Physics Cruncher ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

ORBITAL RADIUS OF A SOLENOID B

CHARGED PARTICLE SERIES CAPACITORS
IN A MAGNETIC FIELD L
x x x x x x x x
B B B 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x x x = + + + .....
v CT C1 C2 C3
x x x x x x x x
+ I
x x x x xF x q x
x x x x x x x x
B
B =μ 0N I
B
x x x x x x x x
L
B is into the page C1 C2 C3
This equation gives the magnetic field
r = mv strength at the center of a long solenoid.
qB
F would point to the right for a
negative charge

TORQUE KEPLER”S LAWS ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS

Top The trip from 1
A to B takes as
ω = ω i + αt θ = (ω i + ω )t
F A 2
t Fsi n Ø long as the trip
. r Ø 1 2
Sun from C to D. D θ = ω it + αt ω = ω i2 + 2αθ
2

a 2
Top planet focus focus θ = Displacement
4π 2 a3 C
Torque (t)is the product of the length of the lever B T2 = ω = final velocity
arm and the component of the force causing the GM t = time
a = semimajor axis α = acceleration
torque that is perpendicular to the lever arm.
1. Planets revolve the sun in elliptical
t = r F sin Ø orbits ω i = initial velocity
2. The segment joining the planet and
Side the Sun sweeps out equal areas in UNITS
equal radians
t
r
radians
Fsi n Ø
time intervals ω= α=
3. T2 is proportional to a3 s s2
M = mass of Sun Nm2
Side G = 6.67 x 10 -11 2 θ = radians t=s
axis
kg 1 rev = 2π radians
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION SIMPLE MACHINES
a=-max a=0 a=max P E =max P E= 0 P E= m a x f F

A A A A
x=-A x=0 x=A x=-A x =0 x=A
Hydraulic Press
1
SHM-Acc. (a) a =- k x SHM-PE PE = k x2 f F
m 2 =
a A
v=0 v = - m a x v=max v=0
T

F f

A A A A
x=-A x= 0 x=A
R r
x = -A x= 0 x=A
SHM-Velocity FR =f r
m k 2 2
SHM-Per. (T) T = 2 π v =
k m (A - x ) FORCE on a
Physics Cruncher ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7
BRAGG EQUATION IRRADIANCE
incident r a y

I = P
50 W a t t s
reflected rays
A
Ø Ø

d 5 m2
2d sin Ø plane o f atoms 10 W/ m 2
Irradiance is power per unit area.
Irradiance is also called radiant flux
density. The more power per unit
area the greater the irradiance.
50 W a t t s

1 m2
50 W /m 2

Size of Image
CONVEX LENSES Object Image Image Image Orientation
Case#
refracted rays Position Position Type Relative to Relative to
parallel intersection gives
image location on Object Size Object
object f
f principal Infinite
image
I Beyond 2Fʼ
At F Real Reduced Inverted

Finite Between
m = - di II Beyond 2Fʼ F & 2F
Real Reduced Inverted
do 1 1 1
+ = Same size
m = hi do di f Converging III At 2Fʼ At 2F Real
as object
Inverted
Lenses
ho Between
do is + if the object is in front of the lens
IV 2Fʼ & Fʼ
Beyond 2F Real Enlarged Inverted
do is - if the object is in back of the lens
di is + if the image is in back of the lens V At Fʼ No Image No Image No Image No Image
di is - if the image is in front of the lens
Between Same side
f is + for a converging lens VI Fʼ & O as object
Virtual Enlarged Erect
(sometimes called a convex or positive lens)
f is - for a diverging lens
Diverging Anywhere in Same side
(sometimes called a concave or negative lens)
Lenses
All Front as object
Virtual Reduced Erect

CONCAVE MIRRORS Size of Image

Object Image Image Image Orientation
Case#
Position Position Type Relative to Relative to
Object Size Object

C F A Infinite Reduced to
I Beyond C
At F Real
a point at F
Inverted

Finite Between
II Beyond C C&F
Real Reduced Inverted

Same size
Concave III At C At C Real
as object
Inverted
CONVEX MIRRORS Mirrors
Between
IV C&F
Beyond C Real Enlarged Inverted

V At F No Image No Image No Image No Image

A F C
i Between Behind
O VI F&A Mirror
Virtual Enlarged Erect

Convex All Anywhere in Behind

Virtual Reduced Erect
Mirrors Front Mirror
Physics Cruncher ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 8

ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS GAS LAWS ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

(BUOYANT FORCE)
Charles Law (constant volume)
sp < 1
P1 P2 B = dVg
r
= sp=1
r T1 T2
sp = 1
Boyle’s Law (constant temperature) sp >1
sphere ring
I = 2/5 mr2 I = mr2
P1 V1 = P2 V2
PRESSURE in a LIQUID
Ideal Gas Law Po P = P o +d gh
l
r PV = nRT
Combined Gas Law h
P1V1T 2 = Ph
disk rod
I = 1/2 mr2 I = 1/12 ml2 T is in Kelvins 1 = old
2 = new

PROJECTILE MOTION Physics Price List

Answers to Physics Problems......$1.00
Ground to Ground
Y Answers requiring thought.......... $3.00
2 Answers, correct.......................$5.00
vy [v sin θ ]
H= o Words of wisdom............... .......Free
2g Absolute Truths..............not available
Dumb looks........................Still Free

vx  π’s r round
vy v 2v sinθ
o v x = vo cos ø T= o Conservation of Filth:
g
v y = vo sin ø
Inorder for something to
ø vx become clean, something else
X vo2 sin[2θ ] must become dirty.
vx is constant tup = tdown R=
g ∆L = k L ∆T T1 T2
a y = constant
vy = 0 at max height g = -32 ft/s2 g = -9.8 m/s2 L ∆L
Linear Ex pans io n

18

A=πr 2 r
13 14 15 16 17
C=πd Sph er e

C=2πr V = 4 πr 3
3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
r

V = π r 2h
h

m
1N = 1kg
s2 A = 1/2bh
cm
1Dyne = 1g 2
s
-b ± b 2 - 4ac
x =
2a

Mechanics! ! ! Symbols v(avg) = s/t! ! ! a = acceleration

vf = vi + at! ! ! r = dist. between centers
Physics Cruncher ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 9
s = 1/2 ( vo + vf) t!
! F = force E = V/d!! ! ! ! V = electric potential difference
s = vot + 1/2 at2!!
! g = accelertion due to gravity I = q/t! ! ! ! ! E = electric field! ! !
vf2 = vi2 + 2as! !! G = universal gravitation constant
F = ma!! ! ! J = impulse V = IR! ! ! ! ! q = charge
w = mg!! ! ! m = mass P = VI = I2R = V2/R! ! !
F = (Gm1m2)/r2! ! ! p = momentum W = Pt = VIt = I2Rt! ! !
p = mv! ! ! ! s = displacement F = qVB! ! ! !
J = Ft! ! ! ! t = time V = Blv!! ! ! ! v = velocity
Ft = mv!! ! ! v = velocity F = BIl! ! ! ! ! l - length of conductor
T=mg ± ma! ! ! T = tension ! ! ! !
Fk = µkFN! ! ! w = weight Series Circuits! !
Fs = µsFN! ! ! h = height ! ! ! ! !
Fnet = Fapplied- Ffriction!
! Fc = centripetal force It = I1 = I2 = I3 =.....! ! ! I = current! !
! ! ! ! FN = normal force Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 +..…! ! ! R = resistance
Energy ! ! ! Fk = force of kinetic friction Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + ..…!! ! V = electric potential difference
! ! ! ! Fs = force of static friction
W = Fscosø! ! ! µk = coefficient of kinetic friction Parallel Circuits
P = W/t = Fs/t = Fv!
! µs = coefficient of static friction
PE = mgh! ! ! k = spring constant It = I1 + I2 + I3 +.....
KE = 1/2 mv2! ! ! PE = potential energy Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 = ....
F = kx! ! ! ! KE = kinetic energy 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ....
PEs = 1/2 kx2! ! ! P = power
! ! ! ! PEs = PE stored in spring Transformers! ! ! Ip = current in primary coil
Internal Energy ! ! W = work ! ! ! ! ! Is = current in secondary coil
! ! ! ! x = change in spring length Np/Ns = Vp/Vs! ! ! ! Np = # of turns of primary coil
Q = mc∆T! ! ! c = specific heat VpIp = VsIs! ! ! ! Ns = # of turns of secondary coil
Qf = mHf! ! ! Hf = heat of fusion ! ! ! ! ! Vp = voltage of primary
Qv = mHv! ! ! Hv = heat of vaporization ! ! ! ! ! Vs = voltage of secondary
! ! ! ! Q = amount of heat
! ! ! ! ∆T = change in temperature Modern Physics! !

