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Wessex Archaeology

WHITE ROCK AND HAFOD WORKS,


SWANSEA

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77507.02

Figure removed
due to copyright
Elev
ation
A Fig
.5
1011 Drain
1027 1017 North wall 1027
West wall 1002
1022 Slot 1

1001

1003

1022

el
1004

n
Chan
1006
Melting furnaces
Slot 2 1014

1026
1008

Slot 2

1023 1025 1007


Slot 3

1002 1015

Elev
ation
1022 1030

B Fig
.5

East wall 1030


1002
1009
Calcining furnace

1010

Firebox Drain
1016
Iron plates
1013

Storage area?

1029 Wall
1028
nel
Chan

1002
1015

0 5m
Melting furnace Calcining furnace

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: January 2013 Revision Number: 1.0

Scale: 1:125 @ A4 Illustrator: CB

Path: Y:\Projects\77507_Swansea_Copperworks\Drawing Office\Report Figs\TT Report\2012-08-02

Trench 1: Plan (north end of Great Workhouse) Figure 4


Elevation A Wall 1027 Elevation B Wall 1030
West East North South

'Egg-shaped' flue

Wall 1028

Blocked
doorway? Chimney

Calcining furnace

Elevation A Wall 1027 Elevation B Wall 1030

Flue Support arch Chimney Furnace Beam sockets


0 5m

Date: January 2013 Revision Number: 1.0

Scale: 1:100 @ A3 Illustrator: CB


This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.
Path: Y:\Projects\77507_Swansea_Copperworks\Drawing Office\Report Figs\TT Report\2012-08-02

Elevations of Great Workhouse north and east walls in Trench 1 Figure 5


Trench 2, looking south-west

2012

2011

Furnace
2013
2003

Iron frame 2014


2010
2005 2015
2007
2004

2009 Modern
Service

Furnace
2006

0 1 2m

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: January 2013 Revision Number: 1.0

Scale: 1:50 @ A4 Illustrator: CB

Path: Y:\Projects\77507_Swansea_Copperworks\Drawing Office\Report Figs\TT Report\2012-08-02

Plan of Trench 2 Figure 6


Trench 3, looking north-east

3010

3011 3011

3013
3014 3009
3005 3012
3004

3008
3007

3003

3006

3002

3006

0 1 2m

This material is for client report only © Wessex Archaeology. No unauthorised reproduction.

Date: January 2013 Revision Number: 1.0

Scale: 1:1250 @ A4 Illustrator: CB

Path: Y:\Projects\77507_Swansea_Copperworks\Drawing Office\Report Figs\TT Report\2012-08-02

Plan of Trench 3 Figure 7


White Rock and Hafod Works, Swansea, South Wales
 Archaeological Evaluation and Assessment of Results


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77507.02

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