Commercial Vessel

Liquid Cargo
Tanker
A tanker is a vessel that transports crude oil and
petroleum products through pipes in each compartment
of the cargo hold. Previously, the cargo tank wall was
the shell plate, but when the international agreement to
prevent sea pollution from ships took effect in 1993, the
protection measure for cargo tanks was applied, and the
structure of the bottom and shell plate of the ship was
changed thereafter.
Crude Oil Tanker - This is a vessel that transports
crude oil from a terminal in the exporting country to a
terminal in the importing country. The vessel size is
determined by the amount of crude oil that can be
loaded.
Chemical Tanker
This is a ship that carries chemical products with a high
degree of purity and corrosiveness. Special paints and
stainless steel are used in the cargo tank and pipeline.
Chemical tankers are generally smaller than product
carriers. As it carries various types of cargo, including
liquid cargo and chemical products, close attention is
needed to ensure safety during ship operation. Chemical
tankers have many compartments within the cargo tank
to enable the simultaneous transportation of various
chemical products, and each cargo tank is composed of
separate pipelines to prevent pollution of the cargo.
Furthermore, this type of ship is usually built to carry
oil products as well as chemical products for its flexible
operation.

Shuttle Tanker - A shuttle tanker is a ship that

transports crude oil, delivered from the FPSO that
produces and stores crude oil from an underwater oil
field, to the terminal on land. Since a high level of
control is needed to prevent a collision in the process of
receiving oil from the FPSO, shuttle tankers are
equipped with dynamic positioning systems that enable
the locating and directing of ships through the controls
of thrusters,

Product Carrier - This is a ship that transports refined

petroleum products from refinery plants to petroleum
product consumption destinations around the world. Its
size is generally PanaMax-type or below. Since it
simultaneously transports a number of cargo types, it
has many compartments within the cargo tank.

Solid Cargo
Container Ship Bulk Carriers
This ship is faster than other ships, since it handles Bulk carriers are designed to transport dry goods that
cargo that requires prompt transportation. Container are not packaged, such as grains or minerals. There are
ships are categorized as either 20-feet (TEU: Twenty no partitions within a bulk carrier, though the middle
foot Equivalent Unit) or 40-feet (FEU: Forty foot deck is placed to prevent the cargo from being
Equivalent Unit) ships. pressured. It also has a topside tank and a hopper tank,
to prevent the cargo from leaning to one side.

Specialized Ships
Drill Ships Ice Breaker
A drill ship is a drilling facility in the form of a ship,
which can facilitate the drilling of crude oil and gas in
deep sea areas with severe waves, and thus the related
sea platform installation is difficult. It incorporates both
ship technology and sea plant technology.
An ice breaker is designed to pave the way for ships by
breaking ice. It paves routes for other ships. Typically,
an ice breaker paves the way for ships to run in an ice-
bound sea area, thus helping cargo ships to transport
cargo.

Artic shuttle Tanker - Samsung Heavy Industries was

the first ship manufacturer in the world to develop an
Arctic shuttle tanker, which combines the functions of
an ice breaker and an oil tanker. This ship is an ice-
breaking oil tanker for polar regions, and is equipped
with an independent ice-breaking function. It breaks ice
up to 1.6 meters thick, can operate in temperatures as
cold as minus 45 degrees, and is built to endure
collisions with floating ice. The Arctic shuttle tanker is
considered to be a high value-added vessel due to its
economic value.

Battle ship Cruiser

A battleship has the strongest thermal power and leads A cruiser is smaller than a battleship in terms of its
the fleet. However, battleships are generally not used in thermal power and size. It is a strategic war vessel that
modern naval battles, as their heaviness makes them guards a mobile fleet, and carries out long-term
less useful. inspection.
During the first and second world war, there was fierce
competition between shipbuilders to build battleships
that could showcase the military power of their
countries. Some famous battleships throughout history
include Germany’s Bismarck and Tirpitz, Britain’s King
George IV, Japan’s Yamato and Mushashi, and the US
ship Missouri. However, with the exception of the allied
forces’ battleships these ships lacked mobility, and thus
Germany and Japan’s battleships, which had previously
been in the vanguard of shipbuilding technology, all
faced the misfortune of sinking.

