Heat Transfer—Asian Research, 41 (5), 2012

Transient Heat Transfer in a Heat-Generating Fin with Radiation

and Convection with Temperature-Dependent Heat Transfer
Coefficient

Waqar A. Khan1 and A. Aziz2

1
Department of Engineering Sciences, National University of Science and Technology,
Karachi, Pakistan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science,
Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, USA

The transient heat transfer in a heat-generating fin with simultaneous surface

convection and radiation is studied numerically for a step change in base temperature.
The convection heat transfer coefficient is assumed to be a power law function of the
local temperature difference between the fin and its surrounding fluid. The values of
the power exponent n are chosen to include simulation of natural convection (laminar
and turbulent) and nucleate boiling among other convective heat transfer modes. The
fin is assumed to have uniform internal heat generation. The transient response of the
fin depends on the convection-conduction parameter, radiation-conduction parameter,
heat generation parameter, power exponent, and the dimensionless sink temperature.
The instantaneous heat transfer characteristics such as the base heat transfer, surface
heat loss, and energy stored are reported for a range of values of these parameters.
When the internal heat generation exceeds a threshold the fin acts as a heat sink instead
of a heat source. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 41(5), 402–417,
2012; Published online 14 May 2012 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlineli-
brary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21012

Key words: convection-radiation, fin, internal heat generation, power law,

transient

1. Introduction

For over a century, extended surfaces (fins) have provided an effective and inexpensive means
of enhancing the heat transfer rate between a hot surface and its surrounding fluid. Traditional
applications have included internal combustion engines, compressors, heat exchangers, and control
systems. With the advent of the space age, radiating finned surfaces became common in the design
of heat rejection systems for spacecraft. In the last 30 years, the use of fins as heat sinks for cooling
electronic devices has gained enormous popularity. The subject of extended surface heat transfer is
now a mature technology with contributions from a vast number of researchers throughout the world.
The book by Kraus, Aziz, and Welty [1] provides comprehensive coverage of the various facets of
this technology.
© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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 The transient response of fins is of vital interest in studying the performance of heat sinks for
electronics cooling, high-speed aircraft, intermittently operating heat exchangers, control equipment,
electric motors, clutches, and solar systems. The earliest work on the transient response of a convecting
radial or annular fin was done by Chapman [2]. He applied the method of separation of variables to
derive analytical expressions for temperature distribution and base heat flow rate. He also presented
the information in graphical form to facilitate quick design calculations, particularly those pertaining
to the heat dissipation from the finned, air-cooled internal combustion engines. The same type of
analysis for a convecting straight fin of constant area was performed by Donaldson and Shouman [3].
They reported results for the boundary conditions of a step change in base temperature as well as a
step change in base heat flux. The analytical results for the step change in base heat flux were also
verified experimentally. For a convectively-heated fin base, Aziz and Kraus [4] developed a separation
of variable-type solution for the transient response of a convecting straight fin when a step change in
the temperature of the hot fluid occurs.

Because the series solutions converge slowly for small values of time, Suryanarayana [5, 6]
adopted the Laplace transform method which allowed him to derive a solution that converged rapidly
for small values of time. In addition to the cases of step change in base temperature, a step change in
base heat flux, and a step change in base fluid temperature, he also gave solutions for the cases of
oscillatory changes in base temperature and base heat flux. The case of a step change in the
environment temperature has been studied by Papadopoulos, Guzman-Garcia, and Bailey [7]. Mao
and Rook [8] considered a convecting straight fin of constant area with tip heat loss and used the
Laplace transform method to determine the transient response of the fin under three base conditions:
a step change in base temperature; a step change in base heat flux; and a step change in base fluid
temperature. Beck et al. [9] used Green’s functions to study the transient response of convecting
straight fins of constant area.

