Billy Graham

William Franklin Graham Jr. KBE (November 7, 1918 – February

Billy Graham
21, 2018) was an American evangelical Christian evangelist and an
ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well known
internationally after 1949. He has been called one of the most
influential preachers of the 20th century.[2] He held large indoor and
outdoor rallies with sermons which were broadcast on radio and
television, some still being re-broadcast into the 21st century.[3] In his
six decades of television, Graham hosted annual Billy Graham
Crusades, which ran from 1947 until his retirement in 2005. He also
hosted the popular radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954.
He repudiated segregation and, in addition to his religious aims,
helped shape the worldview of a huge number of people coming from
different backgrounds leading them to find a relationship between the
Bible and contemporary secular viewpoints. Graham preached to live
audiences of nearly 215 million people in more than 185 countries
and territories through various meetings, including BMS World
Mission and Global Mission. He also reached hundreds of millions Graham in 1966
more through television, video, film and [4]
webcasts.
Religion Christianity (evangelical
Graham was a spiritual adviser to American presidents and provided Protestantism)
spiritual counsel for every president from Harry Truman to Barack Denomination Baptist
Obama.[5] He was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Church Southern Baptist Convention[1]
Lyndon B. Johnson (one of Graham's closest friends),[6] and Richard
Education Florida Bible Institute
Nixon.[7] He insisted on racial integration for his revivals and
Wheaton College
crusades in 1953 and invited Martin Luther King Jr. to preach jointly
at a revival in New York City in 1957. Graham bailed King out of jail
Personal
in the 1960s when King was arrested in demonstrations. He was also Nationality American
lifelong friends with another televangelist, the founding pastor of the Born William Franklin Graham Jr.
Crystal Cathedral, Robert H. Schuller, whom Graham talked into November 7, 1918
starting his own television ministry.[8] Charlotte, North Carolina, U.S.

Graham operated a variety of media and publishing outlets.[9] Died February 21, 2018 (aged 99)
According to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded Montreat, North Carolina, U.S.
to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to "accept Jesus Christ as Spouse Ruth Bell (m. 1943; d. 2007)
their personal savior". As of 2008, Graham's estimated lifetime Children 5, including Anne and Franklin
audience, including radio and television broadcasts, topped 2.2
Religious career
billion. Because of his crusades, Graham preached the gospel to more
.[9]
people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity
Works How to Be Born Again · Angels
Profession Evangelist
Graham was repeatedly on Gallup's list of most admired men and
Website billygraham.org
women. He appeared on the list 60 times since 1955, more than any
other individual in the world.[10] Grant Wacker reports that by the Signature
[11]
mid-1960s, he had become the "Great Legitimator".
 Contents
Early life
Family
Ministry career
Crusades
Student ministry
Evangelistic association
Civil rights movement
Lausanne Movement

Multiple roles
Later life
Death
Politics
Pastor to presidents
Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II of the United
Kingdom
Foreign policy views
Controversies
Discussion of Jews with President Nixon
Ecumenism
Views on women
Views on same-sex marriage
Criticism and funeral picket by Westboro Baptist
Church
Writings
Awards and honors
Other honors
Media portrayals
References
Further reading
External links

Early life
William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918 in Charlotte, North Carolina. He was the eldest of four children born to
Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham Sr. Graham was also born in Charlotte, and was raised on a family dairy farm
with his two younger sisters and younger brother. In 1927, when he was eight years old, the family moved about 75 yards (69 m)
from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home.[12] He was raised in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church by
his parents and was of Scots-Irish descent.[13][14] Graham attended the Sharon Grammar School.[15] Starting to read books from an
early age, Graham loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees and gave the popular
Tarzan yell, scaring both horses and drivers. According to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister.[16] In 1933, when
he was fourteen, as Prohibition in the United States ended, Graham's father forced him and his sister Katherine to drink beer until
[17]
they got sick. This created such an aversion that both avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.

After Graham was turned down for membership in a local youth group because he was "too worldly",[17] Albert McMakin, who
worked on the Graham farm, persuaded him to go and see the evangelist Mordecai Ham.[9] According to his autobiography, Graham
[18][19]
was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of revival meetings in Charlotte led by Ham.
After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, Tennessee.
After one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules.[17] At this time he was influenced and inspired by Pastor
Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones Sr. warned him not to throw his life away: "At
best, all you could amount to would be a poor country Baptist preacher somewhere out in the sticks.... You have a voice that pulls.
."[17]
God can use that voice of yours. He can use it mightily

In 1937 Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute in Temple Terrace, Florida, near Tampa.[20] He preached his first sermon
that year at Bostwick Baptist Church near Palatka, Florida, while still a student.[21] In his autobiography, Graham wrote of receiving
his "calling on the 18th green of the Temple Terrace Golf and Country Club", which was adjacent to the Institute campus. Reverend
Billy Graham Memorial Park was later established on the Hillsborough River directly east of the 18th green and across from where
Graham often paddled a canoe to a small island in the river, where he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In
1939, Graham was ordained by a group of Southern Baptist clergymen at Peniel Baptist Church in Palatka, Florida.[22] In 1943,
Graham graduated fromWheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois with a degree in anthropology.[23]

It was during his time at Wheaton that Graham decided to accept the Bible as the infallible word of God. Henrietta Mears of the First
Presbyterian Church of Hollywood (Hollywood, California) was instrumental in helping Graham wrestle with the issue. He settled it
at Forest Home Christian Camp (now called Forest Home Ministries) southeast of the Big Bear area in Southern California.[24] A
memorial there marks the site of Graham's decision.

