PRACTICAL-4

AIM: Test the performance of miscellaneous electronic components (Loudspeaker,

Microphone, Relay and Switch).

1. LOUDSPEAKER:
How to test loudspeaker:
 Look closely at the terminals and determine which is positive and which is negative.
 There is often a “+” and a “-” sign to identify them.
 Connect the multi-meter’s red probe to the positive side and the black probe to the
negative side.
 Typically, the resistance reading should be roughly 15% less than the nominal
impedance on the label.
 It’s normal for an 8-ohm speaker to have resistance between 6 to 7 ohms.
 The majority of loudspeakers have a nominal impedance of 4,8,16 ohms.

2. MICROPHONE:
How to test loudspeaker:
 Set your multi-meter on continuity rang 1x
 Put red prod on center of mic (+mic) and black prod on body or negative, its will
show some reading
 Its healthy now
 After that check its shortage , change your prods and vice versa it
 Now it will show high resistance, mean needle will not move, now confirm you mic is
healthy.

3. RELAY:
How to test relay using DMM
Find and remove the relay.

 The relay should not be tested while it is connected to the circuit. The relay is
typically located in a place where larger electric parts are placed. In a car, this is likely
a relay or fuse box. Use your fingers to unplug the relay from the socket in which it is
placed.
 Note the relay position. The positioning and polarity of relays and fuses should be
printed on the inside of the relay box or fuse box cover. Note the position of the relay
that was removed so that it may be replaced in the proper position and orientation.
Find the relay characteristics.

 The relay will have 4 pins; 2 will connect to the control circuit and 2 will connect to
the high power load. Identify the relay as an ISO mini type. The International
Standards Organization (ISO) defines this type of relay as 1 inch (2.5 cm) square
 (25.4 mm square). ISO defines mini relays with the control circuit connected to pin 86
and pin 85, and the load circuit connected to pin 30 and pin 87 or 87a. There will be
only 1 second load pin, 87 or 87a, not both.
 Determine that the relay is an ISO micro type. The ISO defines this type of relay as 1
inch (2.5 cm) by 1 inch (2.5 cm) by 0.5 inches (25.4 mm by 25.4 mm by 12.7 mm).
An ISO micro relay has the control circuit connected to pin 86 and pin 85, and the
load circuit connected to pin 30 and pin 87 or 87a. There will be only 1 second load
pin, 87 or 87a, not both.
 Read the relay connections printed on the relay. The control circuit will be depicted as
a coil of wire on the surface printing of the relay. The load circuit will be depicted as
straight lines with a dot or circle on the end of one of the lines. If the 2 lines are
depicted as not connecting at the circle or dot, the relay is a normally open (NO)
relay. If the 2 lines are depicted as meeting at the circle or dot, the relay is a normally
closed (NC) relay. It is important to know if the relay is NO or NC during further
testing.
 Determine if the relay is internally protected against voltage spikes. A relay with
internal protection will have a diode symbol shown on the package drawing connected
around the control coil. The diode symbol will be a triangle with a line attached
perpendicularly to 1 of the points. The line shown on the diode symbol will indicated
the positive polarity end of the diode.
Confirm the integrity of the relay load connections.

 Use a digital multi-meter (DMM) or analog ohmmeter to measure the resistance

across the load connections of the relay. The reading should be open (infinite ohms)
on an NO relay and short (0 ohms) on an NC relay. DMMs and analog ohmmeters are
available in electronic parts and hobby stores.

Apply power from a test power supply to the control circuit.

 The voltage applied should be that of the rating of the relay. This rating will be
indicated on the relay. If the relay has been determined to be voltage spike protected,
positive power must be applied to the pin that connects to the positive polarity end of
the relay internal diode. If the relay has been determined to not be voltage spike
protected, the test power source may be connected to the control pins of the relay in
either direction.

Listen for the click.

 When power is applied to the control circuit, a slight click should be heard as the
relay activates.

Determine the transition of the load connectors.