Aggregate Mining Vessels Cable Repair Vessels

98 % of the communications capacity of the planet is
Aggregate mining vessels engage in the extraction of provided by cables laid beneath the world’s oceans.
sand and gravel from the seabed for use in the Crews operate specialist cable vessels to control the
construction industry. The aggregate can only be complex operations of the laying, retrieving and
removed from licensed areas and these are strictly repairing of cables, tasks that often take place at
controlled by the government. enormous depths.
Extremely accurate navigation is called for as such
ships are all fitted with a sealed ‘black box’ that records
the vessel’s position enabling officials ashore to track
and monitor exactly where sand and gravel are being
extracted from, hence safeguarding the nation’s natural
raw resources
Survey Vessels
Survey vessels are a further example of the many very
specialist vessels plying the oceans of the world
carrying out very complex tasks. These vessels often
carry additional personnel who will be experts in their
own field, from geologists to meteorologists,
seismologis to scientists in a vary aried of other
specialist fields
Commercial Vessel
Liquid Cargo
LNG Carrier
An LNG tanker is designed to transport liquefied non-
oil natural gas. Methane (boiling point -162℃)
accounts for more than 90% of LNG. The volume of
liquefied methane is 1/600 of that of solid methane, and
its weight is 42% that of solid methane. LNG tankers
must be made of a specialized type of hard steel to
prevent breakage. In addition, a refrigerator device and
warming facility are needed to maintain a low
temperature.
Ferry
In contrast to a cruise ship, which runs to various ports
for travel purposes, a ferry is designed to transport
passengers from one place to another. It runs between
the same ports at intervals based on a time schedule.
Ferries were first developed in Europe. A typical ferry
transports automobiles and passengers together, and is
called a car ferry or a passenger ferry.
LPG Carrier
LPG is composed of propane (boiling point -42℃) and
butane (boiling point -5℃). It can be liquefied by
raising the pressure at normal temperature, or by
lowering the temperature under the atmospheric
pressure.
Cruise
A cruise ship carries more than 1,000 passengers for
more than one day at a time. Typically, a cruise ship
will have hundreds of cabins, elevators, and recreation
facilities, including a casino, theater, swimming pool,
and a tennis court. Cruise ships are often called ‘sea
hotels’. A cruise ship is the most difficult type of ship to
build. Since a high level of technological expertise is
required to provide a level of convenience and luxury in
a ship that is the equivalent of a five-star hotel, it is a
high value-added ship and is often called the ‘ship of
dreams’.
 Military Vessel
Destroyer Aircraft Carrier
A destroyer carries out patrols of outskirts, and An aircraft carrier is a strategic warship that carries out
conducts anti-submarine warfare and coastal inspection. long-distance operations.
There are two types of destroyers; frigate type and
corvette type.

Oil and Gas, Exploration Support Vessels
A vast range of specialist vessels play an integral role in
the exploration and production of oil and gas from
beneath some of the world’s wildest oceans. Supply
vessels carry essential supplies to the rigs, including
everything from fresh water, food and sanitary supplies,
to lubricating oil, spare parts and new machinery.
Enormous skill is required to navigate and accurately
hold the position of an unloading supply vessel within
feet of a rig when high winds and waves are pounding
the ship.
Salvage and Escort vessels and tugs
Tugs play an important part in the operation of many of
the world’s largest ships. Fleets of enormously powerful
harbour tugs will often escort large vessels into port and
assist with their manoeuvring in the close confines of
harbours and restricted areas. Larger sea-going tugs
undertake many of the world’s longest tows,
repositioning the world's rigs thousands of miles at a
time. And when ships get into difficulty, the worlds
salvage fleet is on-hand to assist offering firefighting
services, towage and other emergency services.
Submarine
The focus of the submarine industry has shifted from
diesel-type submarines to nuclear submarines, which
carry out underwater operations, coastal area
inspections and long-term operations.

