ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT (MARCH – JUNE/2009E.C )

PROJECT TITLE: INSTALLATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER

HOSTING COMPANY: MAI AYNI BUSINESS COMPANY

PREPARED BY: ID NO:

1. BIRHAN TESFAY………………… RET 0330/06
2. EKUBAY BERHE………………..…RET 0417/06
3. FIKREY BEYENE……………...….RET 0505/06
4. FSHA DESTA…………………....RET 4194/06
5. KIDU WELAY…………………..RET 0927/06
6. TEAME G/TSADIK………………..RET 1406/06

SUBMITED TO: INSTRUCTOR MEAZA K. SUBMISSION DATE: 29/01/2010 E.C

ADIGRAT, TIGRAY, ETHIOPIA

Declaration
As we had been in mai ayni Business Company for four months, we are able to know so many
information’s with regard to the overall production process and management structure of the
company. Having these all information’s, we are able to do our report and project by ourselves.
Our report and project is free of interruption of data from other related sources. So, it is legally
done with the information’s we had already understood from the company.

I
Acknowledgment

First and for most, we would like to thank the almighty and mercy GOD for giving as a blessed
time to accomplish our internship. Next, we would like to communiqué our heart full salute to
the operator present in mai ayni Business Company called AWET and to all work force of the
company. More over to this, we would like to express our great full complement to our adviser,
who is called instructor MEAZA K and all our friends who helped as to do our company
internship report and project.

II
Abstract
Mai ayni/ right bottled water company is one of the Ethiopian highland purified mineral water
producing companies, which is found in Eastern zone of Tigray region at Adigrat town. This
company is private limited company which produces purified mineralized water from natural
spring water at the highland of golaa. There are many types of raw materials and inputs in mai
ayni bottled Water Company; these are: PET (Polyethylene terephthalate, Chlorine, HDPE and
LDPE (High and low density polyethylene), Ground water (spring water) is the main source of
water needed for treatment, Master bunch, Hydrogen peroxide chemical, and Citric acid. Mai
ayni business Company mainly produces a purified packed mineral water. The customer of the
company includes, All Governmental, Non-governmental organizations of Tigray region and All
urban and semi urban towns of Tigray region. Technology includes process production of the
company and source of the technology used by the company. Challenge is something that
everybody faces during his or her work time. During internship time we faced so many
challenges, but we are able to solve these challenges simply by ourselves. Mai ayni packed
Water Company has two main categories of management structure to pave the overall activities
inside the factory. Material and energy balance in the company is done based on the amount of
substance and energy enters and leaves from each production process equipment’s. The overall
plant efficiency of mai ayni purified mineral water factory is about 75 percent. During internship
we gained so many benefits in terms of improving practical skills, upgrading theoretical
knowledge improving interpersonal communication skill, improving team playing skill,
improving leader ship skill, understanding about work ethics, and entrepreneurship skill. Based
on our project, in 1987 Amsterdam Water Supply discovered the presence of pesticides
(Bentazon) in drinking water. Due to this discovery, the traditional treatment of surface water
was no longer satisfactory and an extension with activated carbon was required. Activated
carbon filtration (AC) is effective in reducing certain organic chemicals and chlorine in water.
The principles of activated carbon filtration are the same as those of any other adsorption
material. The contaminant is attracted to and held (adsorbed) on the surface of the carbon
particles. The solid material used in an activated carbon filter is typically petroleum coke,
bituminous a typical activated carbon cartridge is a cylinder holding various amounts of carbon,
depending on the size of the unit. Coal, lignite, wood products, coconut shell, or peanut shells,
all of which are sources of carbon. The methodology used to install activated carbon filter is
III
based on the ability to pass the components of water contaminants that passed from the sand
filter. In water factories the treatment process is most of the time free from different
contaminants that are released to the environment from each filter.

IV
List of Figures

Figure 1: Injection machine .......................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 2: Film blow plastic machine............................................................................................................. 7

Figure 3: Ozone producing machine ............................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4: General structure of the factory work flow ................................................................................. 11
Figure 5: Flow diagram of water treatment plant........................................................................................ 12
Figure 6: Flow diagram of PET bottle production ...................................................................................... 13
Figure 7: Flow diagram of polypropylene (PP) bottle caps production ...................................................... 13
Figure 8: Three in one machine ................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 9: Sample of PET............................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 10: Injection machine and it is PET-perform cavity........................................................................ 17
Figure 11: packaged bottle .......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 12: Material balance of activated carbon filter ................................................................................ 37

V
List of Tables
Table 1: National standard chemical analysis of the company ....................................................... 2
Table 2: Installation of activated carbon filter .............................................................................. 35

VI
Acronyms
P.L.C = Private limited company
PET = Polyethylene terephthalate
HDPE = High density poly ethylene
LDPE = Low density poly ethylene
UAE = United Arab Emirates
APF = Addis pharmaceutical factory
UV = Ultra violet
PP = Poly propylene
∆H = Change of enthalpy
∆KE = Change of kinetic energy
∆PE = Change of potential energy
∆Q = Change of heat
WS = Shaft work
THM = Tri halo methane
AC = Activated carbon
GAC = Granular activated carbon
PAC = Pulverized activated carbon
POE = Point of entry
POU = Point of use
Q = Flow rate (m3/h)
B = Width of filter (m)
L = Length of filter (m)

V = Filtration rate (m/h)

Q = Loading (g/g)
Ρ = Density of the carbon in g/m3

VII
 Table of Contents

Declaration………………………………………………………………………….I

Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................... II

Abstract ....................................................................................................................III

List of Figures ........................................................................................................... V

List of Tables .......................................................................................................... VI

Acronyms ............................................................................................................... VII

1. General History of the Hosting Company .............................................................1

1.1. Introduction and background ............................................................................................... 1

1.2. Vision, mission and objectives of the company ................................................................... 1

1.2.1. Vision............................................................................................................................. 1

1.2.2. Mission: ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.3. Objective of the company .............................................................................................. 2

1.3. Raw materials and inputs to the company............................................................................ 2

1.4. Main products of the company ............................................................................................. 3

1.5. Main customers of the company .......................................................................................... 3

1.6. Technology and Machinery of the Company ....................................................................... 4

1.6.1. Technology of the company .......................................................................................... 4

1.6.2. Machinery of the company ............................................................................................ 5

1.7. Methods of Ozone production .............................................................................................. 8

1.8. Main challenges that faced you during internship time ....................................................... 9

1.9. The measures you have taken to solve the challenges ......................................................... 9
VIII
PART TWO .............................................................................................................10

2. Overall Company Structure .................................................................................10

2.1. Management structure of the company .............................................................................. 10