 Use the DMM or analog ohmmeter to measure the resistance across the load
connections of the relay. The reading should be short (0 ohms) on an NO relay and
open (infinite ohms) on an NC relay.

Confirm the current carrying ability of the load connectors.

4. SWITCH:
Before de-soldering just see if the resistance changes across the nodes when pressed. Unit
doesn't need to be on while doing this. It varies a little depending on how the switch is
designed to work (double pull single throw, so on and so forth). But generally resistance
across two or more of the nodes should go from infinity to 0 when pressed

Toggle Switch: The middle pin will probably be the common, put one probe of your meter on
that (redish brown wire). Put the other probe on the other wires (eg green). Put the meter onto
resistance mode (or continuity if you have the option) then toggle the switch. You should see
when the switch is on or off (0.00 for on, OL or 9999 for off). Then put the probe on the blue
wire and repeat.

1. A switch test device comprising: a flexible tab having a fixed end and a free end; a
pushing member having an attaching mechanism on a first end and a pushing
surface on a second end opposite the first end, the attaching mechanism used to
attach the pushing member to the flexible tab at the free end of the flexible tab; a
deformation sensitive resistor on a surface of the flexible tab, the deformation
sensitive resistor being operable to generate a signal that changes relative to a
deformation of the flexible tab.
2. The switch test device of claim 1 where the deformation sensitive resistor includes
a strain gage.
3. The switch test device of claim 1 where the deformation sensitive resistor includes
at least one uni-axial strain gage.
4. The switch test device of claim 1 where the deformation sensitive resistor includes
a multi-axial strain gage.
5. The switch test device of claim 1 where the pushing member includes a wheel on
the second end of the pushing member.
6. The switch test device of claim 1 where the deformation sensitive resistor is
coupled to a data collection system.
7. A system for testing a push-button switch comprising: a switch test device having
a flexible tab, the flexible tab having a fixed end, a free end and a force receiving
region between the fixed end and the free end for receiving a known force; a
pushing member having an attaching mechanism on a first end and a pushing
surface on a second end opposite the first end, the attaching mechanism used to
attach the pushing member to the flexible tab at the free end of the flexible tab;a
deformation sensitive resistor on a surface of the flexible tab, the deformation
sensitive resistor being operable to generate a signal that changes relative to a
deformation of the flexible tab; anda data collection system connected to the
switch test device to receive signals from the deformation sensitive resistor.
8. The system of claim 7 where the deformation sensitive resistor includes a strain
gage.
9. The system of claim 7 where the deformation sensitive resistor includes at least
one uni-axial strain gage.
10. The system of claim 7 where the deformation sensitive resistor includes a multi-
axial strain gage.
11. The system of claim 7 where the pushing member includes a wheel on the second
end of the pushing member.
12. A system for testing a plurality of push-button switches comprising:a plurality of
 flexible tabs, each flexible tab having a fixed end, a free end and a force receiving
region between the fixed end and the free end for receiving a known force;a
plurality of pushing members, each pushing member attached to a corresponding
one of the flexible tabs at the free end of the flexible tab;a plurality of deformation
sensitive resistors mounted surfaces of the flexible tabs, the deformation sensitive
resistors being operable to generate a signal that changes relative to a deformation
of the flexible tab;a force generating mechanism operable to impose a known
force on the flexible tabs;a data collection system connected to the deformation
sensitive resistors to receive signals from the deformation sensitive resistors as the
known force is imposed on the flexible tabs.
13. The system of claim 12 where each flexible tab is formed by a flexible tab cutout
in a sheet of flexible material.
14. The system of claim 12 where the flexible tabs are arranged in a layout that
mirrors a test specimen layout.
15. The system of claim 12 where the deformation sensitive resistors include a strain
gage.
16. The system of claim 12 where the deformation sensitive resistors include at least
one uni-axial strain gage.
17. The system of claim 12 where the deformation sensitive resistors include a multi-
axial strain gage.
18. The system of claim 12 where each pushing member includes a wheel on the
second end of the pushing member.