ANEUPLOIDY Distinguish between KARYOTYPE

CLEAVAGE
FURROW and
CELL PLATE

Distinguish between
NONDISJUNCTION G1, S and G2 SISTER
(in Interphase) CHROMATIDS

CYTOKINESIS CENTROMERE FOUR STAGES OF

MITOSIS
(and main events of
each)

Distinguish between
CROSSING OVER BINARY FISSION MITOSIS
and
MEIOSIS

CHROMOSOME RECOMBINATION HOMOLOGOUS

FREQUENCY CHROMOSOMES
Karyotype – A procedure that is done
to determine if an individual has the
correct number of chromosomes.
Sister Chromatids - Two identical
copies of a
chromosome that
are bound together
at the centromere.
These exist after
DNA replication.
Prophase - Chromosomes condense
and become visible.
Metaphase - Chromosomes line up in
the middle of the cell.
Anaphase – sister chromatids are
pulled apart by microtubules (spindle
fibers).
Telophase - Cytokinesis (cell splitting)
begins.
Mitosis - Cell division resulting in two
identical cells.
Meiosis - Cell division resulting in four
gamete cells (each with half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell). Crossing over occurs in
meiosis. A diploid cell divides into four
haploid cells.
Homologous Chromosomes- Pair of
chromosomes that share the same
genetic information. One homologous
chromosome comes from each.
Cleavage Furrow – Occurs in animal
cells to finish cytokinesis. Involves the
narrowing of the region between the
new daughter cells followed by the
cells pinching off from one another.
Cell Plate – Occurs in plant cells to
finish cytokinesis. Involves the
formation of a plate between daughter
cells.
G1 – First phase of Interphase. During this
time the cell grows and the processes of
cellular respiration and protein synthesis
take place.
S – Second phase of Interphase. During
this time the DNA is copied while other
cellular processes also continue.
G2 – Last phase of Interphase. During
this time the cell grows and the processes
of cellular respiration and protein synthesis
take place.
Centromere- Region of chromosome
where sister chromatids attach to each
other.
Binary Fission- Spitting of cell into
two daughter cells after DNA
replication. A form of asexual
reproduction in bacteria.
Recombination Frequency - The
frequency at which two genes that are
on the same chromosome cross over
(thus separating alleles that were
originally on the same chromosome).
Linked genes = 2 genes on the same
chromosome
Aneuploidy – When a cell has either
too few or too many chromosomes—
an abnormal number. Polyploidy is a
type of aneuploidy.
Nondisjunction - Situation where
chromosomes fail to separate properly
during Meiosis (I or II). This results in
an abnormal
number of
chromosomes
in a daughter
cell.
Cytokinesis – The division of the
cytoplasm and its contents. Occurs
after the process of mitosis.
Crossing Over – Occurs during
Prophase I of Meiosis. Sister
chromatids exchange genetic material.
Chromosome – Segment of DNA,
containing specific genes. Human
beings have 46 chromosomes in each
of their somatic cells.
DNA is condensed into visible
chromosomes just before mitosis
occurs.