A variety of approximate analytical methods have been used to study the transient response
of fins. Kim [10] used the Kantorovich method to derive an approximate solution for the transient
response of a convecting straight fin of constant area. Aziz and Na [11] proposed a coordinate
perturbation expansion for the response of an infinitely long fin due to a step change in the base
temperature. They incorporated power-law type surface heat dissipation so that the analysis applied
to cooling due to film boiling, laminar and turbulent natural convection, nucleate boiling, and radiation
to space at absolute zero temperature. The methods of optimal linearization and variational embedding
were used by Chang et al. [12]. Campo [13] utilized variational techniques to analyze radiative-con-
vective fins under unsteady operating conditions. Recently, Cole et al. [14] used the method of Green’s
function to develop an exact analytical solution for the transient response of a convecting straight fin
of constant area with a step change in base heat flux. A single unified solution was derived for three
tip boundary conditions: fixed tip temperature; an insulated tip; and a convective tip. For the case of
the insulated tip, they also developed a quasi-steady solution which agreed with the exact solution for
large values of times but gave large errors for small values of time. However, for large values of time,
the quasi-steady solution required far less computational effort than the exact solution. The quasi-
steady solution, accurate at large values of time, was used to obtain the convective heat transfer
coefficient data and was found to match the experimental data for a railroad roller bearing whose outer
bearing race was modeled as a transient fin.

403
 In circumstances where the transverse Biot number for a fin is not small, the temperature field
in the fin becomes two-dimensional. The transient response of fins with two-dimensional heat
conduction has been investigated by Tseng et al. [15], Chen and Chen [16], Onur [17], Chu et al. [18],
Ju et al. [19], Singh et al. [20], Malekzadeh et al. [21], and Yu and Chen [22]. These authors have
employed techniques such as Laplace transformation, Taylor transformation, differential quadrature
element method, perturbation method, variational method, method of lines, and hybrid analytic/nu-
meric methods.

The preceding literature review has brought several points into focus. First, all transient studies
have assumed that the convective heat transfer coefficient over the surface of the fin is a constant. In
natural convection-cooled heat sinks, the convection and radiation are comparable and the heat
transfer is a power-law function of the local temperature difference between the fin and its surrounding
medium. For example, the power law exponent n is 0.25 for laminar natural convection and 0.33 for
turbulent natural convection [23]. Experimental studies such as Ref. 24 have also confirmed that the
convective heat transfer coefficient decreases from the base to the tip, which is consistent with the
power-law type dependence on local temperature difference. Second, none of the studies have
included internal heat generation in the fin which may arise in nuclear applications where the fin is
exposed to gamma rays. The presence of internal heat generation can dramatically reduce the ability
of the fin to dissipate heat from its primary surface. Indeed, a situation can arise when the base of the
fin can become a heat sink instead of a heat source. Third, the information about how the instantaneous
surface heat dissipation and the instantaneous energy storage in the fin change with time is never
reported. Instead, the sum of these components, that is, the instantaneous base heat flow is reported
when the base of the fin experiences a step change in temperature. These shortcomings in the previous
studies are removed and a comprehensive picture of the transient process is provided. Specifically we
study the transient response of a heat-generating straight fin with simultaneous radiation and
convection, the latter being modeled with a temperature-dependent convection heat transfer coeffi-
cient. The fin equation together with the initial and boundary conditions is solved numerically. The
results for the case of zero internal heat generation are of immediate applicability to the transient
response of natural convection heat sinks. This information is crucial for time-sensitive applications
and in conditions where the base temperature and/or the flow over the heat sink fluctuate as noted in
Ref. 25. The numerical data in Ref. 25 was obtained using the Icepack software and pertains only to
two specific heat sinks. The dimensionless data of the present paper are applicable to heat sinks in
general as well as other applications where fins experience internal heat generation.

2. Mathematical Formulation

Consider a straight fin of constant cross-sectional area A (rectangular, cylindrical, elliptic,

etc.), perimeter of the cross-section P, and length b as shown in Fig. 1. The fin has a thermal
conductivity k and a thermal diffusivity α. The surface of the fin behaves as a gray diffuse surface
with an emissivity ε. The fin is initially in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings at temperature
Ts. At time t > 0, the base of the fin undergoes a step change in temperature from Ts to Tb while its tip
.
remains insulated. A volumetric internal heat generation rate q occurs in the fin. The fin loses heat by
simultaneous convection and radiation to its surroundings at temperature Ts. The same sink tempera-
ture is used for both convection and radiation to avoid the introduction of an additional parameter in
the problem. The convection heat transfer coefficient h at any location on the surface of the fin is

404
 Fig. 1. A straight fin of constant cross-sectional area.

assumed to have a power-law type dependence on the temperature difference between the fin and its
surroundings. The specific form is taken as
(1)

where C is constant and n is the power law index. The values of n are 0.25, 0.33, and 3 for laminar
natural convection, turbulent natural convection, and nucleate boiling, respectively [26, 27].

