LABORATORY MANUAL

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Register No:

15ME103L : Active Learning Laboratory

SRM University
Vadapalani Campus
Chennai - 26

1
 INDEX
Ex. Page Faculty
Date Title of the Exercise
No. No. Sign

2
Ex.No:
Verifying Lami’s Theorem Using Distance Method
Date:

AIM:
To verify Lami’s theorem by using distance method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Lami’s Setup,
Weight,
string,
steel rule.

PRINCIPLE:
Lami’s theorem
If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force will be
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces
Let,

  Anglebetween force Q and R

  Anglebetween force P and R
  Anglebetween force P and Q

According to Lami’s theorem,

P is proportional to the sine of angle between Q and R

i.e., P α Sinβ

P
 Cons tan t
Sin 

Similarly

Q R
 Cons tan t , and  Cons tan t
Sin Sin

i.e
P Q R
 
Sin  Sin Sin

3
Experimental Setup : Lami’s Theorem

Free Body Diagram

4
PROCEDURE:

1. Place the string over the two pulleys.

2. Set it as equilibrium position.
3. For the weights (stands) measure the values of x1, y1 and x2, y2
4. Measure the values of x1, y1 and x2, y2
5. From the given x1, y1 and x2, y2 find θ1, θ2,  ,  ,α
6. From the calculations, we verify Lami’s theorem that is,

P Q R
  , is valid.
Sin  Sin  Sin

CALCULATION :-

From the figure we have,

Y1 Y
1  tan 1 and  2  tan 1 2
X1 X2

Angle between Q & R,  = 180 – (  1 +  2 )

Angle between R & P,  = 90 +  2

Angle between P & Q,  = 90 +  1

Result :

5
Tabulation

Sl.  = 90  = 90  =
Weight Weight Weight
No X1 X2 Y1 Y2 θ1 θ2 + 1 + 2 180 –
P Q R ( 1 + 2

6
Ex.No:
Verifying Lami’s Theorem Using Angle Method
Date:

AIM:

To verify the Lami’s theorem by using Angle method.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Lami’s Setup,
Weight,
string,
steel rule
Angle Finder (Pro-Circle)

PRINCIPLE:

Lami’s theorem

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force will be proportional
to the sine of the angle between the other two forces

Let,

  Anglebetween force Q and R

  Anglebetween force P and R
  Anglebetween force P and Q

According to Lami’s theorem,

P is proportional to the sine of angle between Q & R

i.e., P  Sin 

P
 Cons tan t
Sin 

Similarly

Q R
 Cons tan t , and  Cons tan t
Sin Sin

7
 P Q R
i.e  
Sin  Sin Sin

Experimental Setup : Lami’s Theorem

8
 Free Body Diagram
PROCEDURE:

1. Place the string over the two pulleys.

2. Set it as equilibrium position.
3. For the weights (stands) measure the values of  ,  ,α
4. Measure the values of  ,  ,α
5. From the calculations, we verify Lami’s theorem that is,
P Q R
  , is valid.
Sin  Sin  Sin

Result:

9
Tabulation

Sl. Weight Weight Weight

α β γ P / Sin β Q / Sin γ R / Sin α
No P Q R

10
Ex.No:
Determination of an Unknown Weight using Lami’s Theorem
(Angle Method)
Date:

AIM:

To determine unknown weight using Lami’s theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Lami’s Setup,
Weight,
string,
steel rule.

PRINCIPLE:

Lami’s theorem

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force will be proportional
to the sine of the angle between the other two forces

Let,

  Anglebetween force Q and R

  Anglebetween force P and R
  Anglebetween force P and Q

According to Lami’s theorem,

P is proportional to the sine of angle between Q and R

i.e., P  Sin 

P
 Cons tan t
Sin 

Similarly

Q R
 Cons tan t , and  Cons tan t
Sin Sin

i.e

P Q R
 
Sin  Sin Sin

11
Experimental Setup : Lami’s Theorem

Free Body Diagram

12
PROCEDURE:

1. The given weights and angles are tabulated.

2. From the given details, the unknown weight and angle are calculated using
Lami’s theorem.
3. The given weights as well as the calculated unknown weight are placed in the
Lami’s instrument.
4. The correctness of the weight obtained by Lami’s theorem is experimentally
verified.

