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ATLAS OF HUMAN
SKELETAL ANATOMY
Anatomy Basics
2003
J. ARTNER, WWW.JURAJARTNER.COM, 2002
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The Basics
Introduction to Skeletal Anatomy
J. ARTNER
Contents
1.1. Introduction
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Thorax
10
Abdomen 1
M. sup. M. sup. 11 9
2
Pelvis 8
4 3
7 5
6
M. inf. M. inf.
Fig. 1.4.: Regiones capitis
Reg. frontalis (1), Reg. orbitalis (2),
Reg. nasalis (3), Reg. infraorbitalis (4),
Reg. oralis (5), Reg. mentalis (6), Reg.
buccalis (7), Reg. zygomatica (8), Reg.
temporalis (9), Reg. parietalis (10),
Reg. occipitalis (11)
Fig. 1.3.: Parts of the human body.
The regions of the neck (Regiones
The regions (Regiones corporis) are
cervicales) can be described by finding
described similar to body parts but
the Regio sternocleidomastoidea,
more specific. Their anatomic borders
above the muscle of the same name
consist of skeletal, muscular and
(Musculus sternocleidomastoideus;
surface components. Their knowledge
origin at the upper part of the
is important in medical practice, for
sternoclavicular joint; insertion at the
example to describe localizations of
Processus mastoideus of the skull
pain on patients.
base). The muscle and the
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corresponding Regio divide the neck submandibulare (4), Tr. caroticum (5),
into central neck regions and the side R. cervicalis lateralis (6)
regions (Regiones cervicales laterales),
with a fluent transition into the back The Regiones pectorales of the Thorax
region of the neck (Regio cervicalis (regions of the chest) are marked by
posterior; syn.: Regio nuchalis) over the following borders:
the Musculus trapezius. The upper border represents the
The central neck regions are the Clavicula (collarbone), Regio deltoidea
following: Trigonum submentale above the Musculus deltoideus (the
(submental triangle) is located between side border), and the Arcus costalis
the chin (Regio mentalis), Os (the curve of the lowest ribs) at the
hyoideum, between the frontal part of bottom. Due to the different sexual
the digastric muscle (Venter anterior characteristics are the regions of the
M. digastrici; origin at the inner side of chest different in female and male.
Processus mastoideus of the skull
base; insertion at the inner side of Regio praesternalis above the Sternum
Mandibula= jaw bone), and the middle (breastbone) exists in female and male
axe of the neck. The Trigonum individuals. Regio pectoralis is located
musculare (muscular triangle) is on both sides of this area, marked by
located directly under the Trigonum the Musculus pectoralis major (large
submentale, marked by the middle axe breast muscle; origin at Clavicula,
of the neck, the lower parts of sides of Sternum and the first 4-6 ribs;
Musculus sternocleidomastoideus and insertion at the upper part of
Musculus omohyoideus (origin at the Humerus= upper arm). At the side of
upper part of the shoulder blade= this region is the area of the armpit
Scapula; insertion at Os hyoideum). (Regio axillaris), located between the
The Trigonum submandibulare is Regio pectoralis and the upper arm.
located between Musculus digastricus Trigonum clavipectorale is a triangular
and the area above the Mandibula (jaw area, marked by Regio deltoidea (Area
bone). Trigonum caroticum is located above the Musculus deltoideus; origin
between the back part of Musculus at Scapula and Clavicula; insertion at
digastricus, M. sternocleidomastoideus Humerus), Regio pectoralis and
and the upper part of M. omohyoideus. Clavicula.
3
4
2 1 2 1
5 4
3
6
1
1
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(Cubitus= the elbow area) above the The regions of the leg (Regiones
elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti). The membri inferioris) begin under Regio
forearm region (Regio antebrachialis inguinalis on the front side and under
anterior and posterior) ends at the area Regio lumbaris on the back.