2.2. Roles and Responsibilities’ of Company Workers ............................................................ 10

2.3. Process flow diagram and description of the company ...................................................... 12

2.3.1. Process flow diagram................................................................................................... 12

2.3.2. Process description of water treatment production...................................................... 13

2.4. Material and energy balance on selected equipment’s ....................................................... 18

2.4.1. Energy balance ............................................................................................................ 18

2.4.2. Material balance .......................................................................................................... 21

2.5. Overall plant efficiency analysis ........................................................................................ 23

2.6. Environmental impact analysis .......................................................................................... 23

PART THREE..........................................................................................................25

3. Overall benefit that Gained from the Internship ..................................................25

3.1. In terms of Improving Practical Skills ............................................................................... 25

3.2. In terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge.................................................................. 25

3.3. In terms of Improving Interpersonal Communication Skill ............................................... 25

3.4. In Terms Of Improving Team Playing Skill ...................................................................... 26

3.5. In terms of Improving Leadership Skill ............................................................................. 26

3.6. In terms of Understanding about Work Ethics ................................................................... 26

3.7. In terms of entrepreneurship skill....................................................................................... 26

Conclusion and recommendation ....................................................................................29

PART FOUR ............................................................................................................31

4. Project Work on Hosting Company .....................................................................31

IX
Project title: Installation of Activated Carbon filter ................................................31

Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 31

4.2. Back ground of Activated Carbon Filter ............................................................................ 31

4.3. General and Specific objectives ......................................................................................... 32

4.3.1. General objective ......................................................................................................... 32

4.3.2. Specific objectives ....................................................................................................... 32

4.4. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................... 32

4.5. Significance of the Project ................................................................................................. 32

4.6. Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 33

4.6.1. Principles of activated carbon filtration....................................................................... 33

4.6.2. Materials used in activated carbon filtration ............................................................... 34

4.6.3. Structure of activated carbon units .............................................................................. 34

4.6.4. Maintenance................................................................................................................. 34

4.6.5. Chlorine removal ......................................................................................................... 35

4.6.6. Organic removal .......................................................................................................... 35

4.7. Installation of activated carbon filter ................................................................................. 35

4.7.1. Minimum requirements during installation ........................................................... 36

4.8. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 37

4.9. Material Balance ................................................................................................................ 37

4.10. Sizing of Equipment ......................................................................................................... 38

4.11. Environmental Impact Analysis of Activated carbon filter ............................................. 38

Conclusion ...............................................................................................................40

Recommendation .....................................................................................................42

References ................................................................................................................43

X
 PART ONE

1. General History of the Hosting Company

1.1. Introduction and background

Mai ayni/ right bottled water company is one of the Ethiopian highland purified mineral water
producing companies, which is found in Eastern zone of Tigray region at Adigrat town and it is
900Km far away from Addis Ababa and 126km from mekelle. This company is private limited
company which produces purified mineralized water from natural spring water at the highland of
golaa. Its foundation was begun in 2000E.C having a total construction area of 3500 care meter
and it was completed in 2002E.C. After the construction was completed; it starts its production
since January 2003E.C. And the factory was designed to produce 3600 bottled water per hour.
The amount of Birr needed for the total construction of the company was about 21,000,000 birr.

Mai ayni purified mineral water factory is a private limited company (P.L.C) owned by Dori
Kebede and now it has a total area of 7000 Carrie meter. The main source of the spring water
needed to mai ayni purified mineral water factory is from enda yowuhans holy water. In this
factory, the purified mineral water is packaged in plastic bottles that are manufactured by the
factory itself. Purified mineral water can be classified as carbonated or non-carbonated water; but
mai ayni Business Company produces carbonated bottled water. This company is organized to
work eight hours per a day.

1.2. Vision, mission and objectives of the company

1.2.1. Vision:

 By producing more purified mineral water creating a healthy world at a future;

 Producing purified mineral water creating an increased future consumers Of treated
water;
 By increasing the consumers of purified mineral water, Maximizing future profit of the
factory;

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1.2.2. Mission:

 By introducing latest technologies of water treatment mechanisms, producing market

demanded purified mineral water in the company;

1.2.3. Objective of the company

 The objective of the company is to build sustainable business that ensures financial
sustainability while making the company as a good corporate citizen.
 We are committed to our customers to provide what they expect to have a healthy life.
 To address social and environmental issues, and finding innovative ways to optimize use
of power, energy, and water.
 Overcoming a continuous search for social welfare of the organization to create a
pleasant community life.

1.3. Raw materials and inputs to the company

The main raw material used in mai ayni purified mineral water business factory was spring
water. As we had observed, the source of this water was from enda yewuhans holy water. There
were many types of raw materials and inputs in mai ayni bottled Water Company; these are:

 PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) was used for making of plastic bottles.

 Chlorine: was used for disinfecting of water contaminated microorganisms.
 HDPE and LDPE (High and low density polyethylene) were used for making plastic and
capes.
 Ground water (spring water) was the main source of water needed for treatment.
 Master bunch was used for making of plastic bottles and capes by mixing with PET,
HDPE and LDPE to have the bottles and capes blue color.
 Hydrogen peroxide chemical was used for washing of filter types of the company.
 Citric acid was used to wash the filter media of hallow filter.
Amount of mineral constituents present in the purified water of the company are listed in the
following.
Table 1: National standard chemical analysis of the company

Chemical analysis Amount (mg/l)

2
 Sodium (Na) 3.4
Calcium (Ca) 11.0
Magnesium (Mg) 2.9
Potassium (K) 1.1
Chloride 9.5
Sulphates 6.6
PH. 7

Fluoride 0.06

1.4. Main products of the company

Mai ayni business Company mainly produces a purified packed mineral water. In addition to this
the factory produces other products like plastic bottles and plastics; which were not sealed to the
distributors and other consumers; rather they were directly used by the company for packaging.

1.5. Main customers of the company

The purified mineral water produced in this company had been some essential mineral contents
to the human body. Hence these minerals were found in nature; but based on the national
standard of the country they could be minimized or maximized if they were found above or
below to the standardized one; and the company produces a high quality purified mineral water.
Due to high quality product of the company; the company leads to have many customers in all
societies of tigray region. Generally the customer of the company includes:

 All Governmental and Non-governmental organizations of Tigray region

 All urban and semi urban towns of Tigray region
But the main customers of the company were western region of Tigray; this is because of the
environmental weather condition of the region. Since the weather condition of the region is very
hot; then it needs more mineralized water which leads the water to be strong to drink by the
peoples. And it easily stays for a long time after drinking.