CALCULATION:-

Using Lami’s theorem

X Q R
 
Sin  Sin Sin

From either

X Q X R
 or 
Sin  Sin  Sin  Sin

the unknown weight can be calculated.

The third equation, that is,

Q R
 can be used as a checking point, that the reading have been obtained at
Sin Sin
equilibrium condition and also that the experimental run has confirmed to be obeying
the Lami’s theorem.

The unknown weight can be placed in any of the 3 string portions, that is, X can replace
either P or Q or R and the known weights can be added to the remaining two portions of
the string.

RESULT:

13
Tabulation

Sl. Weight Weight Weight

α β γ P / Sin β Q / Sin γ R / Sin α
No P Q R

14
Ex.No:
Determination of TWO Unknown Weight using Lami’s Theorem
(Angle Method)
Date:

AIM:

To determine unknown weight using Lami’s theorem

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Lami’s Setup,
Weight,
string,
steel rule.

PRINCIPLE:

Lami’s theorem

If three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, each force will be proportional
to the sine of the angle between the other two forces

Let,

  Anglebetween force Q and R

  Anglebetween force P and R
  Anglebetween force P and Q

According to Lami’s theorem,

P is proportional to the sine of angle between Q and R

i.e., P  Sin 

P
 Cons tan t
Sin 

Similarly

Q R
 Cons tan t , and  Cons tan t
Sin Sin

i.e

P Q R
 
Sin  Sin Sin

15
Experimental Setup : Lami’s Theorem

Free Body Diagram

16
PROCEDURE:

1. The given weights and angles are tabulated.

2. From the given details, the unknown weight and angle are calculated using
Lami’s theorem.
3. The given weights as well as the calculated unknown weight are placed in the
Lami’s instrument.
4. The correctness of the weight obtained by Lami’s theorem is experimentally
verified.

CALCULATION:-

Using Lami’s theorem

X Q R
 
Sin  Sin Sin

From either

X Q X R
 or 
Sin  Sin  Sin  Sin

the unknown weight can be calculated.

The third equation, that is,

Q R
 can be used as a checking point, that the reading have been obtained at
Sin Sin
equilibrium condition and also that the experimental run has confirmed to be obeying
the Lami’s theorem.

The unknown weight can be placed in any of the 3 string portions, that is, X can replace
either P or Q or R and the known weights can be added to the remaining two portions of
the string.

RESULT:

17
Tabulation

Sl. Weight Weight Weight

α β γ P / Sin β Q / Sin γ R / Sin α
No P Q R

18
Ex.No:
Determination of Co efficient of Friction between same
materials with Horizontal Plane
Date:

Aim:

To determine the coefficient of friction between the material of the sliding tray
base plate and the material of the plane surface experimentally.

Apparatus Required

Friction Setup
Pulling Mass
Dead Weigh
String
Sliding Tray
Surface Surface Material

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:

The setup consists of a plane with its fulcrum fixed to a vertical stand with a
broad base, so that the plane can swivel about its fulcrum. Angle finder is provided
to measure the angle of tilt. Moreover the swiveling plane can be fixed at any
predetermined angle between 0 to  45º by means of a knob.

A pulley is fixed centrally on one end of the plane by means of a bracket. A tray
can slide over the planar surface of the inclined. The tray has a provision for
changing its bottom surface.

An inelastic thread is used to connect the block and a weight hanger hung
vertically, through the pulley as shown.

Provision is made to change the surface material on which the tray slides by
inserting different material plates in the slot provided for that purpose on the inclined
plane. Weights can be added on to the tray to discover the effects of weight of the
tray, on friction.

Also corresponding weights can be added or removed on to the weight hanger.