Standby, Supply and Multi Role Vessels

The oil and gas exploration and production industries of
the world are supported by a vast range of very
specialist vessels which include standby vessels. These
vessels provide emergency and rescue services, as well
as undertaking more routine tasks such as maintaining
exclusion zones around installations and moving
personnel and supplier between local facilities.
 Bulk carrier Crude Oil Tanker
Handy Size - This is a 20,000-40,000 ton ship that runs Panamax - This is a 60,000-70,000 ton ship that can
an unfixed route. Due to its small size, it can freely dock pass through the Panama Canal.
in many harbors.
Handy Max - A handy max bulk carrier is a bulk carrier Aframax - Afra refers to an idealistic and economical
weighing 50,000 tons, which is slightly larger than size that can generate the maximum amountof profit
handy-size bulk carriers. when taking freight rate and ship price into account. An
Aframax is generally 95,000 ton ship, but the category
can also include 80,000-110,000 ton ships.

Panamax - This is the largest ship that can pass through
the Panama Canal. Weighing 60,000-70,000 tons, these
ships are flat-bottomed, enabling them to travel over
the flat surface of the bottom of the canal.
Suezmax - Suezmax stands for Suez Canal Maximum. It
is the largest ship that can passthrough the Suez Canal
with full load capacity. A 130,000-150,000 ton ship, its
bottom is sharpened to match the pointed bottom of
the Suez Canal.

Cape Size - Weighing 100,000-150,000 tons, this is the VLCC - VLCC stands for Very Large Crude oil Carrier, and
largest type of ship that can enter Richards Bay, a coal- is an ultra-largeoil tanker. VLCCs weigh 200,000-
shipping port on the eastern coast of South Africa. 300,000 tons.
Very Large Bulk Carrier (VLBC) - VLBC is a large bulk ULCC - ULCC stands for Ultra Large Crude oil Carrier.
carrier that can carry 180,000-200,000 tons. A carrier of ULCCs weigh 300,000 tons or more.
over 200,000 tons is called an ULBC, or Ultra Large Bulk
Carrier.
 Categorization of Ton
When a ship owner places an order for a bulk carrier or a tanker, the owner uses a name based on which route the ship will take
used by one person, and a double-bed-type room when it is used by a couple.
Gross Tonnage GT,Net Tonnage:NT - GT and NT are official
measurement units for ships. They are officially used tons, and are
used as criteria for registering ships or for various levies,
including tax.

GT - GT is a measure of the total internal capacity of the ship, and

represents the total volume in cubic feet divided by 100.

NT - NT is a measure of the capacity available for the carriage of

cargo and passengers, once crew accommodation, safety and
storage spaces, engine room, and water ballast tanks have been
deducted. The resulting volume in cubic feet is divided by 100.
NT refers to the space that is used for direct sales activities, and is
a standard for port duty, ton duty, canal passage rate, lighthouse
usage fee, and port facility usage fee.
NT is generally around 65% of GT.

Why GT and NT are units for volume - When the concept of

tonnage was first introduced, the most important cargo was wine.
Wine was transported in oak barrels. The number of barrels that
one ship could carry determined the size of the ship, and this was
decided by not the weight of the barrel, but by the amount of
space each barrel required. This is why official tonnage is based
on volume rather than weight.
 Categorization of Tons
a tanker, the owner uses a name based on which route the ship will take. This is like dividing hotel rooms into a business-type room or sing
t is used by a couple.
Deadweight Tonnage: DWT, and Displacement Tonnage