3
1.6. Technology and Machinery of the Company

1.6.1. Technology of the company

Technology includes process production of the company and source of the technology used by
the company.

Production process of the company

The processing technologies of mineral water are more or less similar. The major difference
arises from the type of bottles, glass or plastic. The glass bottles are normally reused, about six to
seven times before they are discarded but plastic bottles are used once and become discarded.
The type of plastic used for bottle making in mai ayni Business Company is known as
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The production and bottling of purified water in PET bottles
involves processes like raw Water storage and treatment, filling and capping, Labeling and
wrapping.

The major operation in water storage and treatment unit included in the company were water
color removal, raw water pumping and storage, chemical dosage, filtration using different types
of filters, ultraviolet water disinfection, and ozone generation with recirculation system. After
proper water treatment, the PET bottles were automatically conveyed and transferred to the
rinsing rotor where they were subject to rinsing jets. Then the bottles were transferred to the
filling and capping rotors. After labeling and sealing, bottles were transferred to the discharge
conveyor.

Source of technology in the company

The source of technology in Mai ayni Business Company includes the following foreign
countries.

1. China
2. Saudi Arabia
3. Thailand
4. UAE
5. Sultanate of Oman

4
1.6.2. Machinery of the company

The company had been many types of machineries which were used during production process.
The main machineries of the company are listed as follows.

 Injection machine: this machine was used to make injected plastic bottles and caps.
 T-shirt bag maker plastic machine: this machine was used to make for small plastics.
 Three in one machine: this machine have three functions; filling, washing and capping
 Blowing machine: was used to blow the injected bottle to make original shape of Plastic
bottles.
 Steam generating machine: this machine was used to produce steam and this steam was
used to adhere the plastic that holds national written mineral contents on the external
surface of the bottles.
 Sharing machine: this machine used to package the purified bottled water by flat plastics.
 Domino (printing) machine: this machine used to write expired date and manufacturing
date.
 Ozone generating machine: this machine was used to change atmospheric oxygen
molecule (O2) to ozone molecule (O3).
 Water droplet drier: was used for drying of water droplets present on the external surface
of the plastic bottle.
 Mixer machine: was a machine which is used to mix the raw materials like PET and
HDPE with master bunch.
 Stainless Steel Conveyor: Made of S.S, used for conveying of empty washed bottles to
the filling machine.
 Air compressor: was a device that converts power in to potential energy stored in
pressurized air. By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more air in to a
storage tank, increasing the pressure.
 Chiller: was a device which used to cold mold.
 Condenser: was used to cool down the injection machine and molding machine.
 Film blow machine: was used to make plastics needed for packaging of bottled water.
In general the machinery used by the company was classified in to five classes. These were:
A) Water treatment machineries
B) Filling, Capping, and Packing Unit machineries
5
C) PET stretch Blow Molding Unit machineries
D) Ozone production machine
E) Film blow plastic machine

A) Water Treatment

 Reservoir Tank
 Pumps
 Sand Filter
 Precision and Security Filter
 Ultra filter
 Pure water tank
 Ozone mixing tank
 Titanium filter

B) Filling, Capping, and Packing Unit

 Rinser, Filler, and capper (with accessories)

 Light checking box
 Caps sterilizing cabinet
 Shrink labeling machine
 Printer machine
 Conveyor with motor and extension
 Air compressor

C) PET stretch Blow Molding Unit

 Stretch blow moldings with two high pressure air compressor air receiving tank
 Mold, ½ lit PET bottle
 Mold, 1 lit PET bottle
 Caps Production line
 Injection Machine
 Mold for caps
 Condenser

6
 Figure 1: Injection machine

Figure 2: Film blow plastic machine

7
Ozone production machine

Ozone is unstable, colorless gas, a powerful oxidizer and a potent germicide. It has a much
higher disinfection potential than other disinfectants such as chlorine. Ozone is used in the
bottled water industry because it controls the growth of bacteria in water. It is desirable

Figure 3: Ozone producing machine

Because it can do this without leaving a residual taste, such as you would find with chlorine. The
lower the total dissolved solids level, the higher the solubility of the ozone.

1.7. Methods of Ozone production

Ozone can be prepared by different methods such as electrolysis, radio chemical and others. But
mai ayni business Company follows the electrolysis method of ozone production.

Electrolysis

Electrolysis is the process in which current is passed through a liquid, causing chemical reaction
resulting in evolution of gas. In related to ozone production water can be used as electrolyte
leading to direct diffusion or special electrolytes such as sulfuric acid can be used and ozone gas
drawn off and defused and contacted to the usual method. It is being done with different
electrolyte and anode materials to improve efficiency of production and minimize the corrosive
reaction on the anode surface. The concentration of ozone produced is determined by the current
density acting on the cell.
8
1.8. Main challenges that faced you during internship time

Challenge is something that everybody faces during his or her work time. Mai ayni Business
Company was one of an internship place we had been. So, in our internship Company we had
been faced so many challenges. These challenges were:

 The company did not have well-trained operators; as a result they did not give as enough
information related to the production process of the company.
 Having no a chemical engineer in the company; we had a lack of some information’s
related to our department.
 There had not been written data related to the overall activities of the company; then this
leads as not to do our report and project effectively.
 The company has no enough electric power to perform all the unit operations at a time.
This means there are unit operations that operate once per a month. Then we did not have
a full of concept related to these unit operations.

1.9. The measures you have taken to solve the challenges

The measures we had taken to solve the challenges we faced during our internship are;

 By inviting other internship companies like APF, and walia liquor factories, we had
already known the operating principle of similar unit operations. These companies had
chemical engineer professionals; then by asking to these engineers we got so many
information related to the production process of our internship company.
 By searching a Google and preparing questionaries’ we collect a full of data related to
the company.
 Asking the company chemist, we got some concepts related to the machineries that work
per a month.
 By inviting our internship company effectively, we tried to understand the overall
Production process of the company.

9
 PART TWO

2. Overall Company Structure

2.1. Management structure of the company
Mai ayni packed Water Company has two main categories of management structure to pave the overall
activities inside the factory. These general manager and technical manager. General Manager supervises
the whole work of the factory and the technical manager works with technical aspects of the company.
And the company has been four Production departments. These production departments were:

 Chemistry
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Biology
 Grade 5-12 students

2.2. Roles and Responsibilities’ of Company Workers

Manager: Responsibilities to manage the business, enter into agreement, sign contract, strike deal,
supervise and manage overall business operations.

Production Manager: He/she will be involved in the planning, coordination and control of
manufacturing processes and should ensure that goods are produced efficiently and that the correct
amount is produced at the right cost and level of quality.

Purchase Officer: He/she was responsible for buying the best quality equipment, raw materials for a
company or organization at the most competitive prices.