Family
On August 13, 1943, Graham married Wheaton classmate Ruth Bell, whose parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China. Her
father, L. Nelson Bell, was a general surgeon.[25] Ruth Graham died on June 14, 2007, at the age of 87. The Grahams were married
for almost 64 years.

Graham and his wife had five children together: Virginia Leftwich (Gigi) Graham (born 1945; an inspirational speaker and author);
Anne Graham Lotz (born 1948; runs AnGeL ministries); Ruth Graham (born 1950; founder and president of Ruth Graham & Friends,
leads conferences throughout the U.S. and Canada); Franklin Graham (born 1952, who serves as president and CEO of the Billy
Graham Evangelistic Association and as president and CEO of international relief organization, Samaritan's Purse);[26] and Nelson
[27] which distributes Christian literature in China).
Edman Graham (born 1958; a pastor who runs East Gates Ministries International,

Graham had 19 grandchildren and numerous great-grandchildren. His grandson

Tullian Tchividjian, son of Gigi, was the senior pastor
of Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida until he was defrocked in June 2015 after admitting to an extra-
marital affair.[28][29] Tchividjian later filed for divorce from his wife, Kim.[30] Grandson Basyle "Boz" Tchividjian, a former child
abuse chief prosecutor and professor atLiberty University School of Law, is the founder and executive director of Godly Response to
ganizations.[31]
Abuse in the Christian Environment, a nonprofit dedicated to preventing and responding to abuse in Christian or

Ministry career
While attending college, Graham became pastor of the United Gospel abernacle
T and also had other preaching engagements.

Graham served briefly as pastor of the First Baptist Church in Western Springs, Illinois, not far from Wheaton, in 1943–44. While
there, his friend Torrey Johnson, pastor of the Midwest Bible Church in Chicago, told Graham that his radio program, Songs in the
Night, was about to be canceled due to lack of funding. Consulting with the members of his church in Western Springs, Graham
decided to take over Johnson's program with financial support from his congregation. Launching the new radio program on January
2, 1944, still called Songs in the Night, Graham recruited the bass-baritone George Beverly Shea as his director of radio ministry.
While the radio ministry continued for many years, Graham decided to move on in early 1945. In 1947, at age 30, he was hired as
president of Northwestern Bible Collegein Minneapolis – at the time, the youngest person to serve as a sitting president of any U.S.
college or university. Graham served as the president from 1948 to 1952.
Initially, Graham intended to become a chaplain in the armed forces but, shortly after applying for a commission, contracted mumps.
After a period of recuperation in Florida, he was hired as the first full-time evangelist of the new Youth for Christ (YFC), co-founded
by Torrey Johnson and the Canadian evangelistCharles Templeton. Graham traveled throughout both the United States and Europe as
an YFCI evangelist. Templeton applied to Princeton Theological Seminary for an advanced theological degree and urged Graham to
[32]
do so as well, but he declined as he was already serving as the president of Northwestern Bible College.

Graham scheduled a series of revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949, for which he erected circus tents in a parking lot.[9] He
attracted national media coverage, especially in the conservative Hearst chain, although Hearst and Graham never met.[33] The
crusade event ran for eight weeks – five weeks longer than planned. Graham became a national figure with heavy coverage from the
wire services and national magazines.[34]

Crusades
Since his ministry began in 1947, Graham conducted more than 400 crusades in 185 countries and territories on six continents. The
first Billy Graham Crusade, held September 13–21, 1947, in the Civic Auditorium in Grand Rapids, Michigan, was attended by 6,000
people. Graham was 28 years old. He called them crusades, after the medieval Christian forces who conquered Jerusalem. He would
rent a large venue, such as a stadium, park, or street. As the sessions became larger, he arranged a group of up to 5,000 people to sing
in a choir. He would preach the gospel and invite people to come forward (a practice begun by Dwight L. Moody). Such people were
called inquirers and were given the chance to speak one-on-one with a counselor, to clarify questions and pray together. The inquirers
were often given a copy of the Gospel of John or a Bible study booklet. In Moscow, in 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 people in
Graham's audience went forward at his call.[17] During his crusades, he has frequently used thealtar call song, "Just As I Am".[35]

Graham was offered a five-year, $1 million contract from NBC to appear on television opposite Arthur Godfrey, but he turned it
down in favor of continuing his touring revivals because of his prearranged commitments.[25] Graham had crusades in London,
which lasted 12 weeks, and aNew York City crusade in Madison Square Gardenin 1957, which ran nightly for 16 weeks.

Student ministry
Graham spoke at InterVarsity Christian Fellowship's Urbana Student Missions Conference at least nine times: in 1948, 1957, 1961,
1964, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1987.[36]

At each Urbana conference he challenged the thousands of attendees to make a commitment to follow Jesus Christ for the rest of their
lives, often quoting a 6-word phrase written in the Bible of an heir to the Borden milk fortune, William Borden, who died in Egypt on
[37]
his way to the mission field, "no reserves, no retreat, no regrets".