Similarly trays of different contact area can also be used to discover the effects of
area of contact on friction.

19
Experimental Setup : Friction

Free Body Diagram

20
 PROCEDURE:

1. Find the mass of each of the sliding tray with Base Plate-I
2. Fix the plane in a horizontal position and place the given sliding trays at the end,
remote from the pulley.
3. Gently add loads to the load hanger and note the total load P in the table given,
when the tray starts to move along the plane.
4. NOTE: If the tray moves with increasing velocity, start the exercise again and
each time the load is increased give the tray a slight push to see if it will start to
slide.
5. Repeat the above the procedure 4 more times, adding a mass in steps on to the
sliding tray at each re-commencement.
6. Using the formula calculate the coefficient of friction for each condition. The
coefficient of friction is taken as the average value of all the values obtained.

RESULT:

21
Tabulation

Total mass of Normal

Frictional force
tray in gms reaction
Pulling mass, Coefficient of Average value
Material F=m.g/1000
(including the N=M.g/1000 min gms friction µs= F/N of µs
weights on it ) in Newton
in Newton

22
Ex.No:
Determination of Co efficient of Friction between same
materials with Inclined Plane
Date:

Aim:

To determine the coefficient of friction between the material of the sliding tray
base plate and the material of the plane surface experimentally.

Apparatus Required

Friction Setup
Pulling Mass
Dead Weigh
String
Sliding Tray
Surface Surface Material

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:

The setup consists of a plane with its fulcrum fixed to a vertical stand with a
broad base, so that the plane can swivel about its fulcrum. Angle finder is provided
to measure the angle of tilt. Moreover the swiveling plane can be fixed at any
predetermined angle between 0 to  45º by means of a knob.

A pulley is fixed centrally on one end of the plane by means of a bracket. A tray
can slide over the planar surface of the inclined. The tray has a provision for
changing its bottom surface.

An inelastic thread is used to connect the block and a weight hanger hung
vertically, through the pulley as shown.

Provision is made to change the surface material on which the tray slides by
inserting different material plates in the slot provided for that purpose on the inclined
plane. Weights can be added on to the tray to discover the effects of weight of the
tray, on friction.

Also corresponding weights can be added or removed on to the weight hanger.

Similarly trays of different contact area can also be used to discover the effects of
area of contact on friction.

23
Experimental Setup : Friction

Free Body Diagram

24
 PROCEDURE:

1. Find the mass of each of the sliding tray with Base Plate-I
2. Fix the plane in a horizontal position and place the given sliding trays at the end,
remote from the pulley.
3. Gently add loads to the load hanger and note the total load P in the table given,
when the tray starts to move along the plane.
4. NOTE: If the tray moves with increasing velocity, start the exercise again and
each time the load is increased give the tray a slight push to see if it will start to
slide.
5. Repeat the above the procedure 4 more times, adding a mass in steps on to the
sliding tray at each re-commencement.
6. Using the formula calculate the coefficient of friction for each condition. The
coefficient of friction is taken as the average value of all the values obtained.

RESULT:

25
Tabulation

Total mass of Frictional force

Normal reaction
tray in gms Pulling mass, F=m.g/1000- Coefficient of Average value
Material N=M.g.Cosθ/1000
(including the m in gms M.g.Sinθ/1000 friction µs= F/N of µs
weights on it ) in Newton
in Newton

26
Ex.No:
Determination of Co efficient of Friction between different
materials with Horizontal Plane
Date:

Aim:

To determine the coefficient of friction between the material of the sliding tray
base plate and the material of the plane surface experimentally.

Apparatus Required

Friction Setup
Pulling Mass
Dead Weigh
String
Sliding Tray
Surface Surface Material

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:

The setup consists of a plane with its fulcrum fixed to a vertical stand with a
broad base, so that the plane can swivel about its fulcrum. Angle finder is provided
to measure the angle of tilt. Moreover the swiveling plane can be fixed at any
predetermined angle between 0 to  45º by means of a knob.