Accountant: He/she could keep the daily records of the business.

Supervisor: He/she coach, mentor and advocate employees and company.

Machine Operator: They were operating the machines.

Marketing and Sales person: He/she was responsible for the marketing plan, campaigns and developing
new innovative ways to market the products and selling of products within agreed timescales.

Guard cum Store keeper: He/she was responsible for looking after the production unit and keeping the
inventories and raw materials properly and safely.

10
Part-time Labor and Others: was responsible Loading, unloading, transporting, maintenance, etc.

The overall organizational work flow of the factory can be shown as follows.

Figure 4: General structure of the factory work flow

11
2.3. Process flow diagram and description of the company

2.3.1. Process flow diagram

Process flow diagram of water treatment

Water Reservoir 1st Quartz sand

2nd Sand filter
filter

Ultra filtration Security filter Precision filter

Pure water tank Ozone mixing

UV-Ray
tower

Inspection Three in one

Titanium filter
machine machine

Label shrinker
Water droplet drier Printer

Finished packaged purified Bag shrinker

mineral water

Figure 5: Flow diagram of water treatment plant

12
Flow diagram of PET bottle production

Injection
Drying the PET Plasticizing the
molding the
PET
Preform

Container
Stretch blow Optimizing the
molding the Preform
container Temperature

Figure 6: Flow diagram of PET bottle production

Flow diagram of polypropylene (PP) bottle caps

Plasticizing Injection
Drying the PP
the PP molding the
Cap

Slitting the Caps

Cap ejection

Figure 7: Flow diagram of polypropylene (PP) bottle caps production

2.3.2. Process description of water treatment production

The water was processed with multi stage purification processes such as chlorination, sand filter,
activated carbon filter, precision filter, security filter, ultraviolet disinfection, ultra filtration,
Ozone disinfection tower and titanium filter.

13
Reservoir tank: is a tank where raw water was collected and chlorine molecule is added for
disinfecting water contaminants present in the tank. The chlorinated water in the reservoir tank is
then pumped to sand filter.

Sand filter: Eliminates load of total suspended solids in the raw water. And was used to trap and remove
turbidity cause materials. This helps to operate the water treatment equipment in such a way that the out
let water reaches the demands and the life of machines is maintained.

Ultraviolet disinfection (UV): Water was exposed to UV light of wave length 245 nanometers (nm). A
dosage of 16000 micro watt/sq.cm at 40˚C for effective disinfection.

Ultra filtration: Allow pressure membrane process that removes dissolved organic macro molecules,
viruses, pyrogenic enzymes etc. and it permit selectively the incoming feed liquid in order to insure the
quality of treated water.

Ozonation: This was the strongest oxidizer and disinfection agent which acts on broad spectrum of
microbiological organisms.

Titanium filtration: This pumps water through a microscopic filter that is rated for a certain size
organism after water was purified it reaches to three in one machine.

PET Bottle Rinsing, Filling & Capping Machine were based on automatic process that takes care of
processes involving PET Bottle Rinsing, Filling, and Capping. Coming with label shrink tunnels, these
were suitable for bottles like liquids in film packages and has the following features:

 Fully automatic Mon block operation for 500ml-2000ml bottles.

 Can run PET bottles with air conveyor.
 Maximum production speed 60 bottles/min.
 Machine can be made cold fill carbonated drinks.
 UV sterilization for caps before capping operation.
 Fitted with PLC control.
 Elevator and Vibrator for automatic applying of cap

14
 Figure 8: Three in one machine

In filling process compressor air was used for lifting cylinder. After filling, capping is done; the
filled and capped water was conveyed to the screening machine. This screening machine works
manually and it was used to observe wither the water or the bottle have any problems. Then
screened bottled water was conveyed to droplet drier which was used to remove water droplets
by means of heating. Once screening and droplet drying was carried out, then the bottles were
transported to the decoding machine which was used to write production and expired date of the
product water. This machine has its own program and color to print on the bottle what the
programmer adjust on memory of the machine. After decoding, labeling process was carried out
to attach slog paper on the surface of the bottle. Labeling process was done in the steam
generating machine to heat and attach slog of mai ayni factory. Finally the purified bottled water
was conveyed to packing machine.

15
PET bottle production plant

PET is the abbreviation for polyethylene terephthalate. It is polyester which is formed by poly-
condensation of two types of monomers called ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid.
PET is produced from either crude oil or natural gas.

Figure 9: Sample of PET

Bottle production includes the following production lines.

Drying the PET: PET absorbs moisture from the atmosphere. This must be removed before
processing using a dehumidifying drier.

Plasticizing the PET: Dried PET Pellets were compressed and melted by a rotating injection
Screw.

Injection molding the Preform: Molten PET was injected in to an injection cavity and cooled
rapidly to form a" Preform". (The Original test-tube-like form, from which bottles are blown,
was known as a Preform).

Optimizing the Preform Temperature: The temperature of the preform has been adjusted to
the correct profile for blowing. If temperature has not reached the minimum preset temperature
of approximately 194ºF (90ºC) and the performs move through the molds and were not blown.

16
Stretch blow molding the container: The hot Preform was simultaneously stretched and blown
(there by, orienting the crystal sand strengthening the PET) in to a shaped blow mold to form a
tough, light weight container. A pressurized liquid chiller keeps the mold temperature in a
controlled range to ensure that consistently high quality bottles are blown.

Container ejection: The finished container was ejected

Figure 10: Injection machine and it is PET-perform cavity

Figure 11: packaged bottle

17
The process of making PP bottle caps

1. Drying the PP: PP has absorbed moisture from the atmosphere. This must be removed before
Processing using a dehumidifying drier.

2. Plasticizing the PP: Dried PP Pellets are compressed and melted by a rotating injection
screw.

3. Injection molding the Cap: Molten PP is injected in to an injection cavity and cooled rapidly
to form a cap.

4. Slitting the Caps: Slitting of molded caps by slitting machine.

5. Cap ejection: The finished caps are ejected.

The process needs to be done semi-automatically. The supplier will send engineer for
installation, from setting machine, testing, and to check the machine is on the good working
condition and provide whole drawing for the preform mold and cap mold.

2.4. Material and energy balance on selected equipment’s

2.4.1. Energy balance

Then According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can neither be created nor

Destroyed but can be change from one form to another form, form the first law of thermo
dynamics for an open system at steady state has this form.

Energy balance on the boiler

Accumulation = input – output + generation - consumption

Then according to the first law of thermodynamics, generation and consumption becomes zero.
So the equation becomes,

Accumulation = input - output.