above the wrist (Carpus; Regio The front side of the Femur (thigh) is
carpalis anterior and posterior). The called Regio femoralis anterior, the
hand (Manus) can be divided into a back side is covered by Regio
frontal part (palm) and a back (Palma glutaealis above the Musculus glutaeus
and Dorsum manus). It can be further maximus (origin at Os ilium, Os
divided into a Thenar (the ball of the sacrum and Os coccygis= the coccyx;
thumb), a Hypothenar (the ball of the insertion at Femur and Tractus
last finger), a Metacarpus area (above iliotibialis) and Regio femoralis
the metacarpal bones), and the fingers posterior, divided by Sulcus glutaealis
(Digiti: I- Pollex, II- Index, III- Digitus (bottom furrow).
medius, IV- Digitus anularis, and V- Regio femoralis anterior contains a
Digitus minimus). region inside, called Trigonum
femorale, marked by Musculus
sartorius (origin at the frontal upper
spine of the pelvic bone= Spina iliaca
1 anterior superior; insertion at upper
Tibia) and Musculus adductor longus
(origin at the pubic bone= Os pubis;
insertion at the back shaft of Femur
2 bone= Linea aspera) at the sides and
Regio inguinalis at the top. The area
around the knee joint is called Regio
genus (anterior and posterior).
3
4 2
5 1
6
7
3
8
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2 2
3 3
4 4
5
6
5
6
Fig. 1.10.: Regiones membri inferioris
Reg. femoralis anterior (1), Tr.
femorale (2), Reg. genus anterior (3),
Reg. cruralis anterior (4), Dorsum Fig. 1.11.: Regiones membri inferioris
pedis (5), Digiti (6) Reg. glutaealis (1), Reg. femoralis
posterior (2), Reg. genus posterior (3),
Reg. cruralis posterior= Reg. suralis
(4), Reg. calcanea (5), Planta pedis (6)
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The terms medial and lateral refer to a the term profundal indicates, that it is
structures position in relation to the located deeper.
medial plane (or the long axis) of the The terms internal and external
body or a structure (medial: toward describe a structure’s position or a
midline; lateral: away from midline or view in relation to inner and outer
located at the side). surfaces (for example in organs or
The terms superficial or profundal are cavities).
used to describe a position or location The term ipsilateral indicates that two
relative to the surface of areas, structures are located at same side of
structures or tissues. The term body. The term contralateral indicates
superficial indicates that a structure is the opposite (opposite side of body).
located close to the surface of a tissue,
superior (cranial)
dorsal (posterior)
lateral
lateral
frontal (anterior)
inferior (caudal)
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Facies superior
Facies
lateralis
Facies anterior
Transverse plane
Norma
(Aspectus)
lateralis
Norma frontalis
(Aspectus anterior)
Aspectus
anterolateralis
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Substantia spongiosa
(trabecularis)
Substantia compacta
Fig. 1.16.: Frontal section through the head of Femur (bone of the thigh)
© Pekny P., 2002
Substantia compacta (cortical bone) is found primary in the shaft of long bones and
forms the outer shell around Substantia spongiosa (cancellous bone) at the end of
joints. The inner parts of the head are filled with spongy bone tissue.
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The gross structure of a long bone can The growth plate (Physis), separating
be divided into the following regions: the Epiphysis from the Metaphysis in
- Epiphysis with articular (joint) growing bones, is the zone of
cartilages ossification (bone growth). In adult
- Diaphysis bones (which are fully- grown) only a
- Metaphysis scar is present.
- Epiphyseal (growth) plate
(Physis) in actively growing
bones
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Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
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by concentric thin plates of bony tissue The Haversian canal contains one or
(Lamellae). The lamellae are held two blood vessels and thin nerve
together by oblique (Sharpey) and filaments. It communicates with the
reticular fibers between them. The bone marrow cavity (Cavitas
Lacunae are also situated between the medullaris) and the Periosteum
Lamellae, occupied by Osteocytes. (outside of bone) through oblique
Small communication canals (through canals (Volkmann canals, which
Lamellae) between two Lacunae are penetrate the lamellar structures.
called Canaliculi.
Cartilago articularis
Lamellae
Substantia
compacta
Diaphysis Cavitas
medullaris
Osteon
Canaliculus
Canalis Volkmann
Canalis centralis
Havers
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Sesamoid bones (Ossa sesamoidea) are skull to the pelvis. The vertebral
a special type of bones which occur in column normally consists of 26
tendons. A typical sesamoid bone is irregular bones, separated from each
the Patella of the knee. According to other by fibrous pads called Disci
some authors Patella can also belong to intervertebrales, which protect the
the group of short or flat bones. vertebral column by making the
contact surfaces smoother and by
absorbing shocks.