A pulley is fixed centrally on one end of the plane by means of a bracket. A tray
can slide over the planar surface of the inclined. The tray has a provision for
changing its bottom surface.

An inelastic thread is used to connect the block and a weight hanger hung
vertically, through the pulley as shown.

Provision is made to change the surface material on which the tray slides by
inserting different material plates in the slot provided for that purpose on the inclined
plane. Weights can be added on to the tray to discover the effects of weight of the
tray, on friction.

Also corresponding weights can be added or removed on to the weight hanger.

Similarly trays of different contact area can also be used to discover the effects of
area of contact on friction.

27
Experimental Setup : Friction

Free Body Diagram

28
 PROCEDURE:

7. Find the mass of each of the sliding tray with Base Plate-I
8. Fix the plane in a horizontal position and place the given sliding trays at the end,
remote from the pulley.
9. Gently add loads to the load hanger and note the total load P in the table given,
when the tray starts to move along the plane.
10. NOTE: If the tray moves with increasing velocity, start the exercise again and
each time the load is increased give the tray a slight push to see if it will start to
slide.
11. Repeat the above the procedure 4 more times, adding a mass in steps on to the
sliding tray at each re-commencement.
12. Using the formula calculate the coefficient of friction for each condition. The
coefficient of friction is taken as the average value of all the values obtained.

RESULT:

29
Tabulation

Block Material:

Total mass of Normal

Frictional force
Material tray in gms reaction
Pulling mass, Coefficient of Average value
F=m.g/1000
(Sliding Surface) (including the N=Mg/1000 m in gms friction µs= F/N of µs
weights on it ) in Newton
in Newton

30
x.No:
Determination of Co efficient of Friction between different
materials with Inclined Plane
Date:

Aim:

To determine the coefficient of friction between the material of the sliding tray
base plate and the material of the plane surface experimentally.

Apparatus Required

Friction Setup
Pulling Mass
Dead Weigh
String
Sliding Tray
Surface Surface Material

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:

The setup consists of a plane with its fulcrum fixed to a vertical stand with a
broad base, so that the plane can swivel about its fulcrum. Angle finder is provided
to measure the angle of tilt. Moreover the swiveling plane can be fixed at any
predetermined angle between 0 to  45º by means of a knob.

A pulley is fixed centrally on one end of the plane by means of a bracket. A tray
can slide over the planar surface of the inclined. The tray has a provision for
changing its bottom surface.

An inelastic thread is used to connect the block and a weight hanger hung
vertically, through the pulley as shown.

Provision is made to change the surface material on which the tray slides by
inserting different material plates in the slot provided for that purpose on the inclined
plane. Weights can be added on to the tray to discover the effects of weight of the
tray, on friction.

Also corresponding weights can be added or removed on to the weight hanger.

Similarly trays of different contact area can also be used to discover the effects of
area of contact on friction.

31
Experimental Setup : Friction

Free Body Diagram

32
 PROCEDURE:

7. Find the mass of each of the sliding tray with Base Plate-I
8. Fix the plane in a horizontal position and place the given sliding trays at the end,
remote from the pulley.
9. Gently add loads to the load hanger and note the total load P in the table given,
when the tray starts to move along the plane.
10. NOTE: If the tray moves with increasing velocity, start the exercise again and
each time the load is increased give the tray a slight push to see if it will start to
slide.
11. Repeat the above the procedure 4 more times, adding a mass in steps on to the
sliding tray at each re-commencement.
12. Using the formula calculate the coefficient of friction for each condition. The
coefficient of friction is taken as the average value of all the values obtained.