Wo = hfo! ! ! ! Wo = work function

Ephoton = hf! ! ! ! c = speed of light in vacuum
Solids, Liquids, Gases KEmax = hf - Wo!! ! ! f = frequency
p = h/λ$ $ $ $ $ fo = threshold frequency
D = m/v!! ! ! D = density Ephoton = Ei - Ef! ! ! ! h = Planckʼs constant
P = F/A!! ! ! P = pressure F = force ! ! ! ! ! p = momentum
stress = F/A! ! ! A = cross sectional area ! ! ! ! ! λ = wavelength
strain = ∆L/L! ! ! ∆L = change in length ! ! ! ! ! KE = kinetic energy
Y = FL/A∆L! ! ! L = original length ! ! !
Ph = Dgh! ! ! Y = Youngʼs modulus T1/2 = 0.693/λ$ $ $ $ N = atoms remaining after time t
Fb = DgV! ! ! Ph = hydrostatic pressure
N = Noe-λt! ! ! ! No = original number of atoms
F1/A1 = F2/A2! ! ! Fb = buoyant force
! ! ! ! ! λ = decay constant
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1! ! V = volume
∆L = αL∆T! ! ! T = temperature ! ! ! ! ! t = time
∆V = βV∆T! ! ! ∆V = change in volume
PV = nRT! ! ! α = coefficient of linear expansion Nuclear Energy ! !
! ! ! ! β = coefficient of volume expansion ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! R = gas constant E = mc2! ! ! ! m = mass
! ! ! ! ! E = energy
Waves and Optics! ! ! ! !

T = 1/f! ! ! ! c = speed of light in a vacuum! Circular/Periodic Motion!