DWT - DWT is the maximum load volume of a ship. The actual cargo
tonnage is DWT minus tonnage for passengers, crew, fuel, ballast, food,
and ship supplies. Full Load Displacement - Full Load Displacement is
the weight of a ship that is fully loaded with cargo and passengers, as
scheduled.
Light Ship Displacement - The weight of the ship alone.
Displacement Tonnage - This is the weight of water displaced by the
ship. It is equal to the weight of the water whose volume is the same as
that of the water under the sea surface.
Light ship displacement refers to displacement before loading the cargo.
Deadweight tonnage refers to the water that the ship displaces when the
cargo is loaded to the full draft load line.
Deadweight tonnage is typically used to distinguish the size of a
battleship, and light ship displacement is used to estimate how much
scrap iron would be generated if a ship were to be dismantled.
his is like dividing hotel rooms into a business-type room or single-bed-type room when it is

Compensated Gross Tonnage - This term is mainly used in the shipbuilding

industry. CGRT is a measure of shipbuilding output that adjusts total GT by making
allowances for differing levels of complexity in ships being built. CGT is used to
consolidate all the tons used in various cases. The International Convention on
Tonnage Measurement of Ships, which was concluded by IMO in the UN, and took
effect in 1969, led to GT being replaced by CGRT. But since January 1, 1982,
CGRT was replaced by CGT
Stage 1: Concept
Design

Stage 2:
Tender/Contract
Design
Stage 3: Optimised
Basic Design
Stage 4: Detail
Design
1. Determination of the principle particulars, design concept and artistic style
2. Supply, trading and transportation requirements feasibility
3. Various preliminary rule calculations to ensure Class compliance
4. Estimation of steel weight
5. Determination of sea keeping and powering characteristics
6. Determination of the propulsion package selection basis:
- Speed specifications
- Quantity and capacity of various machinery
- Equipment package
7. Preparation of outline Technical Specifications
8. Preparation of preliminary General Arrangement Plan

1. Hull form design and optimization

2. Detailed technical specifications
3. Finalized General Arrangement
4. Hydrostatics & stability calculations
5. Main scantling computations
6. Structural design
7. Equipment selection
8. Machinery design
9. Electrical design
10. Safety and navigation
Product hierarchy
- Defines assembly sequence and build strategy
Hull
- Creates complex surface models and Pin jig drawings
Structure
- Provides features such as plate parts, stiffeners, corrugated plates.
Weld management
- Creates welding schedules
Nest and Profile
- Creates nesting files
NC PYROS
- Configures direct interface to CNC machine for cutting
Equipment
- Models all equipment and inserts into the ship model
Pipe
- Complete 3D production model for pipe systems
HVAC
- Easily creates complex HVAC runs relative to structure
Penetrations
- Allows the creation of intelligent penetration through structural members
Reports
- Allows for definition and maintenance of complex production detail reports.
 Sea Trial Procedure
Sea Trials involve demonstrations and tests of the ship's systems and performance.The vessel is ballasted or
set to the contracted maximum service setting, usually some percentage of the machinery's maximum contin
Speed trial

Crash stop

Endurance

Seakeeping
 Sea Trial Procedure
Trials involve demonstrations and tests of the ship's systems and performance.The vessel is ballasted or loaded to a pre
o the contracted maximum service setting, usually some percentage of the machinery's maximum continuous rating. (e
The ship's heading is adjusted to have the wind and tide as close to bow-on as possible. The vessel is allowe
recorded using differential GPS. The ship is then turned through 180° and the procedure is followed again. T
"Trials Speed" is determined by averaging all of the measured speeds during each of the runs. This process m

The trial begins once the order to "Execute Crash Stop" is given. At this point the propulsion machinery is s
either port or starboard. The speed, position and heading are continuously recorded using differential GPS. T
track line, drift (distance traveled perpendicular to the original course) and advance (distance traveled along
trial may be repeated at various starting speeds.
The fuel flow, exhaust and cooling water temperatures and ship's speed are all recorded.
Maneuvering trials:[1] A number of trials to determine the maneuverability and directional stability of the sh
reverse spiral manoeuvres, zig-zag, and lateral thruster use.
Was used exclusively for passenger ships but now used in a variety of vessels. Involves measurements of sh
series of analyses to determine comfort levels, likelihood of sea sickness and hull damage. Trials are usually
finding the correct sea state and the need to conduct the trials at various headings and speeds.