Accumulation also becomes zero due to steady state rule. Therefore the above equation is
reduced to:

18
 In put = output.

∆H +∆KE+∆PE=Q-WS Where,

Q = Heat, ∆H = change of enthalpy

WS = 0 (no moving part)

∆ PE = 0 (there is no change in length and ∆KE = 0 (there is no movement or velocity) So, the
equation will be reduced to:

Q=∆H

Important information gained from the company of the steam boiler

Temperature of cold water from pre-heater = 80 0c

Temperature of cold water before pre-heated = 0 0c

Temperature of out let steam = 250 0c

Temperature of outlet chimney to west gas for three pass = 178 0c

Working pressure = 8 bar

Mass flow rate of steam = 450 kg/hr.

Safety pressure = 11.74 bar

Specific heat water capacity = water = 4.2 kj/kg

Enthalpy of feed water = 80 kcal/kg

Then energy balance on the boiler

T0 in let = 800c Boiler T0 out = 250 co

Water in = 4500 kg/hr. Industrial steam = 4500 kg/hr

Then from the above simplified equation

Q= H where h = enthalpy

19
 H = mh – mhfg
m =mass flow rate

hfg = enthalpy at saturated water

1 atm l bar then 8 bar = 0.8 M pas

Then enthalpy at 8 bar =2950 kj/kg= 665 kcal/kg

And also 80oc saturated water enthalpy will be hfg =2335.3 kj/kg =80kcal/kg

Q= ∑ ∑ ∑

Q = ∆H = 4500 kg/hr.* (2950 – 2335.3) kj/kg

Q=∆H =2766150 kj/hr. but 1kj=10000j, 1hr = 3600sec

Then Q=

Q= 768.375 kW, so there is some losses.

Boiler efficiency

To calculate boiler efficiently the following formula is useful.

Then boiler efficiency = x 100%

Heat in put

The measurement of heat in put requires knowledge of the calorific values of the fuel and its
flow rate interns of mass or volume according to nature of the fuel.

Heat output

There are several methods which can be used for measuring heat output with steam boilers, an
installed steam meter can be used to measure flow rate, but this must be corrected for
temperature and pressure.

There are two method of measuring boiler efficiency these are direct method and indirect method

20
Direct method

Where the energy gained from the working fluid (water and steam) is compared with the energy
content of the boiler fuel. This is also known as in put -out put method due to the fact that it
needs only the useful output (steam) the input (i.e. fuel) for evaluating efficiency.

Indirect method

Where efficiency is the difference between loses and the energy input.

Parameters to be monitored for the calculation of boiler efficiency by direct method

Quantity of stem generated per hour (Q) = 4000 kcal/hr

Quantity of fuel used per hour =1125kcal/kg

Gross colorize value of the fuel (GCV) = 3200 kg/hr

Enthalpy of saturated steam at 8 bar (H) =665 kcal/kg

Enthalpy of feed water (h) = 80 kcal/kg

Then boiler efficiency (ባ) = x 100%

Where H= enthalpy of saturated steam in kcal/kg

h= enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg

ባ= X 100%

ባ = 65% this efficiency is for 3-pass that APF used it.

2.4.2. Material balance

In any part of chemical industry, the raw materials enter as a feed and after the chemical or
physical reaction is completed it gives products. Therefore, it must know the amount the entering
and leaving of the process. Then the amount of the process in any factory will be known by
material balance and energy balance.
21
Material balance is apply based on the law of conservation of mass which states that any matter
can be neither created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another form.

The material balance equation will be:

Input + generation – output – consumption = accumulation

Where,

Input = enters through the system boundaries.

Generation = produced within the system.

Output = leaves through the system boundaries.

Consumption = consumed with in system.

Accumulation = build up within the system.

The following rule was used to simplify the material balance equation:

If the balance quantity is total mass; generation = 0 and consumption =0, expect in nuclear
reactions.
If the balanced substance was nonreactive species; generation = 0 and consumption =0.
For steady state process accumulation will zero.

Therefore, the material balance equation will be;

Input=output

The material balance was used:

 To calculate the unknown quantity.

 To know the performance of factory.
 To minimize utility production coast.
Material balance is classified in to two types. These are:
 Material balance with chemical reaction.

22
  Material balance without chemical reaction.

But all the material balance in mai ayni business factory is done without chemical reaction.

2.5. Overall plant efficiency analysis

The overall plant efficiency of mai ayni purified mineral water factory was about 75 percent.
Hence the machines were long time used; so the efficiency of machinery operation is decresing
in such factory.

2.6. Environmental impact analysis

The environmental impact of Mai ayni purified mineral water factory is very law. Because the
chemical which is called hydrogen per oxide was added to water for washing of the filters had
been too much small. In such a manner 1% of hydrogen per oxide was added to 10000 Littre of
water. But, in factory there were wastes resulted from some unit operations that cause a little
environmental impact. These include:

 When making the plastic bottles for bottled water oil must be used then the oil
caused air pollution which means carbon dioxide produced in the atmosphere and
it is danger for health.
 Extraction: some bottles take water in large volumes from springs and aquifers,
which can dry up wells, deplete wetlands in drain rivers can cause global
warming.

Obviously, plastic waste generation such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is a major problem
because they are non-biodegradable: they can stay in the environment for about 1000 years1,
causing various forms of environmental challenges, translating into acute health conditions in the
long run. For example, plastic is made from petroleum or natural gas in a chemical process that
combines smaller molecules into a large chain-like molecule, often with other substances added
to give it particular qualities. Typical among them are phthalates and biphenyl A, these
chemicals have been found to be hazardous to the living things. Plastic production is estimated to
use 8 percent of yearly global oil production both as the raw material and for energy in the
manufacturing process. Based on this observation, argued that the disposal of plastic wastes in

23
land fill sites is dangerous to the environment and the most sustainable method of managing
plastic waste is by recycling. This is because recycling is environmentally friendly, compared to
other means of plastic waste disposal.

24
 PART THREE

3. Overall benefit that Gained from the Internship

Internships provide work experience opportunities to university students, recent graduates and
people considering career changes. Employers are willing to hire interns with little or no
experience, especially if the internship is willing to accept little or no monetary compensation.
The overall internship benefits include the following terms. These are:

3.1. In terms of Improving Practical Skills

From the internship program we had gained a lot of advantages in applying our class room
(Theoretical) knowledge into practical skill. Hence, we had developed an experience to do
anything in our field of study. When we say internship the main objective was to improve
practical skills; Before we had theoretical knowledge about; Filter types, Disinfection, injection,
Bottling & blending, about the raw materials to mineral water production. We had gained
practical skills about all of the above, since we had been participated in all sections of the
factory.