v = fλ$ $ $ $ d = distance between slits ! ! ! !
n = c/v! ! ! ! f = frequency ac = v2/r! ! ! ! r = radius
sinøc = 1/n! ! ! L = distance from slit to screen Fc = mv2/r! ! ! ! Fc = centripetal force
n1sinø1 = n2sinø2! ! n = index of refraction v = 2πr/T! ! ! ! v = velocity
n1v1 = n2v2! ! ! T = period T = 2π (l/g)1/2 [pendulum]! ! ac = centripetal acceleration! !
λ/d = x/L! ! ! v = speed g = GM/d2! ! ! ! T = period
1/do + 1/di = 1/f!! ! x = distance from center to 1st max vescape=[2GME/re]1/2! ! ! ME = mass of Earth
M = hi/ho = - di/do! ! λ = wavelength of light Tsatellite = 2π[(r3/GME)]1/2! ! rE = radius of earth
! ! ! ! di = image distance
! ! ! ! do = object distance
! ! ! ! f = focal length
! ! ! ! M = magnification
! ! ! ! hi = image height
! ! ! ! ho = object height
! ! ! ! øc = critical angle
Fundamental Constants
Electricity & Magnetism! Symbols
Quantity ! ! Symbol! Value
F = kq1q2/r2! ! ! ! B = flux density
E = F/q!! ! ! ! F = force
Avogadroʼs number! ! NA! ! 6.02 x 1023
V = W/q! ! ! ! k = electrostatic constant
Physics Cruncher ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 10
Electron Charge! ! e! ! 1.6 x 10-19
Planckʼs Constant! ! h! ! 6.63 x 10-34 J s Water
Mass of electron! ! me! ! 9.1 x 10-31 kg ! Density (4°C)! ! ! 1.000 x 103 kg/m3
Mass of neutron! ! mn! ! 1.67 x 10-27 kg ! Hf! ! ! ! 3.35 x 105 J/kg
Mass of proton! ! ! mp! ! 1.67 x 10-27 kg ! Hv! ! ! ! 2.26 x 106 J/kg
Speed of light (vacuum)! c! ! 3 x 108 m/s ! c! ! ! ! 4186 J/kg °C
Universal Gravitational! ! G! ! 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 Earth
Universal Gas Constant! R! ! 8.314 J/mol K ! Mass! ! ! ! 5.98 x 1024 kg
Electrostatic Constant! ! k! ! 9.0 x 109 N m2/C2 ! Radius (eq)! ! ! 6.38 x 106 m
! Earth-Sun Dist! ! ! 1.50 x 1011 m
Some Useful Conversion Factors ! Moon
! Mass! ! ! ! 7.35 x 1022 kg
! Radius!! ! ! 1.74 x 106 m
Length! ! ! ! Work and Energy
! Earth-Moon Dist! ! 3.85 x 108 m
Sun
1 in = 2.54 cm! ! ! ! 1 J = 0.7376 ft lb = 107 ergs
! Mass! ! ! ! 1.99 x 1030 kg
1 ft = 0.3048 m!! ! ! 1 kcal = 4186 J
! Radius!! ! ! 6.96 x 108 m
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km! ! 1 Btu = 1055 J
1 m = 3.281 ft! ! ! ! 1 kWh = 3.60 x 106 J
1 km = 0.6214 mi! ! ! 1 ev = 1.602 x 10-19 J Basic Mathematical Formulae
1 angstrom = 1 x 10-10 m
Area of circle = πr2
Mass!! ! ! ! Power Area of rectangle =l x w
Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd
1 slug = 14.59 kg! ! ! 1 hp = 550 ft lb/s = 745.7 W Surface area of a sphere = 4πr2
1 kg = 1000 g = 6.852 x 10-2 slug! 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.7376 ft lb/s Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3
1 amu (u) = 1.66 x 10-27 kg Pythagorean Theorem: h2 = ho2 + ha2
1 kg = 2.205 lb! ! ! Sine of an angle: sin ø = ho/h
Cosine of an angle: cos ø = ha/h
Time! ! ! ! ! Pressure Tangent of an angle: tan ø = ho/ha
Law of cosines: c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos ø
1 day = 24 h = 1440 min = ! 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 1.013 bar Law of sines: a/sin A =b/sin B = c/sin C
8.64 x 104 s! ! ! = 14.7 lb/in2 = 760 Torr = 760 mm Hg
7
1 yr = 365.24 days =3.156 x 10 s! ! ! ! Quadratic Formula:
If ax2 + bx + c = 0, then *
Speed! ! ! ! Volume
Vectors Components
1 mi/hr = 1.609 km/hr = 1.476 ft/s =! 1 L = 10-3 m3 = 1000 cm3 = ! !
0.4470 m/s! ! ! ! ! 0.0353 ft3 Vectorx = (Vector) cos ø! ø = angle between vector an x-axis
! ! ! 1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3 = 7.481 US gal! Vectory = (Vector) sin ø
! ! ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! ! ! !
SI Base Units
1 km/hr = 0.6214 mi/hr = 0.2778 m/s! 1 US gal = 3.785 x 10-3 m3 =
= 0.9113 ft/s! ! ! ! 0.1337 ft3
Quantity! Unit! ! Abbr.! ! Apparatus
Force!! ! ! ! Angle
length! ! meter! ! m! ! ruler
mass! ! kilogram! kg! ! balance
1 lb = 4.448 N! ! ! ! 1 radian = 57.30°
time! ! second!! s! ! stopwatch
1 N = 105 dynes = 0.2248 lb! ! 1° = 0.01745 radian
amount of
substance! mole! ! mol! ! ............
Prefixes Denoting Multiples of Ten temperature! kelvin! ! K! ! thermometer
electric current! ampere!! A! ! ammeter
Prefix! ! ! Symbol! ! Factor luminous
Tera! ! ! T! ! ! 1012 intensity! candela! cd! ! light meter
Giga! ! ! G! ! ! 109
Mega! ! ! M! ! ! 106
Kilo! ! ! k! ! ! 103 Vector Resolution Rt. Triangle Trig.
Hecto! ! ! h! ! ! 102
Deka! ! ! da! ! ! 101
Deci! ! ! d! ! ! 10-1
Centi! ! ! c! ! ! 10-2
Milli! ! ! m! ! ! 10-3
Micro! ! ! µ! ! ! 10-6
Nano! ! ! n! ! ! 10-9 y
Pico! ! ! p! ! ! 10-12! A2 + B2 = C2
A C sin ø = A/C
A
x cos ø B/C
Useful Physical Data Ax = A cos ø ø tan ø = A/B
Ay = A sin ø B
Earth Gravity! ! ! ! 9.8 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2
Atm. Pres (sea level)! ! ! 1.013 x 105 Pa = 14.70 lb/in2
Density of air (STP)! ! ! 1.29 kg/m3
Speed of sound in air (20°C)! ! 343 m/s