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W = Fx ∆x
No work is done on a
bucket when it is moved
horizontally because the
applied force F: is
perpendicular to the
displacement.
Example 1:
An Eskimo returning from a successful
fishing trip pulls a sled loaded with salmon.
The total mass of the sled and salmon is
50.0 kg, and the Eskimo exerts a force of
magnitude 1.20×102 N on the sled by pulling
on the rope.
(a) How much work does he do on the sled if the rope is horizontal
to the ground (θ = 0°) and he pulls the sled 5.00 m?
(b) How much work does he do on the sled if θ = 30.0° and he
pulls the sled the same distance? (Treat the sled as a point
particle, so details such as the point of attachment of the rope
make no difference.)
(c) At a coordinate position of 12.4 m, the Eskimo lets up on the
applied force. A friction force of 45.0 N between the ice and the
sled brings the sled to rest at a coordinate position of 18.2 m.
How much work does friction do on the sled?
Example 2:
Suppose that in Example 1 the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the loaded 50.0-kg
sled and snow is 0.200. (a) The Eskimo
again pulls the sled 5.00 m, exerting a force
of 1.20×102 N at an angle of 0°. Find the
work done on the sled by friction, and the
net work. (b) Repeat the calculation if the
applied force is exerted at an angle of 30.0°
with the horizontal.
Kinetic Energy
• Energy associated with the motion of an object of
mass m moving with a speed v.
•
• Scalar quantity with the same units as work.
• Work is related to kinetic energy.
• Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem: When work is done
by a net force on an object and the only change in
the object is its speed, the work done is equal to
the change in the object’s kinetic energy.
•
– Speed will increase if the net work is positive
– Speed will decrease if the net work is negative
Wnet = Fnet ∆x = (ma )∆x
v 2 = v02 + 2a∆x
v 2 − v02
a∆x =
2
v 2 − v02
Wnet = m An object undergoes a displacement and a
2 change in velocity under the action of a
constant net force Fnet.
Wnet = 12 mv 2 − 12 mv02
Example 3:
The driver of a 1.00×103 kg car traveling on the interstate at
35.0 m/s (nearly 80.0 mph) slams on his brakes to avoid
hitting a second vehicle in front of him, which had come to
rest because of congestion ahead. After the brakes are
applied, a constant kinetic friction force of magnitude
8.00×103 N acts on the car. Ignore air resistance.
(a) At what minimum distance should the brakes be applied
to avoid a collision with the other vehicle?
(b) If the distance between the vehicles is initially only
30.0 m, at what speed would the collision occur?
Types of Forces
• There are two general kinds of forces:
– Conservative
• Work and energy associated with the force can be
recovered
– Nonconservative
• The forces are generally dissipative and work done
against it cannot easily be recovered
Conservative Forces
• A force is conservative if the work it does on an
object moving between two points is independent of
the path the objects take between the points.
– The work depends only upon the initial and final positions
of the object
– Any conservative force can have a potential energy
function associated with it
• Examples of conservative forces include:
– Gravity
– Spring force
– Electromagnetic forces
• Potential energy is another way of looking at the
work done by conservative forces.
Nonconservative Forces
• A force is nonconservative if the work it does on
an object depends on the path taken by the
object between its final and starting points.
• Examples of nonconservative
forces:
– Kinetic friction, air drag,
propulsive forces
• The blue path is shorter than
the red path
• The work required is less on
the blue path than on the red
path
• Friction depends on the path
and so is a non-conservative
force
Work-Energy Theorem Revisited
• The theorem can be expressed in terms of the
work done by both conservative forces, Wc,
and nonconservative forces, Wnc
• Wc + Wnc = ∆KE
Potential Energy
• Potential energy is associated with the position of
the object within some system.
– Potential energy is a property of the system, not the object
– A system is a collection of objects interacting via forces or
processes that are internal to the system
• For every conservative force a potential energy
function can be found.
• Evaluating the difference of the function at any two
points in an object’s path gives the negative of the
work done by the force between those two points.
Gravitational Potential Energy
• Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy associated
with the relative position of an object in space near the
Earth’s surface.
– Objects interact with the earth through
the gravitational force
– Actually the potential energy is for the
earth-object system
• PE = mgy
•
• Units of Potential Energy are the same
as those of Work and Kinetic Energy
– Joule (J)
Work-Energy Theorem, Extended
• The work-energy theorem can be extended to
include potential energy:
• Wnc = 0
• An extended form of conservation of
mechanical energy can be used
– The PE of the spring is added to both sides of the
conservation of energy equation
•
• The same problem-solving strategies apply
– Also need to define the equilibrium position of the
spring
Nonconservative Forces with
Energy Considerations
• When nonconservative forces are present, the total
mechanical energy of the system is not constant.
• The work done by all nonconservative forces acting on
parts of a system equals the change in the mechanical
energy of the system.
–