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PRO – Online
Training Program
guy.sela@croptima-ag.com +44-20-3290-1928 2
WATER TREATMENT PRO - Online Training Program
10 Sessions
Thursdays 9 AM GMT
▰ Understand the water quality criteria for different water sources and usage purposes.
▰ Understand the fundamentals of unit operations that are part of the water treatment
process.
▰ Be able to propose a water treatment process for various water sources and usage
purposes.
▰ Be able to avoid and solve common and less common problems.
▰ Gain expertise water treatment practices.
▰ Become familiar with new technologies.
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Webinar platform – Zoom
Use your control panel to raise your hand or ask a question via the Q&A panel
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OK, let’s get started…
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SOME FACTS
ABOUT WATER
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SOME FACTS
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SOME FACTS – IMPACT OF BAD QUALITY WATER
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HOW MUCH WATER IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE…
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WHAT ARE THE AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES?
3% 97%
Fresh
Water Seawater Wastewater
Confined Unconfined
Lakes Rivers Swamps
aquifers aquifers
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HOW MUCH DO WE CONSUME?
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WHAT DO WE USE THE WATER FOR?
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40
30
20
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Developed Developing
Global
Countries Countries
Agriculture 70 30 82
Industry 22 59 10
Domestic 8 11 8 13
WATER QUALITY
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WHAT DETERMINES THE WATER QUALITY?
▰ Suspended impurities
▰ Colloidal impurities
▰ Dissolved impurities
▰ Living organisms
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IMPURITIES IN WATER
Suspended impurities
Small solid particles that remain in Particle Water Velocity
suspension due to the motion of the diameter (mm) (m/s)
water.
Fine sand 0.4 0.15
The higher the velocity of the water, the Coarse sand 2.5 0.3
bigger the particle that can be remained in Gravel 2.5-25 0.76
suspension.
Shingle 25-75 1.2
Inorganic – sand particles
Colloidal impurities
Fine, electrically-charged particles, that do not settle.
Mostly clay and silica particles, but also organic waste, amino
acids etc.
The higher the velocity of the water, the bigger the particle that
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can be remained in suspension.
IMPURITIES IN WATER
Dissolved impurities
Dissolved gases: O2, CO2, H2S etc.
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IMPURITIES IN WATER
Living Organisms
Algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses
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TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS
▰ Suspended solids
▰ Nutrients
▰ Toxic chemicals
▰ Refractory organics – pesticides, surfactants, phenols
▰ Heavy metals
▰ Dissolved inorganics (salts)
▰ Biodegradable organics
▰ Pathogens
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GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER
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SURFACE WATER
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GROUNDWATER VS. SURFACE WATER
Mineral content
(dissolved solids) Low High
Suspended solids and
colloids (Turbidity) High Low
Bacteria, viruses, other
biological content High Low
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WASTEWATER – WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
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WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
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TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Pollutants
Point pollution
Any single, identifiable source from which pollutants are discharged – e.g.
pipe, ship, factory, sewage treatment plant…
Non-point sources
Not easily identified. Comes from many sources. Results from runoff,
precipitation, moving over and through the ground – e.g. fertilizers,
pesticides, salt, bacteria from livestock… Highest risk
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VOLNURABILITY OF GROUND WATER TO POLLUTION
▰ Contaminated runoff
▰ Upstream users
▰ Air pollutants – acid rain
▰ Debris
▰ Suspended solids
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WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
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HOW ARE QUALITY CRITERIA DETERMINED?
Criteria and standards are determined in relation to the suitability of the water
for a particular purpose - intended use / beneficial use.
Intended Use
The purpose we want to use the water for.
Beneficial Use
A use of water resulting in gain or benefit to the user and to society.
Beneficial uses are determined on a country/state level.
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EXAMPLES OF BENEFICIAL USES OF WATER
Recreation Others
Contact – Swimming, surfing etc. Hydroelectric power
Non contact- Fishing, boating, Groundwater recharge
aesthetic enjoyment etc. Preservation (biological
habitants, vegetation,
areas etc.)