For one-dimensional transient conduction in the fin, the energy equation may be written as

(2)

The initial and boundary conditions are

(3)

(4)

(5)

where x is measured from the tip of the fin. With the introduction of the following definitions,

(6)

Equations (2) to (5) can be written in dimensionless form as follows:

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

405
 The instantaneous base heat flow is given by

(11)

which may be expressed in dimensionless form as follows:

(12)

The instantaneous convective heat loss from the fin is given by

(13)

or in dimensionless form as

(14)

Similarly, the instantaneous radiative heat loss from the fin can be obtained as

(15)

or in dimensionless form as

(16)

The instantaneous total surface heat loss in dimensionless form is the sum of convective and
radiative losses given by Eqs. (14) and (15), that is,

(17)

The instantaneous rate of energy storage in the fin can be calculated from the energy balance
as follows:

(18)
or in dimensionless form as
(19)
where

(20)

3. Numerical Procedure

Equation (7) with initial and boundary conditions Eqs. (8) to (10) was solved numerically
using the algorithm available in Maple 13 for solving parabolic partial differential equations. The

406
procedure can be implemented by calling the command pdsolve. This command can deliver an exact
analytical solution if available or, with the numeric option specified, it can deliver the solution in the
form of a module from which the numerical solution can be extracted in the form of numerical data
or as a plot or as an animation. The solutions generated in this paper are obtained by the default method
which uses a second-order (in space and time) centered implicit finite difference scheme. The space
and time steps were ∆X = ∆τ = 0.001. The procedure also offers the choice of the number of points
for plotting the data. Numerical experiments revealed that the use of 1000 points was more than
enough to generate smooth graphs. For each value of time, τ, the 1000 point values of θ were used to
obtain a least-squares-fit, fourth-order polynomial which was then used in Eqs. (14) and (16) to
compute the values of Qc and Qr, respectively.

The accuracy of the numerical procedure used by Maple and the least-squares polynomial fit
was tested against the exact analytical solutions available for a pure convection fin with no internal
heat generation and constant heat transfer coefficient [3, 4]. The numerical results agreed with the
analytical results to at least four decimal places and confirmed the accuracy of our numerical
procedure.

4. Results and Discussion

Equation 7 shows that the transient response of the fin depends on five parameters:
Nc, Nr, Qgen, θs, and n. The effect of each parameter on fin temperature, base heat flow, surface heat
loss, and heat stored in the fin will now be presented and discussed.

Effect of power law index

The effect of the power law index n on the development of the temperature field in the fin is
illustrated in Fig. 2. The fin is assumed to have no internal heat generation. During the initial transient
i.e., for the low values of τ, the effect of n is barely noticeable, but as the transient progresses, the
effect becomes increasingly pronounced particularly on the tip temperature. Since the curves for τ =
3 very nearly represents the steady state, their trend may be compared, at least qualitatively, with the
results of Cortell [28] who studied the steady-state performance of a pure convection fin with
temperature-dependent heat transfer coefficient in the form of Eq. (1). Just as the present results for
a convecting-radiating fin indicate higher fin temperature with higher values of n, so do his results
for a pure convecting fin.

Figure 3 shows the instantaneous base heat flow, the instantaneous surface heat loss (convec-
tion and radiation), and the instantaneous energy stored in the fin. The values of parameters Nc, Nr,
and θs are the same as in Fig. 2 but the values of n are chosen as 0.25 (laminar natural convection)
and 2.0. The results for n = 0.25 are of immediate relevance on the transient performance of a natural
convection air-cooled heat sink where the convection and radiative heat losses are comparable
(Nc = Nr). In the early part of the transient, the surface heat loss is small and the bulk of the energy
flow from the base of the fin gets stored in the fin. As the time increases, the surface heat loss increases
and the stored component of the energy decreases. When steady state is reached at τ ≈ 1.5, the storage
term vanishes and the base heat flow matches the surface heat loss. A comparison of the results for n
= 0.25 and n = 2 shows that the base heat flow and surface heat loss are lower at n = 2 than for n =
0.25 but the storage component is relatively insensitive to the value of n. The results of Fig. 3 are

407
Fig. 2. Effect of power law exponent n on temperature evolution in the fin with zero internal heat
generation. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

Fig. 3. Effect of power law exponent n on base heat flow, surface heat loss, and energy stored.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

408
qualitatively consistent with the results for a pure convection fin reported by Cortell [28] which
showed that the base heat flow decreases as the power law index n increases.