Graham also held evangelistic meetings on a number of college campuses: at the University of Minnesota during InterVarsity's "Year
of Evangelism" in 1950–51, a 4-day mission at Yale University in 1957, and a week-long series of meetings at the University of
[38]
North Carolina's Carmichael Auditorium in September 1982.

In 1955 he was invited by students to lead the mission to Cambridge University, arranged by the CICCU, with the London pastor-
theologian John Stott as his chief assistant. This invitation was greeted with much disapproval in the correspondence columns of The
Times.[39]

Evangelistic association
In 1950, Graham founded the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) with its headquarters in Minneapolis. The association
relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1999. BGEA ministries have included:

Hour of Decision, a weekly radio program broadcast around the world for more than 50 years
Mission television specials broadcast in almost every market in the US and Canada
A syndicated newspaper column,My Answer, carried by newspapers across the United States and distributed by
Tribune Media Services
Decision magazine, the official publication of the association
 Christianity Today was started in 1956 withCarl F. H. Henry as its first editor
Passageway.org, the website for a youth discipleship program created by BGEA
World Wide Pictures, which has produced and distributed more than 130 films
In April 2013, the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association started "My Hope With Billy Graham", the largest outreach in its history,
encouraging church members to spread the gospel in small group meetings after showing a video message by Graham. "The idea is
for Christians to follow the example of the disciple Matthew in the New Testament and spread the gospel in their own homes."[40]
The video, called "The Cross", is the main program in the My Hope America series and was also broadcast the week of Graham's
[41]
95th birthday. In an email interview with WND, Graham wrote that "we are close to the end of the age".

Civil rights movement

During a 1953 rally in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Graham tore down the ropes that organizers had erected to separate the audience into
racial sections. He recounted in his memoirs that he told two ushers to leave the barriers down "or you can go on and have the revival
without me."[42] He warned a white audience, "we have been proud and thought we were better than any other race, any other people.
[43]
Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to stumble into hell because of our pride."

In 1957, Graham's stance towards integration became more publicly shown when he allowed black ministers Thomas Kilgore and
Gardner Taylor to serve as members of his New York Crusade's executive committee[44] and invited the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.,
whom he first met during the Montgomery bus boycottin 1955,[44] to join him in the pulpit at his 16-week revival in New York City,
where 2.3 million gathered at Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium, and Times Square to hear them.[9] Graham recalled in his
autobiography that during this time, he and King developed a close friendship and that he was eventually one of the few people who
referred to King as "Mike," a nickname which King asked only his closest friends to call him.[45] Following King's assassination in
[44] In private, Graham advised King and other members
1968, Graham mourned that the U.S. had lost "a social leader and a prophet".
of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC).[46]

Despite their friendship, tensions between Graham and King emerged in 1958 when the sponsoring committee of a crusade which
took place in San Antonio, Texas on July 25 arranged for Graham to be introduced by that state's segregationist governor, Price
Daniel.[44] On July 23, King sent a letter to Graham and informed him that allowing Daniel to speak at a crusade which occurred the
night before the state's Democratic Primary "can well be interpreted as your endorsement of racial segregation and
discrimination."[47] Graham's advisor, Grady Wilson, replied to King that "even though we do not see eye to eye with him on every
issue, we still love him in Christ."[48] Though Graham's appearance with Daniel dashed King's hopes of holding joint crusades with
Graham in the Deep South,[46] the two still remained friends and King told a Canadian television audience the following year that
Graham had taken a "very strong stance against segregation."[46] Graham and King would also come to differ on the Vietnam
War.[44] After King's "Beyond Vietnam" speech denouncing U.S. intervention in Vietnam, Graham castigated him and others for their
criticism of U.S. foreign policy.[44]

By the middle of 1960, King and Graham traveled together to the Tenth Baptist World Congress of the Baptist World Alliance.[44] In
1963, Graham posted bail for King to be released from jail during the Birmingham campaign.[49] Graham held integrated crusades in
Birmingham, Alabama, on Easter 1964 in the aftermath of the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, and toured Alabama
again in the wake of the violence that accompanied the firstSelma to Montgomery marchin 1965.[44]

Graham's faith prompted his maturing view of race and segregation; he told a member of the Ku Klux Klan that integration was
necessary primarily for religious reasons: "There is no scriptural basis for segregation," Graham argued. "The ground at the foot of
[50]
the cross is level, and it touches my heart when I see whites standing shoulder to shoulder with blacks at the cross."

Lausanne Movement
The friendship between Graham and John Stott led to a further partnership in the Lausanne Movement, of which Graham was
founder. It built on Graham's 1966 World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin. In collaboration with Christianity Today, Graham
convened what TIME magazine described as "a formidable forum, possibly the widest–ranging meeting of Christians ever held"[51]
with 2,700 participants from 150 nations gathering for the International Congress on World Evangelization. This took place in
Lausanne, Switzerland (July 16–25, 1974), and the movement which ensued took its name from the host city. Its purpose was to
strengthen the global church for world evangelization, and to engage ideological and sociological trends which bore on this.[52]
Graham invited Stott to be chief architect of the Lausanne Covenant, which issued from the Congress and which, according to
Graham, "helped challenge and unite evangelical Christians in the great task of world evangelization."[53] The movement remains a
significant fruit of Graham's legacy, with a presence in nearly every nation.[54]