Navigation and
shipping… 35
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
▰ Threshold values
▰ Minimum maximum ranges
▰ Different parameters – pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) nutrients, TDS, TSS, EC,
Hardness.
Secondary Standards
Non-mandatory standards for 15 contaminants, which are not health-
threatening. They reflect aesthetic and technical considerations, such as
taste, color, odor and potential damage to equipment.
https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/secondary-drinking-water-
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standards-guidance-nuisance-chemicals
EXAMPLES: PRIMARY REGULATIONS
Source of
Contaminant MCLG (mg/l) MCL (mg/l) or TT
Contaminant
Cryptosporidium Human and animal
0 TT3
(pathogen) fecal waste
Turbidity n/a TT3 Soil runoff
Chlorine (as Cl2) MRDLG=4 MRDL=4 Water disinfectant
Runoff from fertilizer
Nitrate (as N) 10 (44.3 NO3-) 10
use, sewage…
TT3 for Turbidity - For systems that use conventional or direct filtration, at no time can turbidity go higher than 1
NTU, and samples for turbidity must be less than or equal to 0.3 NTUs in at least 95 percent of the samples in any
month…
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SOME TERMS
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal. Below that level there is no known/expected risk to
MCLG
health. Non-enforceable goal.
Treatment Technique – the require process to reduce the level of contaminant in the
TT
drinking water.
Action Level - the concentration of the contaminant that if exceeded, treatment is
AL
required.
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal, below which there is no known/expected
MRDLG
risk to health.
MRDL Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level. The highest level allowed in drinking water.
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EXAMPLE: IRRIGATION WATER
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0234E/T0234E01.htm#ch1 42
EXAMPLES: IRRIGATION WATER
Sensitivity to boron
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WASTEWATER REUSE
Selecting the necessary treatment involves knowing the constituents of the wastewater
And defining the intended use.
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EXAMPLES: WASTEWATER REUSE FOR IRRIGATION
Slight to moderate
Reuse No restriction for use
restriction
pH 6-9
BOD ≤ 10 mg/l
Irrigation for public areas, not
Turbidity ≤ 2 NTU
processed food crops
Fecal coliforms/100 ml zero
Residual chlorine At least 1 mg/l
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SOME TERMS
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WATER TREATMENT - EXAMPlES
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TREATMENT - CONSIDERATIONS
Additional considerations:
Capital and operating costs
Residuals
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THE MULTIPLE BARRIER APPROACH
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COAGULATION-FLOCCULATION
Coagulation – the addition of a chemical that neutralizes the negative charges of the particles
and allows them to aggregate.
Flocculation – gentle mixing that brings the particles to bind together and form larger
particles, which can be removed by sedimentation or conventional filtration.
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FILTRATION
Rapid Sand Filtration – removal of relatively large suspended particles (usually after the
coagulation-flocculation process). Automatic backwash. Usually used for towns and cities.
Slow Sand Filtration – Coagulation-flocculation not required, requires larger area, high
efficiency in removing bacteria…
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DESALINATION – REVERSE OSMOSIS
Removes dissolved solids and minerals. Reduces the salinity of the water. The water is
pushed by high pressure through semi-permeable membranes and the removed salts are
flushed down the drain.
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CHLORINE DISINFECTION
Kills bacteria and viruses. There are different forms of chlorine disinfection – chlorine gas,
sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite. Water is disinfected after filtration.
Contact time is required.
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WASTEWATER – THREE TYPES/STAGES
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Primary treatment – Removes suspended solid waste and reduces BOD. 20-30
reduction in BOD and up to 60% of the suspended solids.
Water is held in tanks so heavier solids settle in the bottom.
Secondary treatment – involves biological processes to remove organic
matter. Activated sludge, wetland systems. Can remove up to 85% of BOD and
total suspended solids.
Tertiary treatment – Removes remaining inorganic compounds, such as
nitrogen and phosphorous, bacteria and viruses. Can involve
flocculation/precipitation, sand filtration reverse osmosis, carbon adsorption,
disinfection and other treatments.
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THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at
Guy.sela@croptima-ag.com
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