3.2. In terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

Seeing something you know theoretically in practical would enable you to upgrade the
theoretical Knowledge as it makes the written part unforgettable. As we said before, we were
required to submit a report before completing our tasks in the respective sections, in order to do
this; We have to relate our theoretical back ground with what we were seeing. Therefore, this
gave us a feed back of an improvement of our theoretical knowledge.

3.3. In terms of Improving Interpersonal Communication Skill

As working in the factory without communication was difficult, there has to be interpersonal
Communication. In this factory, there were different sections and in each section, there were
different kinds of workers with their own special behavior. To relate with the workers, one has to
be tough and better to do what he/she can. And also we had to treat every person equally and
kindly. We developed our interpersonal communication skill by; Communicating with every

25
staff member, being a responsible person, listening to what others are saying, expressing our idea
freely and being open to people, etc.

3.4. In Terms Of Improving Team Playing Skill

The most important point in team playing skill was just reached an agreement from different
points on the work to be done. Furthermore, to have a common understanding on the task was
about to be accomplished. Always we focus on the team work carefully and improve our team
work skill. Team work, especially for engineers, is a key point for solving specific problems on a
given task. When chemists share their idea to solve the problem created in the laboratory analysis
and shift Engineers, supervisors and operators exchange their idea when suddenly problem was
happed. During this a group works to solve a specific problem, we improve our team playing
skill.

3.5. In terms of Improving Leadership Skill

Leadership is never easy, but every one of us had been the potential to be a leader every day. In
the Factory, we got a good understanding of leadership by observing every bit of the leaders,
starting from the senior operators to the general manager. So we gained plenty of experience
from them on how to handle workers, how to order, how to control and manage works done in
each section, and etc.

3.6. In terms of Understanding about Work Ethics

Work ethics is a generally accepted guideline for right and wrong behavior in work place and it
involves several principles related to effective work habit and personal qualities. The work ethics
that a company requires from its workers were; Being punctual, being honesty for whatever you
do, be willing to do tasks given to you, initiative to other workers and Being responsible and
accountable for everything you do.

3.7. In terms of entrepreneurship skill

Internship plays a great role for improving my entrepreneurship skills in multidirectional ways.
Among these ways some of that I had gained benefits includes:

 Increases my attitude to be creative and innovative through practical knowledge

 How organize and control resources to ensure the profit for my business
26
 The way how to manage the business company.
 How to identify new products (services) opportunities
 Desire for immediate feed back
 Be skilled at organizing are professional and To be desire for responsibility.

27
28
Conclusion and recommendation
Conclusion

Generally Mai ayni/ right bottled water company is one of the Ethiopian highland purified
mineral water producing companies, which is found in Eastern zone of Tigray region at Adigrat
town. This company is private limited company which produces purified mineralized water from
natural spring water at the highland of golaa. There are many types of raw materials and inputs in
mai ayni bottled Water Company; these are: PET (Polyethylene terephthalate, Chlorine, HDPE
and LDPE (High and low density polyethylene), Ground water (spring water) which is the main
source of water needed for treatment, Master bunch, Hydrogen peroxide chemical, and Citric
acid.
Mai ayni business Company mainly produces a purified packed mineral water. In addition to
that, the company produces plastics for packaging purposes. The general filtration process of the
company includes: reservoir tank, 1st sand filter, 2nd sand filter, precision filter, security filter,
ultra filter, UV- ray, pure water tank, ozone mixing tower, and titanium filter. After filtration is
done, purified water is fed to three in one machine where the bottles are washed, filled, and
capped. The customer of the company includes All Governmental, Non-governmental
organizations of Tigray and other regions. Technology of mai ayni Business Company includes
process production of the company and source of the technology used by the company.
Challenge is something that everybody faces during his or her work time. Mai ayni packed Water
Company has two main categories of management structure to pave the overall activities inside
the factory. Material and energy balance in the company is done based on the amount of
substance and energy enters and leaves from each production process equipment’s. The overall
plant efficiency of mai ayni purified mineral water factory is about 75 percent. During internship
we gained so many benefits in terms of improving practical skills, upgrading theoretical
knowledge improving interpersonal communication skill, improving team playing skill,
improving leader ship skill, understanding about work ethics, and entrepreneurship skill. In water
factories the treatment process is most of the time free from different contaminants that are
released to the environment from each filter.

29
Recommendation

During our internship time, we would like to recommend with the following things.

 The company has not an engineer professional. so it must have an engineer to increase
the efficiency of the production process of the company.
 The company quality department is not open to tell us with the problems related to the
company; which means that, the department hid as with quality related production
process.
 Main customers of the company are western region of tigray. Because the company
purified water is hard to drink to other zones of tigray. So, to increase its customers it
must install reverse osmosis filter to reduce the mineral constituents of purified water.

30
 PART FOUR

4. Project Work on Hosting Company

Project title: Installation of Activated Carbon filter

4.2. Introduction

Water contains dissolved organic matter that cannot be removed with floc formation, floc
removal or sand filtration. Activated carbon filter is use to remove the following compounds are:
 Odor, taste, and color producing compounds
 Organic micro pollutants (pesticides, hydrocarbon compounds)
 Chlorine and chlorine by products
Activated carbon adsorbs (part of) the organic matter and is mainly used to treat drinking water
produced from surface water.

4.2. Back ground of Activated Carbon Filter

In 1987 Amsterdam Water Supply discovered the presence of pesticides (Bentazon) in drinking
water. Due to this discovery, the traditional treatment of surface water was no longer satisfactory
and an extension with activated carbon was required.
In addition, chlorine can react with organic matter (precursor), and tri halo methane (THM) can
be formed. These THMs are toxic.
To reduce the concentration, the formed THM can be removed with activated carbon. The
problem, however, is that carbon is rapidly saturated with THMs and has to be regenerated
frequently. It is preferable to prevent the THM from being formed. This can be done by reducing
the concentration of the precursor before adding chlorine.
The best way to prevent THM formation is to avoid the dosing of chlorine, but this requires
another treatment setup. Activated carbon is a substance with a high carbon concentration (e.g.,
pit-coal, turf).

31
4.3. General and Specific objectives

4.3.1. General objective

The main objective of installing activated carbon filter is to increase the efficiency of filtration
process during the production of purified mineral water in MAI AYNI Business Company.

4.3.2. Specific objectives

 To remove toxic organic chemicals;

 To avoid odor and color;
 To reject chlorine and chlorine by products;
 To make the water more potable for drinking.

