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Use biosolid as a fertilizer.

{


 
Trickling filters are classified by hydraulic or organic loading, as high-rate or low-rate.
The organic load on a filter is the BOD content in pounds applied to the filter. This is usually expressed as
pounds of BOD per day per 1000 cubic feet of filter medium or pounds of BOD per day per acre foot. The
hydraulic load, including recirculation flow if used, is the gallons of flow per acre of filter surface per day.
Low-rate filters are relatively simple treatment units that normally produce a consistent effluent quality even with
varying influent strength. Depending upon the dosing system, wastewater is applied intermittently with rest periods
which generally do not exceed five minutes at the designed rate of waste flow. With proper loadings the low-rate
trickling filter, including primary and secondary sedimentation units, should remove from 80 to 85 percent of the
applied BOD. While there is some unloading or sloughing of solids at all times, the major unloadings usually occur
several times a year for comparatively short periods of time.
High-rate filters are usually characterized by higher hydraulic and organic loadings than low-rate filters. The
higher BOD loading is accomplished by applying a larger volume of waste per acre of surface area of the filter.
One method of increasing the efficiency of a trickling filter is to incorporate recirculation. Recirculation is a
process by which the filter effluent is returned to and reapplied onto the filter. This recycling of the effluent
increases the contact time of the waste with the microorganisms and also helps to "seed" the lower portion of the
filter with active organisms.
When recirculation is used, the hydraulic loading per unit area of filter media is increased. As a result, higher
flow velocities will usually occur causing a more continuous and uniform sloughing of excess growths.
Recirculation also helps to minimize problems with ponding and restriction of ventilation.
Recirculation can be continuous or intermittent. Return pumping rates can either be constant or variable.
Sometimes recycling can be practiced during periods of low flow to keep the distributors in motion, to prevent the
drying of the filter growths, and to prevent freezing during colder temperatures. Also, recirculation in proportion to
flow may be utilized to reduce the organic strength of the incoming wastes, and to smooth out diurnal flow
variations.
Recirculation can be accomplished by various techniques. Some of which are as follows:

: The bio-filter is a high-rate filter, usually 3 to 4 feet in depth, employing recirculation at all times. The
recirculation in this case involves bringing the effluent of the filter or of the secondary sedimentation tank back
through the primary settling tank. The secondary settling tank sludge is usually very light and can be continually fed
back to the primary settling tank where the two types of sludges are collected together and pumped to the digester.
^


{
: The accelo-filter includes recirculation of unsettled effluent from the filter back to the inlet of the
filter distributor. It is used for both low-rate and high-rate filters, the former being applicable if a well nitrified
effluent is required.

^{
: The aero-filter is still another process which distributes the wastewater by maintaining a continuous
rain-like application of the wastewater over the filter bed. For small beds, distribution is accomplished by a disc
distributor revolving at a high speed of 260 to 369 rpm set 20" above the surface of the filter to give a continuous
rain-like distribution over the entire bed. For large beds a large number of revolving distributor arms, 10 or more,
tend to give more uniform distribution. These filters are always operated at a rate in excess of 10 million gallons per
acre of surface area per day.

High-rate trickling filters, including primary and secondary sedimentation, should, under normal operation,
remove from 65 to 85 percent of the BOD of the wastewater. Recirculation should be adequate to provide
continuous dosage at a rate equal to or in excess of 10 million gallons per acre per day. As a result of continuous
dosing at such high rates, some of the solids accumulated on the filter medium are washed off and carried away with
the effluent continuously.
High-rate trickling filters have been used advantageously for pretreatment of industrial wastes and unusually
strong wastewaters. When so used they are called "roughing filters". With these filters the BOD loading is usually
in excess of 110 pounds of BOD per 1000 cubic feet of filter medium.
Generally, most organic wastes can be successfully treated by trickling filtration. Normally food processing,
textile, fermentation and some pharmaceutical process wastes are amenable to trickling filtration.
Some industrial wastewaters which cannot be treated by trickling filtration are those which contain excessive
concentration of toxic materials, such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, and high acidic and alkaline wastes.
 Since the organisms growing on the media are temperature dependent, climatic changes will affect the filter's
performance. The organisms metabolic rate increases with increasing temperature and warmer weather. Therefore,
higher loadings and greater efficiencies are possible in warmer temperatures and climates, if aerobic conditions can
be maintained in the filter.

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