Multiple roles
Graham played multiple roles that reinforced each other. Grant Wacker identifies
eight major roles he played: Preacher, Icon, Southerner, Entrepreneur, Architect (or
Bridge Builder), Pilgrim, Pastor and finally his widely recognized status as
America's Protestant Patriarch, on a par with Martin Luther King and Pope John
Paul II.[55]

Graham as Bridge Builder deliberately reached into the secular world. For example,
as Entrepreneur he built his own pavilion for the 1964 New York World's Fair.[56]
He appeared as a guest on a 1969 Woody Allen television special, where he joined Graham with his son, Franklin, at
the comedian in a witty exchange on theological matters.[57] During the Cold War, Cleveland Stadium, June 1994

Graham-the-Bridge-Builder became the first evangelist of note to speak behind the

Iron Curtain, addressing large crowds in countries throughout Eastern Europe and in
the Soviet Union, calling for peace.[58] During the apartheid era, Graham consistently refused to visit South Africa until its
government allowed integrated seating for audiences. During his first crusade there in 1973, he openly denounced apartheid.[59]
Graham also corresponded with imprisoned South African leaderNelson Mandela during the latter's 27-year imprisonment.[60]

In 1984, he led a series of meetings in the United Kingdom summer, called Mission
England, using outdoorfootball (soccer) grounds as venues.

Graham was interested in fostering evangelism around the world. In 1983, 1986 and
2000 he sponsored, organized and paid for massive training conferences for
Christian evangelists from around the world; with the largest representations of
nations ever held until that time. Over 157 nations were gathered in 2000 at the RAI
Convention Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. At one revival in Seoul, South
Korea, Graham attracted more than one million people to a single service.[25] He
appeared in China in 1988 – for Ruth, this was a homecoming, since she had been
Play media
[50]
born in China to missionary parents. He appeared in North Korea in 1992.
Billy Graham at the Feyenoord-
stadion in Rotterdam, The
On October 15, 1989, Graham received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Netherlands (June 30, 1955)
Graham was the only minister, functioning in that capacity, to receive one.[61]

On September 22, 1991, Graham held his largest event in North America on the
Great Lawn of New York's Central Park. City officials estimated more than 250,000 in attendance. In 1998, Graham spoke at TED
(conference) to a crowd of scientists and philosophers.

On September 14, 2001, in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, Graham was invited to lead a service at Washington National
Cathedral, which was attended by President George W. Bush and past and present leaders. He also spoke at the memorial service
following the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995.[50] On June 24–26, 2005, Billy Graham began what he has said would be his last
North American crusade, three days at the Flushing Meadows–Corona Parkin New York City. But on the weekend of March 11–12,
2006, Billy Graham held the "Festival of Hope" with his son, Franklin Graham. The festival was held in New Orleans, which was
recovering from Hurricane Katrina.

Graham prepared one last sermon,My Hope America, released on DVD and played around America and possibly worldwide between
November 7–10, 2013, November 7 being his 95th birthday, hoping to cause a revival.[62] It was aired on several networks, including
Fox News.[63]
Later life
Graham suffered from Parkinson's disease since 1992.[64]

Graham said that his planned retirement was because of his failing health. In August 2005, Graham appeared at the groundbreaking
for his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. Then 86, he used a walker during the ceremony. On July 9, 2006, he spoke at the Metro
Maryland Franklin Graham Festival, held in Baltimore, Maryland, at Oriole Park at Camden Yards.

In April 2010, Graham, at 91 and with substantial vision and hearing loss, made a rare public appearance at the re-dedication of the
renovated Billy Graham Library.[65]

There had been controversy over Graham's proposed burial place; he announced in June 2007 that he and his wife would be buried
alongside each other at the Billy Graham Library in his hometown of Charlotte, North Carolina. Graham's younger son Ned had
argued with older son Franklin about whether burial at a library would be appropriate. Ruth Graham had said that she wanted to be
buried not in Charlotte but in the mountains near Asheville, North Carolina, where she had lived for many years; Ned supported his
mother's choice.[66] Novelist Patricia Cornwell, a family friend, also opposed burial at the library, calling it a tourist attraction.
Franklin wanted his parents to be buried at the library site.[66] At the time of Ruth Graham's death, it was announced that they would
be buried at the library site.

Graham said, "Someday, you will read or hear that Billy Graham is dead. Don't you believe a word of it. I shall be more alive than I
[67]
am now. I will just have changed my address. I will have gone into the presence of God."

Death
[68]
Graham died from natural causes on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99.

Politics
After his close relationships withLyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, Graham tried to avoid explicit partisanship. Bailey says:

He declined to sign or endorse political statements, and he distanced himself from the
Christian right...His early years of fierce opposition to communism gave way to pleas for
military disarmament and attention to AIDS, poverty and environmental threats.[69]

Graham was a registered member of the Democratic Party.[70] In 1960 he was opposed to the candidacy of John F. Kennedy because
as a Catholic he was bound to follow the Pope. Graham worked "behind the scenes" to encourage influential Protestant ministers to
speak out against him.[71] Graham met with a conference of Protestant ministers in Montreux, Switzerland, during the 1960
.[72] According to the PBS Frontline program, God in America
campaign, to discuss their mobilizing congregations to defeat Kennedy
(2010), Episode 5, Graham also organized a meeting in September 1960 of hundreds of Protestant ministers in Washington, D.C. to
this purpose; Norman Vincent Peale led the meeting.[71] This was shortly before Kennedy's speech on the separation of church and
state in Houston, Texas, which was considered to be successful in meeting concerns of many voters.