Effect of convection parameter

Figure 4 depicts the effect of convection parameter Nc on the transient temperature distribution
in the fin. The fin temperature at every location is higher when it operates at a lower value of Nc. The
difference in fin temperatures for the two values of Nc is small during the early part of the transient
process but becomes quite significant as the steady state is approached.

The instantaneous base heat flow, the instantaneous surface heat loss (convection and
radiation), and the instantaneous energy stored in the fin are given for two values of Nc in Fig. 5. As
Nc is increased from 0.1 to 1.0, the heat flow from the base of the fin is significantly enhanced as
expected. This is accompanied by a significant increase in the surface heat loss (convective and
radiative). For both values of Nc, the base heat flow and the surface heat loss become equal when the
fin attains a steady state. It may be noted that the dimensionless time to steady state, τss, is about 2
when the fin operates at Nc = 0.1 but its value decreases to about 1.4 when the value of Nc is increased
to 1.0. Assume that the change in Nc from 0.1 to 1.0 is due to the increase in fin length from b1 to
b2. The use of definition of Nc gives b21 / b22 = 0.1/1.0 = 0.1. If t1 and t2 are the corresponding dimensional
times required to attain steady state, then using the definition of τ gives t1 / t2 = 0.1, τ1 / τ2 = 0.1(2/1.44)
= 0.14. Thus, the shorter fin of length b1 takes only 0.14 of the time needed by the longer fin of length
b2 = 3.16 b1 to attain a steady state. Thus heat sinks made of shorter fins would attain the steady state
much faster than heat sinks made of longer fins. This conclusion, of course, assumes the heat sinks
are made of identical materials, have identical perimeters and cross-sectional areas, and operate under
convective and radiative environments. An interesting perspective on how the heat sink material
affects the transient response can be obtained as follows. Let the change in Nc from 0.1 to 1.0 be due

Fig. 4. Effect of convection parameter on temperature evolution in the fin with zero internal heat
generation. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

409
 Fig. 5. Effect of convection parameter on base heat flow, surface heat loss, and energy stored.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

to the decrease in the thermal conductivity of the material. Then, with a little algebraic manipulation,
it may be shown that t1 / t2 = 0.14(ρ1c1 / ρ2c2). Thus, a fin made of a material with a smaller product
of density and specific heat such as aluminum would have a faster response compared with a fin made
of copper which has a comparatively larger product of density and specific heat. Indeed this has been
shown to be the case in the Icepack simulations of aluminum and copper heat sinks [25] with a step
change in base heat flux. It should be kept in mind that the factor 0.14 which is based on a thermal
conductivity ratio of k1 / k2 = 10 would be much higher (0.98) for aluminum and copper heat sinks
which gives t1 / t2 = 0.72. The fact that the present value of 0.72 is close to the value of 0.75 reported
in Ref. 25 indicates that the time to attain steady state is not significantly affected by the step boundary
condition (temperature or heat flux). As noted in Ref. 25 and confirmed by the present study that an
aluminum heat sink is preferable for fast response applications but a copper heat sink may be a better
choice for high-heat flux applications and in circumstances where a slower variation of temperature
with time is desirable. The material and manufacturing costs would also influence the final decision.

Effect of radiation parameter

A comparison of Figs. 6 and 7 with Figs. 4 and 5 shows that the effect of changing the radiation
parameter Nr is remarkably similar. The temperature levels in the fin are higher for Nr = 0.5 than for
Nr = 1.0 (Fig. 6). The dimensionless time to steady state is higher for Nr = 0.1 than for Nr = 1.0.
Because of the remarkably similar trends, the discussion in the preceding subsection is equally
applicable here and need not be repeated.