RESULT:

33
Tabulation

Block Material :

Total mass of Frictional force

Normal reaction
Material tray in gms Pulling mass, F=m.g/1000- Coefficient of Average value
N=M.g.Cosθ/1000
(Sliding Surface) (including the m in gms M.g.Sinθ/1000 friction µs= F/N of µs
weights on it ) in Newton
in Newton

34
Ex.No:
Verifying Grashof’s Law
Date:

Aim:
To verify Grashof’s Law using Four Bar linkage system

Apparatus Required
Four bar mechanism kit,
scale,
screw driver

Theory :

The Grashof’s law states that for a four-bar linkage system, sum of the shortest
and longest link of a planar quadrilateral linkage is less than or equal to the sum of the
remaining two links, then the shortest link can rotate fully with respect to a neighboring
link.
Consider a four-bar-linkage. Denote the smallest link by S , the longest link by L
and the& other two links by P and Q.
If the Grashof’s Law condition is satisfied i.e S+L ≤ P+Q, then depending whether
shortest link ‘S’ is connected to the ground by one end, two ends, or no end there are 3
possible mechanisms. They are:
1. Double crank mechanism
2. Double-rocker mechanism and
3. Crank and Rocker Mechanism

35
Experimental Setup : 4 Bar Mechanism

36
1. Double crank mechanism
Grashof’s condition for double crank mechanism: s+l > p+ q

2. Double-rocker mechanism

Grashof’s condition for double crank mechanism: s+l > p+ q

37
3. Crank and Rocker Mechanism
Grashof’s condition for double crank mechanism: s+l < p+ q

Result :

38
Ex.No:
Inversion of Four Bar Mechanism : Crank Rocker
Date:

Aim:
To study the motion characteristics of crank rocker inversion of four bar
mechanism

Apparatus Required
Four bar mechanism kit,
scale,
screw driver

Procedure:
1. Connect the various links such that the input is short and output is long. Let
the fixed link and the coupler also be long, making sure that Grashof’s law is
followed.
2. Now the input is the crank and the output is the rocker/lever.
3. Rotate the crank handle of the mechanisms in clockwise direction.
4. The shortest link (input link) is given one full rotation, then the output link will
oscillate, then that mechanism is called crank- rocker mechanism.
5. The angle of the input link is varied in steps and the corresponding angle of
the output link is tabulated.
6. For the given input speed in RPM the corresponding time interval for the
regular input angle interval is calculated.
7. Using the formula, the angular velocity and angular acceleration is worked out
and graphs are plotted with output link angular position, angular velocity and
angular acceleration against time/input link angle.
8. The obtained curves are the motion curves for the mechanism and they are
used to study the motion characteristics.

39
 Experimental Setup : 4 Bar Mechanism

Result:

40
 Angular
Angle Angle from Angular
Angular velocity
from initial initial Position Displacement
velocity difference Acceleration
position of of Rocker from previous
S.No. = between  =/t
Crank (o) position
 /t successive rad/ sec2
(i) 
rad/sec position
Deg Deg Deg
 rad/sec

41
Ex.No:
Inversion of Four Bar Mechanism : Double Rocker
Date:

Aim:
To study the motion characteristics of double rocker iof four bar mechanism

Apparatus Required
Four bar mechanism kit,
scale,
screw driver

Procedure:

1. fixed link is short and the coupler also be long, making sure that Grashof’s
law is followed.
2. Now the input is the crank and the output is the rocker/lever.
3. Rotate the crank handle of the mechanisms in clockwise direction.
4. The input link is given one full rotation, then the output link will give one full
rotation, then that mechanism is called double crank mechanism.
5. The angle of the input link is varied in steps and the corresponding angle of
the output link is tabulated.
6. For the given input speed in RPM the corresponding time interval for the
regular input angle interval is calculated.
7. Using the formula, the angular velocity and angular acceleration is worked
out and graphs are plotted with output link angular position, angular velocity
and angular acceleration against time/input link angle.
8. The obtained curves are the motion curves for the mechanism and they are
used to study the motion characteristics.

42
 Experimental Setup : 4 Bar Mechanism

Result :

43
 Angular
Angle Angle from Angular
Angular velocity
from initial initial Position Displacement
velocity difference Acceleration
position of of Rocker from previous
S.No. = between  =/t
Crank (o) position
 /t successive rad/ sec2
(i) 
rad/sec position
Deg Deg Deg
 rad/sec

44