Graham leaned toward the Republicans during the presidency of Richard Nixon whom he had met and befriended as Vice President
under Dwight Eisenhower.[73] He did not completely ally himself with the later religious right, saying that Jesus did not have a
political party.[17] He gave his support to various political candidates over the years.
[73]

Graham refused to join Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority in 1979, saying: "I'm for morality, but morality goes beyond sex to human
freedom and social justice. We as clergy know so very little to speak with authority on thePanama Canal or superiority of armaments.
Evangelists cannot be closely identified with any particular party or person. We have to stand in the middle in order to preach to all
[50]
people, right and left. I haven't been faithful to my own advice in the past. I will be in the future."
According to a 2006 Newsweek interview, "For Graham, politics is a secondary to the Gospel...When Newsweek asked Graham
whether ministers – whether they think of themselves as evangelists, pastors or a bit of both – should spend time engaged with
politics, he replied: 'You know, I think in a way that has to be up to the individual as he feels led of the Lord. A lot of things that I
commented on years ago would not have been of the Lord, I'm sure, but I think you have some – like communism, or segregation, on
[74]
which I think you have a responsibility to speak out.'"

In 2012, Graham publicly endorsed the Republican presidential candidate, Mitt Romney.[75] Shortly after, apparently in order to
accommodate Romney who is a Mormon, references to Mormonism as a religious cult ("A cult is any group which teaches doctrines
or beliefs that deviate from the biblical message of the Christian faith.") were removed from Graham's website.[76][77] Observers
have questioned whether the support of Republican and religious right politics on issues such as same-sex marriage coming from
Graham – who stopped speaking in public or to reporters – in fact reflects the views of his son, Franklin, head of the BGEA. Franklin
[78]
denied this, and said that he would continue to act as his father's spokesperson rather than allowing press conferences.

Pastor to presidents
Graham had a personal audience with many sitting US presidents, from Harry S.
Truman to Barack Obama – 12 consecutive presidents. After meeting with Truman
in 1950, Graham told the press he had urged the president to counter communism in
North Korea. Truman disliked him and did not speak with him for years after that
meeting.[17] Later he always treated his conversations with presidents as
confidential.[73]

Graham became a regular visitor during the tenure of Dwight D. Eisenhower. He

President Ronald Reagan and first
purportedly urged him to intervene with federal troops in the case of the Little Rock
lady Nancy Reagan greet Graham at
Nine to gain admission of black students to public schools.[17] House Speaker Sam
the National Prayer Breakfastof
Rayburn convinced Congress to allow Graham to conduct the first religious service 1981
on the steps of the Capitol building in 1952.[17][79] Eisenhower asked for Graham
while on his deathbed.[80]

Graham met and would become a close friend of Vice President Richard
Nixon,[73][81] and supported Nixon, a Quaker, for the 1960 presidential election.[17]
He convened an August strategy session of evangelical leaders in Montreaux,
Switzerland, to plan how best to oppose Nixon's Roman Catholic opponent, Senator
John F. Kennedy.[82] Though a registered Democrat, Graham also maintained firm
support of aggression against the foreign threat of Communism and strongly
.[81] Thus, he was
sympathized with Nixon's views regarding American foreign policy
more sympathetic to Republican administrations.[73][83]

On December 16, 1963, US PresidentLyndon B. Johnson, who was impressed by the

way Graham had praised the work of his great-grandfather Rev. George Washington
Baines, invited Graham to the White House to give him spiritual counseling.[6] After
this visit, Johnson frequently would call on Graham for more spiritual counseling as
well as companionship.[84] As Graham recalled to his biographer Frady, "I almost
used the White House as a hotel when Johnson was President. He was always trying 1966
[84]
to keep me there. He just never wanted me to leave."

In striking contrast with his more limited access with Truman, Eisenhower and Kennedy, Graham would not only visit the White
House private quarters but would also at times kneel at Johnson's bedside and then pray with him whenever the President requested
him to do so.[84] Graham once recalled "I have never had many people do that."[84] In addition to his White House visits, Graham
would visit Johnson at Camp David and occasionally met with the President when he retreated to his private ranch in Stonewall,
Texas.[84] Johnson would also become the first sitting President to attend one of Graham's crusades, which took place in Houston,
Texas in 1965.[84]

During the 1964 US presidential election, supporters of Republican nominee Barry Goldwater sent an estimated 2 million telegrams
to Graham's hometown of Montreat, North Carolina, and sought the preacher's endorsement.[85] Supportive of Johnson's domestic
policies,[86] and hoping to preserve his friendship with the President,[86] Graham resisted pressure to endorse Goldwater and stayed
neutral in the election.[86] Following Johnson's election victory, Graham's role as the main White House pastor was solidified.[86] At
one point, Johnson even considered making Graham a member of his cabinet and grooming him to be his successor,[86] though
Graham insisted he had no political ambitions and wished to remain a preacher.[86] Graham's biographer David Aikman
[6]
acknowledged that the preacher was closer to Johnson than any other President he had ever known.

He spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House, and he stayed for the first night of Nixon's.[80] After Nixon's
victorious 1968 presidential campaign, Graham became an adviser, regularly visiting the White House and leading the president's
private worship services.[73] In a meeting they had with Golda Meir, Nixon offered Graham the ambassadorship to Israel, but he
refused.[17]

In 1970, Nixon appeared at a Graham revival in East Tennessee, which they thought
safe politically. It drew one of the largest crowds in Tennessee and protesters against
the Vietnam War. Nixon was the first president to give a speech from an evangelist's
platform.[73] Their friendship became strained in 1973 when Graham rebuked Nixon
for his post-Watergate behavior and the profanity heard on the Watergate tapes;[87]
[73]
they eventually reconciled after Nixon's resignation.

Graham was criticized by some for being too attracted to the seat of political power.
Graham officiated at one presidential burial and one presidential funeral. He Billy Graham meeting with President
presided over the graveside services of President Lyndon Johnson in 1973 and took Barack Obama in Montreat, April
part in eulogizing the former president. Graham officiated at the funeral services of 2010
former First Lady Pat Nixon in 1993,[17] and the death and funeral of Richard Nixon
in 1994. He was unable to attend the state funeral of Ronald Reagan on June 11,
gery.[88] This was mentioned byGeorge Bush in his eulogy.
2004, as he was recovering from hip replacement sur

On April 25, 2010, President Barack Obama visited Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina where they "had a private
prayer."[89]

Relationship with Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom

[90][91]
Graham had a friendly relationship withQueen Elizabeth II and was frequently invited by the Royal Family to special events.

Foreign policy views

Graham was outspoken against communism and supported the American Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War. In a 1999
speech, Graham discussed his relationship with the late North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung, praising him as a "different kind of
communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese." Graham went on to note that although he
had never met Kim's son and former North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, he had "exchanged gifts with him."[92] Graham gave a globe
[87]
surmounted with doves to the North Korean Friendship Museum.

In 1982, Graham preached in the Soviet Union and attended a wreath-laying ceremony to honor the war dead of World War II, when
the Soviets were American allies in the fight against Nazism. He voiced fear of a second holocaust, not against Jews, but "a nuclear
."[93]
holocaust" and advised that "our greatest contribution to world peace is to live with Christ every day
In March 12, 1991, Graham said in reference to the Persian Gulf War: "As ... President Bush has said, it is not the people of Iraq we
are at war with. It is some of the people in that regime. Pray for peace in the Middle East, a just peace."[94] Graham had earlier said
that "there come times when we have to fight for peace." He went on to say that out of the war in the Gulf may "come a new peace
and, as suggested by the President, anew world order."[95]

Controversies

Discussion of Jews with President Nixon

During the Watergate affair, there were suggestions that Graham had agreed with many of President Richard Nixon's antisemitic
opinions, but he denied them and stressed his efforts to build bridges to the Jewish community. In 2002, the controversy was renewed
when declassified "Richard Nixon tapes" confirmed remarks made by Graham to Nixon three decades earlier.[96] Captured on the
tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews control the American media, calling it a "stranglehold" during a 1972 conversation with
Nixon.[97]

When the tapes were made public, Graham apologized[98][99] and said, "Although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret
comments I apparently made in an Oval Office conversation with President Nixon ... some 30 years ago. ... They do not reflect my
views and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks."[100] According to Newsweek magazine, "[T]he shock of the
revelation was magnified because of Graham's longtime support of Israel and his refusal to join in calls for conversion of the
Jews."[99]

In 2009, more Nixon tapes were released, in which Graham is heard in a 1973 conversation with Nixon referring to Jews and "the
synagogue of Satan". A spokesman for Graham said that Graham has never been an antisemite and that the comparison (in accord
with the context of the quotation in the Book of Revelation[101] ) was directed specifically at those claiming to be Jews, but not
holding to traditional Jewish values.[102]

Ecumenism
After a 1957 crusade in New York, some more fundamentalist Protestant Christians criticized Graham for his ecumenism, even
calling him "Antichrist".[103]

Graham expressed inclusivist views, suggesting that people without explicit faith in Jesus can be saved. In a 1997 interview with
Robert Schuller, Graham said

I think that everybody that loves or knows Christ, whether they are conscious of it or not, they are members of the
body of Christ ... [God] is calling people out of the world for his name, whether they come from the Muslim world, or
the Buddhist world or the non-believing world, they are members of the Body of Christ because they have been called
by God. They may not know the name of Jesus but they know in their hearts that they need something they do not
have, and they turn to the only light they have, and I think that they are saved and they are going to be with us in
heaven.[104]

Iain Murray, writing from a conservative Protestant standpoint, argues that "Graham's concessions are sad words from one who once
spoke on the basis of biblical certainties."[105]

Views on women
In 1970, Graham stated that feminism was "an echo of our overall philosophy of permissiveness" and that women did not want to be
"competitive juggernauts pitted against male chauvinists". He further stated that the role of wife, mother, and homemaker was the
[106]
destiny of "real womanhood" according to the Judeo-Christian ethic.
Graham was well known for his practice of not spending time alone with any woman other than his wife. This has become known as
the Billy Graham rule.[107]

Views on same-sex marriage

Graham opposed same-sex marriage.[108] In 2012 he took out full page ads when a battle over a proposed constitutional amendment
[109][110]
in North Carolina to ban same-sex marriage was put up for a vote.

