Section 2.

11

Convected Coordinates: Time Rates of Change

In this section, the time derivatives of kinematic tensors described in §2.4-2.6 are now
described using convected coordinates.

2.11.1 Deformation Rates

Time Derivatives of the Base Vectors and the Deformation Gradient

First, the material time derivatives of the deformed base vectors are, from 2.10.8,

g& i = F& G i = F& F −1g i = −FF& −1g i

(2.11.1)
g i = F& −T G i = F& −T F T g i = −F −T F& T g i

with, again from 2.10.8,

F& = g& i ⊗ G i
F& −1 = G i ⊗ g& i
(2.11.2)
F& −T = g& i ⊗ G i
F& T = G i ⊗ g& i

The Velocity Gradient

The velocity gradient is defined by 2.5.2, l = grad v , so that, using 1.16.5,

∂v ∂v ∂v ∂Θ j ∂v
l= = i ⊗ ei = ⊗ ei = ⊗gj (2.11.3)
∂x ∂x ∂Θ ∂x
j i
∂Θ j

Also, from 1.16.3,

∂x& ∂v
g& i = = (2.11.4)
∂Θ i
∂Θ i

so that, as an alternative to 2.11.3,

l = g& i ⊗ g i (2.11.5)

This is consistent with Eqn. 2.5.4, F& = lF , which gives, with 1.11.2a and 2.10.8b,

( )( )
l = F& F −1 = g& i ⊗ G i G j ⊗ g j = g& i ⊗ g i (2.11.6)

Solid Mechanics Part III 296 Kelly

 Section 2.11

The components of the spatial velocity gradient are

l ij = g i lg j = g i ⋅ g& j
l⋅ij = g i lg j = g i ⋅ g& j
(2.11.7)
l i⋅ j = g i lg j = g mj g i ⋅ g& m = g i ⋅ g& j
l ij = g i lg j = g i ⋅ g& j

Further, from 2.11.1, 2.11.2 and 2.11.5,

g& i = lg i g& i = −l T g i
(2.11.8)
= gilT = −g i l

Contracting the first of these with dΘ i leads to

g& i dΘ i = lg i dΘ i (2.11.9)

which is equivalent to 2.5.1, dv = ldx .

The Rate of Deformation and Spin Tensors

From 2.5.6, l = d + w . The covariant components of the rate of deformation and spin are

1 ⋅
2
( T
) 2
( m m
&
2
)
d ij = g i l + l g j = g i g m ⊗ g + g ⊗ g m g j = (g i ⋅ g j + g i ⋅ g j ) = g i ⋅ g j
1 1
&
1
& &
2
1
2
( ) 1
2
( 1
2
)
wij = g i l − l T g j = g i g& m ⊗ g m − g m ⊗ g& m g j = (g i ⋅ g& j − g& i ⋅ g j )
(2.11.10)

Solid Mechanics Part III 297 Kelly