1.9. The Human Skeleton The primary function of the vertebral
column is the protection of the spine
Bones are forming a protective and (Medulla spinalis), the supporting of
supportive framework, the skeleton. standing posture of the body and of the
The functions of the skeleton are the thoracic cage. The 12 pairs of ribs
following: (Costae) of the thoracic cage (Thorax)
are fixed to the sides of Vertebrae,
The skeletal system protects and contacting at the front of the thoracic
stabilizes inner structures like thoracic cage the breastbone (Sternum). One
organs (lungs, heart) or the brain it acts collarbone (Clavicula) is attached at
as a lever to provide movements by each side of the upper frontal parts of
muscular contractions and supports the Sternum, contacting the shoulder blade
body’s upright posture, it produces (Scapula), located at the upper parts of
blood cells in marrow the thoracic backside.
(Haematopoiesis) and stores almost all The limbs begin with the contact of
body calcium. Scapula to the upper arm bone
(Humerus) at the height of the upper
The skeleton of an adult consists of chest, and with the contact of the
206 bones. This number must be seen pelvic girdle (consisting of three bones,
as a variable because of possible which are attached to the sacral
variations in the number of the ribs, the vertebral column) with the thigh bone
sacral vertebrae or of the sesamoid (Femur) at the height of pelvis on both
bones. sides.
Following the body axis, the skeleton Humerus has contact to two bones,
may be divided into an axial skeleton, Radius and Ulna. In standard anatomic
which consists of the bones of the position, Ulna is located medialward
skull, the hyoid bone, the vertebral and Radius lateralward. Both bones
column and the thoracic cage, and into form with their distal ends a forked
an appendicular skeleton, consisting of articulation surface for the proximal
the pectoral- and the pelvic girdle and carpal bones (Ossa carpi). There are
of the bones of the upper- and the eight Ossa carpi on both sides. The
lower limbs. distal carpal bones have contact to the
One of the most important skeletal five metacarpal bones (Ossa
parts is the skull (Cranium) consisting metacarpi), which have contacts to the
of 22 flat and irregular bones, proximal finger bones (Phalanges).
separated from each other by With the exception of the (first) thumb,
immovable joints called Suturae. Its consisting of two Phalanges, each
primary function is the protection of finger consists of three Phalanges.
the brain, lying in a bony cavity. Additional sesamoid bones can occur
At the skull- base, skull is in contact at the medial portion of the first
with the vertebral column (Columna Phalanx.
vertebralis), which extends from the
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The distal end of Femur has contacts to of the following six tarsal bones (Ossa
three bones, the medialward located tarsi) has contacts to five metatarsal
Tibia, the lateralward located Fibula, bones (Ossa metatarsi).
and the Patella, located in front of the The bone distribution in the toes is
distal Femur end. Tibia and Fibula similar to the fingers of the hand.
form with their distal ends, similar to There are only two Phalanges
the bones of the forearm, a forked following the first Os metatarsale,
articulation surface for the proximal every other toe has three Phalanges.
tarsal bone called Talus. The distal row
Cranium
Clavicula
Columna vertebralis
Sternum Scapula
Humerus
Costae
Radius Os coxae
Radius
Ossa carpi
Ossa metacarpi
Phalanges
Femur Ulna
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Ossa tarsi
Phalanges
Ossa metatarsi
Fig. 1.23.: Models of the human skeleton, Aspectus anterior and posterior
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Seven additional bones should be The therapy comes after the diagnosis
mentioned for the completeness of the which can be in case of some fractures
skeleton: The hyoid bone (Os a reposition of fragments and a plaster,
hyoideum), located under the frontal in other cases surgical fracture
part of the skull above the larynx, and stabilization. It does not matter which
the three small auditory bones therapy type we choose, in both cases
(Ossicula auditoria) at each side, a second x-ray for the control of
hidden in cavities in temporal bones of therapy (reposition) success has to be
the skull. made.
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References
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