Bubble Layers

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A portion of bubble nebula Sh2-308. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA

Feb 8, 2018

Spherical shells around stars are signs of electrical activity.

More than 70 years ago Dr. Charles Bruce noted that planetary nebulae are similar to
electric discharges. He reasoned that their shapes were hourglasses, with central stars
obscured by dusty toroids. Since nebular shapes are similar to the twisted filaments and
spirals of electric discharges, they also appear as near-spherical shapes.

A recent press release states that a “bubble-like structure” is wrapped around Wolf-Rayet
star Sh2-308, or EZ Canis Majoris in the constellation Canis Major. As the announcement
says, “…ongoing radiation from the star pushes the bubble out farther and farther, blowing
it bigger and bigger…some 60 light-years apart!”

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Electric discharges in plasma form double layers along their current axes. Positive charges
build up on one side of the cloud and negative charges on the other. A powerful electric
field develops between them and if enough charge is applied the double layer glows
otherwise, it remains in “dark mode” and is invisible. In plasma, the electric charges spiral
into filaments, which attract each other, sometimes “pinching” into arc mode discharges.

As written many times, double layers can be “pumped” with energy from galactic Birkeland
currents. Increased flux density draws matter from surrounding space into filaments,
igniting nebular “gases” electrically. Could this be what is reported by the European Space
Agency? Unfortunately, at this point in time, the only way to detect double layers in space
is to send a spacecraft equipped with a Langmuir probe through them. Local experiments
within the Solar System detect double layers like those created in the laboratory. Such
structures are known as magnetospheres, magnetotails, cometary nuclei, and comet tails.

In 1981, Nobel laureate Hannes Alfvén wrote:

“…it is unpleasant to base far-reaching conclusions on the existence of a structure which

we cannot detect directly. But the alternative is to draw far-reaching conclusions from the
assumption that in distant regions, the plasmas have properties which are drastically
different from what they are in our own neighborhood. This is obviously far more
unpleasant…”

Filaments, braids, overlapping rings, stacked rings around the central star, hourglass
shapes, and coherent “tubes” of filaments are visible around Sh2-308. In an Electric
Universe it is not hot gas that flows through space, it is plasma. The physics of electricity
apply, not the physics of wind. Inside the shells of planetary nebulae are one or more
plasma sheaths that act like capacitors, alternately storing and releasing electrical energy.
Electric current ebbs and flows inside and outside sheaths within the shells.

The Hubble Space Telescope’s image reveals many of plasma’s fundamental glow mode
characteristics. Since the central star’s axis is a z-pinch funnel, the cylinder of electric
current appears to be a circle, or bubble.

Nebulae are stellar z-pinches in a flow of electricity, so there is enough power to supply the
radiation “load” of a central star. Stars, as written many times elsewhere, are powered by
electricity “coupled” with nebular discharge currents, rather than nuclear fusion. Since
nebular currents cannot exist beyond their optical glows, they must be part of completed
circuits that wind through the Milky Way.

Stephen Smith

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