slopes down at –20 dB/decade.

Lead compensation sacrifices the bandwidth between the

1/RFC breakpoint and the forward gain curve. The location of the 1/RFC pole determines
the bandwidth sacrifice, and it can be much greater than shown here. The pole caused
by RF, RG, and C does not appear until the op amp’s gain has crossed the 0-dB axis, thus
it does not affect the ideal closed-loop transfer function.
Op Amp Gain
A
1
(RC || RG)C
Ideal Closed-Loop Gain
1
1
1
2
1
and RFC
20 Log a
aZF
ZG + Z F
20 Log
ZF
ZG
20 Log
0dB
Figure 7–15. Inverting Op Amp With Lead Compensation
The forward gain for the noninverting op amp is a; compare Equation 6–11 to Equation
6–5. The ideal closed-loop gain is given by Equation 7–17.
(7–17)
VOUT
VIN
_
ZF_ZG
ZG

_ _ RF_RG

RG __ RF _ RGCs_1

RFCs_1_
The plot of the noninverting op amp with lead compensation is shown in Figure 7–16.
There is only one plot for both the op amp gain (a) and the forward gain (A), because they
are identical in the noninverting circuit configuration. The ideal starts out as a flat line, but
it slopes down because its closed-loop gain contains a pole and a zero. The pole always
occurs closer to the low frequency axis because RF > RF||RG. The zero flattens the ideal
closed-loop gain curve, but it never does any good because it cannot fall on the pole. The
pole causes a loss in the closed-loop bandwidth by the amount separating the closed-loop
and forward gain curves.
The most annoying frequency to human (i.e. the best 1000 Hz
frequency response).

The basic yardstick used for making power

Decibel (dB)
measurements
in communications.

Transmission
The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at som
Level Point
point in a communications system. It is used for voice
(TLP)
circuits.

The ratio in dB of the power of a signal at that point to Transmission Level

the power the same signal would be at 0 dBm (TL)
transmission level point.

0 dBm
The reference for TLP.

Data Level Pint

A parameter equivalent to TLP except it is used as a
(DLP)
reference for data transmission.

dBmO
dBm reference to a zero transmission level point.

dB reference value for noise reading. reference noise (rn)

dB level of noise with respect to reference noise dBrn

(- 90 dBm).

Similar to dBrn except it is the dB value of noise with

dBrnc
respect to reference noise using C-message weighting

Noise readings taken with a filter that has a flat frequency

dBrn 3 kHz Flat
response from 30 Hz to 3 kHz

The amount of noise in dBrnc corrected to a 0 TLP

 dBrncO

Transmission parameters which include terminal Interface

impedance, in band and out of band signal power, Parameters
test signal power and ground isolation.

Transmission parameters which includes noise

Facility Parameters
measurements, frequency distortion, phase distortion,
amplitude distortion and non linear distortion.

The difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular

frequency with respect to the circuit gain of a reference
frequency.
Attenuation
Distortion
Another names attenuation distortion:
 Frequency Response,
 Differential Gain
 1004-Hz Deviation

An indirect method of evaluating the phase delay

characteristics of a circuit. Envelope Delay Distortion

Basic Voice-Band
It satisfies the minimum line conditioning
Channel
requirements

Another name for basic voice-band.

Basic 3002 Channel

Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion

C-type Conditioning
and envelope delay distortion.
 Classifications of C-type:
 C1
 C2
 C3
 C4
 C5

Classification of C-type conditioning pertains to two point

and multi point circuits. C1 and C2

C-type conditioning used for access lines and trunk C3

circuits associated with private switched networks.

C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi point

C4
circuits with a maximum of four stations

C-type conditioning pertains to two point circuits only C5

A relatively low-capacity switching machine where the Private Branch Exchange

subscribers are generally limited to stations within the (PBX)
same building or building complex.

The frequency response of a transmission medium

Attenuation Distortion
referenced to 1004 Hz test tone.

A requirement for error free data transmission. Linear Phase vs. Frequency

The difference in phase shifts with respect to frequency

that signals experience as they propagate through a Delay Distortion
transmission medium.

The time delay encountered by a signal as it propagates Propagation Time

from source to a destination.