +a PL BL +L + a Pq Bq = R P
3
B/Z44.5-2008
式中:
Where:
r
BL ——L 平面校正量;BL is the correction value at L plane
r
R K ——第 K 个测量参数残余振动矢量。
the Kth measured parameter’s residual vibration vector
写成矩阵
While written in matrix is as follows:
{ V} + { A} { B} ={ R} (3)
若 P=q,令{R}=0 校正质量组为:
the correction mass group is
-1
{ B} = �
A�
� � { -V} (4)
r
( )
2
若 P>q 则要求 �R K = min
L=1……………………q
由此解得校正质量
Therefore the correction mass is obtained as follows:
-1
� T �
{ B} { V}
T
= ��
A�
� � A�
�
� � A�
� �
� � (6)
�
4.1.4.2 N+2 振型平衡法,平衡条件为:
N+2 vibration mode balancing technique, the balancing piece is:
r q r
U( z ) dz + �BK = 0
� (7)
L K=1
r q r
U ( z ) zdz + �BKz K = 0
� (8)
L K=1
r r q r
r
�( z ) r( z)
Uφdz �
+Bφ0
K=1
K r( z ) =
K
(9)
L
式中:
Where:
U ( z ) ——不平衡分布函数;
9
B/Z44.5-2008
附录 A
Addenda A
标准编制参考资料及贯彻要求
Reference document and requirements for preparing this standard
A1 在引进大型高速动平衡超速试验装置、研究现代挠性转子高速动平衡
理论的同时,本公司也引进了西屋公司大型汽轮机技术、其中包括西屋
公司动平衡技术、因此在制订本标准时也参考了下列西屋公司技术文件。
A1 at the same time that introducing large high dynamic balancing overspeed
testing device and researching modern flexible rotor high speed dynamic
balancing theory, our company also introduce large-scale steam turbine
technology from Westinghouse, it includes dynamic balancing technology of
Westinghouse company, thus the following technical documents from
Westinghouse company have been referenced during preparing this standard.
Ps600107 Rotating tests on turb. Rotors not
Requiring stability check
Ps600108 Rotating tests turbine spindles
Requiring stability check
Ps81260QN Testing cycles for Lp rotors
Ps 84351QH Low & high speed balance &
Overspeed test of steam turbine rotors
in vacuum spin test Facility.Rev.3 07/03/96
A2 为贯彻执行本标准、需要针对本公司各类汽轮机转子特性、动平衡设
备性能特点、并吸收国外先进技术制订相应的动平衡工艺守则。
A2 In order to carry out this standard, it is required to prepare dynamic
balancing process regulations aiming at rotors for each kinds of steam turbine,
feature of dynamic equipment and absorbing advanced technology of oversea
company.
A2.1 B/Z58.42 汽轮机转子动平衡工艺守则。
A2.1 B/Z58.42 dynamic balancing process regulations for steam turbine rotor
10