4.4. Statement of the Problem

In Mai Ayni Business Company, water is purified through many filter Medias which have
different membrane permeability. Water contaminants are removed by different disinfecting
chemicals and filters. These filter Medias and disinfector’s present in the company includes two
sand filters, precision filter, security filter, ultra filter, UV-ray disinfector, ozone disinfector and
titanium filter. In addition to this chlorine is used for disinfecting of water contaminants. In the
company a second sand filter is used in the place of activated carbon filter. But the contaminants
and chemicals like chlorine, chlorine by products, odor, color, test, and organic chemicals do not
remove through sand filter. So, to remove the above contaminants and chemicals it is mandatory
to install activated carbon filter, to increase the efficiency of the treatment process in the
company.

4.5. Significance of the Project

This project is significant to maximize the product quality of purified mineral water and increase
the consumers of that water in the company by installing activated carbon filter. And it is
necessary to have an over view on the application and installing of activated carbon filter for the
treatment process of drinking water.

32
4.6. Literature Review

Activated carbon filtration (AC) is effective in reducing certain organic chemicals and chlorine
in water. It can also reduce the quantity of lead in water although most lead-reducing systems use
another filter medium in addition to carbon. Water is passed through granular or block carbon
material to reduce toxic compounds as well as harmless taste- and odor-producing chemicals.
This fact sheet discusses the principles and processes of typical activated carbon filtration
systems. Undesirable compounds such as methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, benzene, chloro
benzenes, carbon tetrachloride, and vinyl chloride pose health risks in drinking water. Lead from
water pipes and joints may show up in water at the tap. The reaction of chlorine with organic
matter during the chlorination of drinking water can produce other compounds such as tri halo
methane’s as by-products, which may increase the risk of certain cancers.

4.6.1. Principles of activated carbon filtration

There are two basic types of water filters: particulate filters and adsorptive/reactive filters.
Particulate filters exclude particles by size, and adsorptive/reactive filters contain a material
(medium) that either adsorbs or reacts with a contaminant in water. The principles of activated
carbon filtration are the same as those of any other adsorption material. The contaminant is
attracted to and held (adsorbed) on the surface of the carbon particles. The characteristics of the
carbon material (particle and pore size, surface area, surface chemistry, density, and hardness)
influence the efficiency of adsorption. The characteristics of the chemical contaminant such as
the tendency of the chemical to leave water are also important. Compounds that are less water
soluble (hydrophobic) are more likely to be adsorbed to a solid. A second characteristic is the
attraction of the contaminant to the carbon surface. If several compounds are present in the
water, strong absorbers will attach to the carbon in greater quantity than those with weak
adsorbing ability. These combined factors enable the activated carbon material to draw the
molecule out of the water. The length of contact time between the water and the carbon
material, governed by the rate of water flow, has a significant effect on adsorption of
contaminants. More contact time results in greater adsorption. The amount of carbon present in a
cartridge or filter affects the amount and type of contaminant removed. Less carbon is required to
remove taste- and odor producing chemicals than to remove tri halo methane. The overall water
quality (turbidity or presence of other contaminants) also affects the capacity of activated carbon

33
to adsorb a specific contaminant. When the activated carbon becomes saturated (all adsorption
sites filled), contaminants can flow from the carbon back into solution.

4.6.2. Materials used in activated carbon filtration

The solid material used in an activated carbon filter is typically petroleum coke, bituminous coal,
lignite, wood products, coconut shell, or peanut shells, all of which are sources of carbon. The
material is activated by subjecting it to high temperature (2300 °F) and steam in the absence of
oxygen. This process produces a carbon substance with many small pores and thus a very large
surface area, which is then crushed to yield a granular or pulverized product.
Granular activated carbon (GAC) is more commonly used in private water systems than
pulverized activated carbon (PAC). GAC units are canisters holding coarse carbon in a column
through which water passes. Depending on the characteristics (particle size, pore size, surface
area) of the granular carbon used, these units are effective for removing organic chemicals in
industrial waste and trace organics, lead, and taste and odors in drinking water. PAC cartridges
use a finer mesh carbon. They may be paper-wound (carbon particles loaded on the paper) or
wet-molded (carbon particles mixed with fibers).

4.6.3. Structure of activated carbon units

A typical activated carbon cartridge is a cylinder holding various amounts of carbon, depending
on the size of the unit. The sides of the cartridge should be rigid (hard plastic or stainless steel) to
force water through the length of the column bed. Cartridges with sides of mesh or wound string
allow water to pass by without sufficient contact with the activated carbon.

4.6.4. Maintenance

Carbon cartridges must be replaced at regular intervals, according to manufacturer's instructions.

Replacement intervals should be calculated based on the average daily water use through the
filter and the amount of contaminant being removed. Cartridge disposal depends on usage. A
carbon cartridge (POE only) can be backwashed (flushed) or discarded if non-toxics have been
adsorbed. To remove taste- and odor-producing chemicals, the POE unit can be backwashed
manually or automatically depending on the device's capabilities. Used carbon cartridges add to
household waste, but disposal of saturated carbon cartridges does not significantly increase the
load on a landfill. Federal law allows homeowners to dispose of GAC units as household waste.

34
4.6.5. Chlorine removal

Chlorine removal with Carbon is a catalytic process in which the media does not become blinded or
exhausted, but it instead acts as a trigger to the DE chlorination process. The active sites on the
surface do eventually become blinded by other contaminants in the raw water which means that the
media will need to be changed every 1-3 years.

4.6.6. Organic removal

With organic removal, the contaminant molecules are trapped and retained on the active sites and
eventually all of the media will become blinded and will need to be changed. The control valve
completes the backwash cycle automatically at the intervals and times set during installation.
Backwash and fast rinse times are set for 20 minutes per cycle but can be altered to suit individual
requirements. All filter valves have the option of an additional volt free micro switch, which can be
used to initiate a regent pump etc.