Criticism and funeral picket by Westboro Baptist Church

Billy Graham has repeatedly been the subject of public attack and ridicule by members of the Westboro Baptist Church, who have
publicly picketed many of Graham's speaking engagements. They refer to Graham in their church-distributed materials as a "hell-
bound false prophet who preaches sugary lies and smooth vanities" and that Graham would "split hell wide open" when he
died.[111][112] Fred Phelps repeatedly made public statements that the Westboro Baptist Church would picket Graham's funeral.
Following the announcement of Graham's death, Westboro members posted to their Twitter account that Billy Graham was now in
[113][114][115][116][117]
hell and that they would be picketing his funeral to "warn the living to repent."

Writings
[118]
Graham's My Answer advice column has appeared in newspapers for more than 60 years as of 2017.

Graham has written the following books;[119] many have become bestsellers. In the 1970s, for instance, The Jesus Generation sold
200,000 copies in the first two weeks after publication; Angels: God's Secret Agents had sales of a million copies within 90 days after
[25]
release; How to Be Born Againwas said to have made publishing history with its first printing of 800,000 copies."

Calling Youth to Christ (1947) A Biblical Standard for Evangelists(1984)

America's Hour of Decision(1951) Unto the Hills (1986)
I Saw Your Sons at War (1953) Facing Death and the Life After(1987)
Peace with God (1953, 1984) Answers to Life's Problems(1988)
Freedom from the Seven Deadly Sins(1955) Hope for the Troubled Heart (1991)
The Secret of Happiness(1955, 1985) Storm Warning (1992)
Billy Graham Talks to Teenagers (1958) Just As I Am: The Autobiography of Billy Graham
My Answer (1960) (1997, 2007)
Billy Graham Answers Your Questions (1960) Hope for Each Day (2002)
World Aflame (1965) The Key to Personal Peace(2003)
The Challenge (1969) Living in God's Love: The New York Crusade (2005)
The Jesus Generation (1971) The Journey: How to Live by Faith in an Uncertain
World (2006)
Angels: God's Secret Agents(1975, 1985)
Nearing Home: Life, Faith, and Finishing Well (2011)
How to Be Born Again (1977)
The Heaven Answer Book(2012)
The Holy Spirit (1978)
Evangelist to the World(1979) The Reason for My Hope: Salvation(2013)[120]
Till Armageddon (1981) Where I Am: Heaven, Eternity, and Our Life Beyond
the Now (2015)[121]
Approaching Hoofbeats(1983)

Awards and honors

Graham was frequently honored by surveys, including "Greatest Living American" and consistently ranked among the most admired
persons in the United States and the world.[25] He appeared most frequently onGallup's list of most admired people.[122] Since 1955,
Graham was recognized by Gallup a record 55 times (49 times consecutively) – more than any other individual in history
.

In 1967, he was the firstProtestant to receive an honorary degree from Belmont Abbey College, a Roman Catholic school.[123]
Graham received the Big Brother of the Year Award for his work on behalf of children. He has been cited by the George Washington
Carver Memorial Institute for his contributions to race relations. He has received the Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in
Religion and the Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, Country". The "Billy Graham Children's Health
[124]
Center" in Asheville is named after and funded by Graham.

For hosting many Christian musical artists, Graham was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999 by the Gospel Music
Association.[125] Singer Michael W. Smith is active in Billy Graham Crusades as well asSamaritan's Purse.[126]

[127]
In 1983, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U.S. President Ronald Reagan.

In 2000, former First Lady Nancy Reagan presented the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award to Graham. Graham was a friend of the
Reagans for years.[128]

In 2001, Queen Elizabeth II awarded him an honorary knighthood. The honour was presented to him by Sir Christopher Meyer,
ashington D.C. on December 6, 2001.[129]
British Ambassador to the U.S. at the British Embassy in W

A professorial chair is named after him at the Alabama Baptist-affiliated Samford University, the Billy Graham Professor of
Evangelism and Church Growth.[96] His alma mater Wheaton College has an archive of his papers at the Billy Graham Center.[9]
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has the Billy Graham School of Missions, Evangelism and Ministry. Graham has
received 20 honorary degrees and refused at least that many more.[25] In San Francisco, California, the Bill Graham Civic
Auditorium is sometimes erroneously called the "Billy Graham Civic Auditorium" and falsely considered to be named in his honor,
but it is actually named after the rock and roll promoterBill Graham.[130]

On May 31, 2007, the $27 million Billy Graham Library was officially dedicated in Charlotte. Former presidents Jimmy Carter,
George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton appeared to celebrate with Graham.[131] A highway in Charlotte bears Graham's name,[66] as
does I-240 near Graham's home inAsheville.

The movie Billy: The Early Years premiered in theaters officially on October 10, 2008, less than one month before Graham's 90th
birthday.[132] Graham didn't comment on the film, but his son, Franklin released a critical statement on August 18, 2008, noting that
the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association "has not collaborated with nor does it endorse the movie."[133] Graham's eldest daughter
[134]
Gigi praised the movie and has been hired as a consultant to help promote the film.