Effect of internal heat generation

The steady-state performance of fins with internal heat generation has been studied in the
literature [1, 29, 30] but the transient study of a heat-generating fin is probably unique to the present

410
 Fig. 6. Effect of radiation parameter on the temperature evolution in a fin with zero internal heat
generation. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

work. First, we present the case where the strength of the internal heat generation is such that the fin
is still able to remove some heat from its primary surface. Such a case is illustrated in Fig. 8 where,
as expected, the internal heat generation gives rise to higher temperature compared with those
occurring without internal heat generation. The maximum difference is seen when the steady state is
reached.

Fig. 7. Effect of radiation parameter on base heat flow, surface heat loss, and energy stored. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

411
 When the internal energy generation is present, the energy gained by the fin is the sum of
energy generated within the fin and the energy extracted from the primary surface, i.e.,

(21)

The energy stored in the fin is given by

(22)

The quantities Qgain, Qloss, and Qstored are plotted in Fig. 8 for Qgen = 0 and Qgen = 0.5. In view
of Eq. (21), the internal heat generation increases the energy gained by the fin. Because of the higher
temperatures in the fin occurring due to internal heat generation (see Fig. 8), the surface heat loss is
higher with internal heat generation. When the steady state is reached, Qgain = Qloss and Qstored becomes
zero. Figure 9 also shows that internal heat generation has little effect on dimensionless time to steady
state. For both cases, τss ≈ 1.3.

Figure 10 shows the transient temperature profiles in the fin when the internal heat generation
is strong. As seen previously in Fig. 8, the temperature levels in the fin rise as the internal heat
generation increases. At τ = 0.1, the temperature gradients at X = 1 (fin base) for all three values of
Qgen are positive indicating that base heat flow is positive. This is also shown by Qbase curves in Fig.
11. As τ increases to 0.3, the temperature gradient at the base of the fin decreases, becoming virtually
zero when Qgen = 2. For Qgen = 3, the temperature gradient at the base of the fin becomes negative
indicating that heat actually flows into the primary surface to which the fin is attached. This conclusion
can also be drawn from Fig. 10 where Qbase becomes negative as the transient progresses. As explained
earlier, the larger the internal heat generation, the higher the fin temperature, and consequently higher
the surface heat loss. The results of Figs. 10 and 11 clearly demonstrate that when the internal heat

Fig. 8. Effect of internal heat generation on temperature evolution in the fin. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

412
 Fig. 9. Effect of weak internal heat generation on base heat flow, surface heat loss, and energy
stored. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

Fig. 10. Effect of strong internal heat generation on temperature evolution in the fin. [Color figure
can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

413
 Fig. 11. Effect of strong internal heat generation on base heat flow, surface heat loss, and energy
stored. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

Fig. 12. Effect of sink temperature on temperature evolution in the fin. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

414
 Fig. 13. Effect of sink temperature on base heat flow, surface heat loss, and energy stored. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj.]

generation exceeds a certain threshold value, the fin loses its ability to extract heat from the primary
surface. Indeed, the primary surface becomes a heat sink rather than a heat source.

Effect of sink temperature

The transient temperature distributions for θs = 0.01 and 0.1 are shown in Fig. 12. As the sink
temperature is lowered from 0.1 to 0.01, the temperature difference between the base of the fin and
the sink gets larger and the temperature gradient at the base increases, and the temperature in the fin
is lowered. The increase in the base temperature gradient is reflected in the increased base heat flow
in Fig. 13.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, the transient heat transfer in a heat generating fin is studied numerically with
simultaneous surface convection and radiation for a step change in base temperature. The effects of
the power law index n, convection parameter Nc, radiation parameter Nr, and the sink temperature on
the transient temperature field in the fin are investigated numerically. It is shown that the transient
response of the fin depends on the convection-conduction parameter Nc, radiation-conduction
parameter Nr, heat generation parameter Qgen, power exponent n, and the dimensionless sink
temperature, θs. The instantaneous heat transfer characteristics such as the base heat transfer, surface
heat loss, and energy stored are reported for a range of values of these parameters.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank Professor Robert N. Lopez, Maple Fellow at Maplesoft Inc.,
Waterloo, Canada for his assistance during this research.

415
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