4.7. Installation of activated carbon filter

The activated carbon filters of the drinking water production plant at Kralingen have the
objective to improve the taste of the water, to reduce the regrowth of bacteria in the piped
network, and to remove toxic substances from the water. The carbon filters are placed after the
floc formation, sedimentation and rapid sand filtration to avoid rapid clogging.
The installation is based on pressure filters, so the construction height can be limited and only an
extra pumping phase (middle pressure) is needed.
The installation has the following characteristics:

Filter bed height 4m

Filtration surface area 28 m2
Number of filters: 12
Contact time 12 min
Type of carbon Norit ROW 0.95

Regeneration frequency 1.5 year

Table 2: Installation of activated carbon filter

35
4.7.1. Minimum requirements during installation

Filtration of the compressed air

Pre filter: Super-fine filter (S) with condensate drain max. Residual content oil aerosols 0.01
mg/m³ at 20°C
After filter: Dust filter (F) with manual drain Particle classification 1μm

Water content of the compressed air

Max. Permissible residual humidity: < 30%

Inlet temperature of the compressed air

Recommended inlet temperature: + 35°C

During installation the following assembling procedures are used:
 Ensure the installation site is clear and level. Ensure that the piping system in the building
transfers the treated water into a vented header tank to feed any hot water systems. If
possible, place the filter vessel into its final location before filling.
 Check that the riser tube has the cap in place before commencing filling.
 Using a hose 1/3 fill the vessel with water. This is to prevent damage to the bottom
distributor when pouring in the media.
 Using a funnel slowly pour in the support gravel. Next, slowly pour in the Activated Carbon,
taking care not to spill any on the floor and that the riser remains central in the vessel during
filling.
 After pouring in all of the Carbon media, the vessel should be, at most, 70- 75% full. This is
to allow rising space for the media during the backwashing cycle. Once the vessel is filled,
immediately sweep up any spilled filter media.
 Remove the cap from the riser tube and brush any debris out of the threads in the neck of the
filter vessel.
 Unpack the valve and reducer (if used). Screw the reducer into the filter vessel, then slip the
valve down onto the distributor tube. The top distributer should be fitted to the valve.
 Screw the valve into the filter vessel, taking extreme care not to cross the threads. As the
valve is being run into the vessel excessive force should not be required. Finally tighten to
approximately 20ft.lbs torque.

36
4.8. Methodology

The methodology used to install activated carbon filter is based on the ability to pass the
components of water contaminants that passed from the sand filter. Then activated carbon filter
is installed, to be placed down after security filter. And to do our project we use different data
collection methods. Such methods include;

 By searching Google related to the project; weather activated carbon filter is necessary or
not in the company.
 By interviewing the company operators what type of filter is needed to be designed to
increase the quality of water and profit of the company.

4.9. Material Balance

In Figure below the activated carbon filter is schematized as a cube, in which:
Q = flow (m3/h)
B = width of filter (m)
L = length of filter (m)

dy = height of filter (m) ; c = concentration of organic compound (g/m3)

Q, Co

LL
dy

B
L
Q, C1
Figure 12: Material balance of activated carbon filter

An organic compound with a concentration c0 enters the system with a flow Q and leaves the
system with a concentration c1. The difference in concentration between in- and outflow is
adsorbed on the activated carbon and increases the loading of the carbon.

37
The continuity equation or mass balance is:
Dq/dt = − v/ῥ (dc/dy)
Where;
v = filtration rate = Q/BL (m/h)
q = loading (g/g)
ρ = density of the carbon in g/m3

4.10. Sizing of Equipment

Consider the following flow diagram;
Granular activated
Influent = 12m3/h = 44gpm DE chlorination
carbon filter bed
= 2640 pph = 1ppm Cl2

Effluent = 0.1ppm Cl2

Assume the mesh size activated carbon filter mean diameter is 8 by 30 and the flow rate is 2gpm/ft 3.
According the above flow diagram and mesh size of activated carbon, it is possible to size the filter
using the following equation; PH= 7 of water, T = 21°C & a break point = 0.01 of Cl 2
Log CI = B x bed depth in ft = B/V
CE Filtration rate (gpm sq ft)
Log 1ppm = B
0.01ppm 2gpm/ft3
B= 4 for 8x30 mesh size (c) Applying equation again for the actual design flow rate = 44 gpm,
influent concentration= 1ppm Cl2, effluent = 0.1ppm Cl2

Log

v = 4gpm/ft3

Then; Bed volume = 11ft3 for 8 x 30 mesh size.

4.11. Environmental Impact Analysis of Activated carbon filter

In water factories the treatment process is most of the time free from different contaminants that
are released to the environment from each filter. So, the same is true that installing activated

38
carbon filter is environmentally friended. Because the only chemical added to the reservoir tank
is chlorine. This chlorine molecule is dangerous if it is not reduced by activated carbon filter
while drinking it; but its pollution on the environment is too much less. The same to the other
filter types, it is washed with hydrogen per oxide. However, hydrogen per oxide has no effect on
the environment and activated carbon is free of polluting gasses.

39
 Conclusion
Generally Activated carbon filtration (AC) is effective in reducing certain organic chemicals
and chlorine in water. Water is passed through granular or block carbon material to reduce toxic
compounds as well as harmless taste- and odor-producing chemicals. A typical activated carbon
cartridge is a cylinder holding various amounts of carbon, depending on the size of the unit. The
installation is based on pressure filters, so the construction height can be limited and only an
extra pumping phase (middle pressure) is needed.

40
41
Recommendation
According to this project, we would like to recommend to the company as follows;

 When water is filtered using activated carbon, the water may have black color passed
from it. So, to overcome this problem a reverse osmosis filter must be installed to
increase the efficiency of water filtration.
 The company do not work when there is a strong rainfall. Because a mud from the
surface earth is added to the ground water. So it must use coagulation, flocculation and
sedimentation treatment process.

42
References
 Lalezary, S., M. Pirbazari, and M. McGuire. Evaluating Activated Carbons for Removing
Concentrations of Taste and Odor-Producing Organics. journal of American Water
Works.
 Lykins, B. W., E. E. Geldreich, J. Q. Adams, J. C. Ireland, and R. M. Clark. Granular
Activated Carbon for Removing Non tri halo methane Organics from Drinking Water,
Project Summary. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, No. EPA600/S2-84-165. Dec.
1984.
 Matchett, B. What to Expect from Carbon Cartridges. Water Technology 16(11):76-79,
1993.
 Michaud, C. F. Baffled by Multi-Media Cartridges? Water Technology 17(9): 50-54,
1994.
 Michaud, C F. Get Specific with Cartridges. Water Technology 18(4):90-92, 1995.
 Outman, C. S., V. L. Snoeyink, J. T. O'Connor, and M. J.
 Taras. Removing Trace Organics from Drinking Water Using Activated Carbon and
Polymeric Adsorbents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Project Summary. EPA-
600/S2-81077, 078,079. July 198 1.Cincinnati.
 Snoeyinck, V. L. Principles of Adsorption by Activated Carbon. Paper presented at the
Fourth Domestic Water Quality Symposium, Chicago, and Dec. 16-17, 1985.
 Wagenet, L., K. Mancl, and M. Sailus. Home Water Treatment. North east Regional
Agricultural Engineering Service, Ithaca, N.Y., 1995.
 Water Filters. Consumer Reports 48:68-73, 102. Feb. 1983.
 Water Treatment Handbook: A Homeowners Guide to Safer Drinking Water. Emmaus,
Pa.: Rodale Press

43