Other honors
The Salvation Army's Distinguished Service Medal
Who's Who in Americaannually since 1954
Freedoms Foundation Distinguished Persons Award
(numerous years)
Gold Medal Award, National Institute of Social
Science, New York, 1957
Annual Gutenberg Award of the Chicago Bible Society,
1962
Gold Award of the George Washington Carver
Memorial Institute, 1964, for contribution to race
relations, presented bySenator Javits (NY)[135]
Speaker of the Year Award, 1964
American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate
Award, 1965
Horatio Alger Award, 1965[135]
National Citizenship Award by the Military Chaplains
Association of the U.S.A., 1965
Wisdom Award of Honor, 1965[136]
The Torch of Liberty Plaque by theAnti-Defamation
League of B'nai B'rith, 1969
George Washington Honor Medal fromFreedoms
Foundation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, for his
sermon "The Violent Society," 1969 (also in 1974)
Honored by Morality in Media for "fostering the
principles of truth, taste, inspiration and love in media,"
1969
International Brotherhood Award from the National
Conference of Christians and Jews, 1971
Distinguished Service Award from the National
Association of Broadcasters, 1972
Franciscan International Award, 1972[135]
Sylvanus Thayer Award from United States Military
Academy Association of Graduates at West Point (The
most prestigious award the United States Military
Academy gives to a U.S. citizen), 1972
Direct Selling Association's Salesman of the Decade
award, 1975
Philip Award from the Association of United Methodist
Evangelists, 1976
American Jewish Committee's First National
Interreligious Award, 1977
Southern Baptist Radio and Television Commission's
Distinguished Communications Medal, 1977
 Jabotinsky Centennial Medal presented by The
Jabotinsky Foundation, 1980
Religious Broadcasting Hall of Fame award, 1981
Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion
award, 1982[135]
Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest
civilian award,1983
National Religious BroadcastersAward of Merit, 1986
North Carolina Award in Public Service, 1986
Good Housekeeping Most Admired Men Poll, 1997,
No. 1 for five years in a row and 16th time in top 10
Congressional Gold Medal(along with wife Ruth),
highest honor Congress can bestow on a private
citizen, 1996
Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation Freedom
Award, for monumental and lasting contributions to the
cause of freedom, 2000
Honorary Knight Commander of theOrder of the
British Empire (KBE) for his international contribution
to civic and religious life over 60 years, 2001
Many honorary degrees includingUniversity of
Northwestern – St. Paul, Minnesota, where Graham
was once president, named its newest campus
building the Billy Graham Community Life
Commons.[137]

Media portrayals
The Crown (2016 – present): Netflix series, Season 2 Episode 6. Played by actorPaul Sparks.[138]
Billy: The Early Years (2008): Played by actorArmie Hammer.[139]
Man in the 5th Dimension(1964): short biographical film featuring Graham

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Further reading
Aikman, David (2007).Billy Graham: His Life and Influence. Nashville: Thomas Nelson.ASIN B008JM5FE2. short
biography
Finstuen, Andrew, et al, eds. Billy Graham: American Pilgrim(Oxford UP, 2017) 326 pp. essays by scholars
Himes, A. (2011). Sword of the Lord: the roots of fundamentalism in an American familySeattle: Chiara Press.
King, Randall E. (1997). "When worlds collide: Politics, religion, and media at the 1970 Eastennessee
T Billy Graham
crusade". Journal of Church & State. 39#2 (2): 273–95. doi:10.1093/jcs/39.2.273.
Long, Michael G. ed. (2008).The Legacy of Billy Graham: Critical Reflections on America's Greatest Evangelist .
ASIN B002LE87N0. scholarly essays
Martin, William (2007).A Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story . Grand Rapids: Zondervan.ISBN 0-310-
24198-7. scholarly biography, updated from 1991 edition published by William Morrow.
Martin, William (2013).Prophet with Honor: The Billy Graham Story. Grand Rapids: Zonderkidz.
ASIN B004HOV0CW. Middle-school version.
Miller, Steven P. (2009). Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South . University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN 978-0-8122-4151-8.
Pollock, John (1979). Billy Graham: Evangelist to the World. ISBN 0060666919.
Sherwood, Timothy H. (2013). The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman V incent Peale, and Billy
Graham in the Age of Extremes. Lexington Books. pp. 1–158.ASIN B00E1CYKCC.
Strober, Deborah Hart Strober and Gerald S.Strober (2006). Billy Graham: A Narrative and Oral Biography. Jossey-
Bass. ISBN 978-0-78-79-8401-4.
Wacker, Grant (2009). "Billy Graham's America".Church History. 78#3 (3): 489–511.
doi:10.1017/S0009640709990400. scholarly overview
Wacker, Grant (2014) [2006]. America's Pastor: Billy Graham and the Shaping of a Nation . Harvard University Press.
Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-674-05218-5.

External links
Official website
1957 event in Times Square, streaming video clip
Monroe Billington, Oral History Interview with Billy Graham
, October 12, 1983, transcript, Lyndon Baines Johnson
Library
Billy Graham at TED
Appearances on C-SPAN
The New York Times obituary
Reuters obituary
Billy Graham at Goodreads

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