CODAP 2005 Division 2
PART C
DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
SECTION C1
GENERAL
C1.1 - GENERAL
C1.1.1 – Purpose of the design rules
The purpose of the design rules is to make it
possible to determine the thicknesses or to check the
strength of the various pressure vessel components and
joints, so as to prevent failure due to mechanical and
thermal loadings expected during the lifetime of the
vessel.
C1.1.2 - Organization of the part "Design and
Calculations" of this Division
This Division specifies three complementary sets of
design rules:
– specific design rules, which form the subject
of Sections C2 through C9;
– general design rules, which form the subject
of Section C10;
– rules taking account of fatigue phenomena,
which form the subject of Section C11.
a) The specific design rules are the established-
practice rules. They cover the most current components
and joints subject to common loadings.
In these rules, the thicknesses are determined or the
strength is checked by means of formulas or graphs
drawn up specifically for each of the cases covered.
Except in the rules of Section C8 dealing with
bellows for expansion joints, only static loadings are
taken into account in the specific design rules.
The application of these rules exempts from any
other justification provided that these rules are used
within their scope and that the conditions relating to
their application are met.
b) The general design rules in Section C10 are
intended for cases other than those covered by the
specific rules.
In these rules, strength checking is performed by
verifying the compliance with criteria regarding stress
level or stress ranges.
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These rules are stress analysis rules which make it
possible to check the strength of the various components
of a vessel subjected to loadings of mainly static nature.
The application of the rules of Section C10 requires
that the required stresses be determined beforehand,
either numerically, or analytically or experimentally.
c) The rules specified in Section C11 make it
possible either to check the acceptability of the variable
loadings likely to lead to failure by fatigue cracking
(Chapter C11.1) or to check the strength of the various
components of a vessel against the effects of these
loadings (Chapters C11.2 and C11.3).
The application of the rules specified in C11.3
requires that the required stresses be determined
beforehand, either numerically, or analytically or
experimentally.
The scope related to each of these different rules is
stated in C1.1.3.
C1.1.3 – Scope of the design rules
a) Each of the specific design rules applies within a
scope defined by limits which may concern the
geometric characteristics of the components under
consideration, the loadings taken into account, the
modes of failure covered, the properties of the material,
etc.
b) Normally, within the scope of each specific rule,
the use of any other design rule than that specified in
this Division is not permitted.
Nevertheless, subject to agreement between the
Parties involved, the substitution of a supporting
calculation performed in accordance with the stress
analysis rules stated in Section C10 for the specified
specific rule is permitted.
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL
However, attention is drawn to the fact that
complying with these rules does not lead systematically
to a more economical sizing. When applied to certain
specific configurations, the stress acceptance criteria
given in C10 may lead to a greater conservatism than
that from the applicable specific design rules, which
benefit from sometimes more pertinent bases.
c) Outside the scope of each specific rule, or where
no specific rule is specified in this Division, the
Manufacturer shall justify the selected dimensions and
thicknesses by means of well-recognized calculation or
experimental methods, or by means of the stress
analysis rules specified in Section C10, whose
conditions of application shall be complied with (in
particular, the rules of C10 do not apply within the
temperature ranges where there is a risk of creep
fracture).
The Manufacturer may also refer to experience
gained from vessels previously manufactured, provided
that this experience is truly convincing and agreed by
the parties involved.
d) The general requirements relating to the
prevention of failure by fatigue cracking are stated in
C11.1.
e) The rules of chapters C11.2 and C11.3, relating to
fatigue strength check, are applicable in all cases, within
their scope and provided that the relevant conditions of
application are fulfilled, irrespective of the rules
(specific design rules or stress analysis rules of Section
C10) used to justify the strength of the vessel under the
effects of static loadings.
However, the rules of chapter C11.2 are more
specifically intended to be applied for vessels whose
strength under static loadings is checked by means of
the specific design rules while the rules of chapter
C11.3 are more specifically intended to be applied for
vessels whose strength under static loadings, is checked
by means of the rules of Section C10.
C1.1.4 - Loadings
a) The loadings to which the vessel is subjected lead
from the various actions exerted on the vessel or on
connected components which result in mechanical
effects ie stresses.
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b) The loadings to which a vessel is likely to
subjected may be:
– mechanical loadings, resulting from one or
several of the following loads:
• internal or external pressure (see C1.2);
• gravity (see C1.4.1);
• snow, wind and seismic loads (see
C1.4.3),
• dynamic loads (impact, movements of
fluids, moving parts, etc.) (see C1.4.3),
• loads due to thermal expansion of piping,
Note: Although these loads are thermal loads since they
result from restrained free expansion of the piping due to
the vessel, they shall be considered as mechanical loads.
• vibration phenomena (see C1.4.5),
• various mechanical loads.
– thermal loadings (see C1.4.4), resulting from
restraint of free expansion of:
• the vessel by external constraints,
• a component by other components of the
vessel,
• the vessel by self-constraint.
c) The scope related to each of the specific rules of
Sections C2 through C9 and to the rules given in
Chapters C11.1 and C11.2 specifies the loadings
actually taken into account in these rules.
The general rules of chapter C10 and the rules of
Chapter C11.3 make it possible, for the modes of failure
they cover, to take account of loadings of any nature.
C1.1.5 – Loading combination – Loading conditions -
Cycles
C1.1.5.1 – Loading condition
Any possible combination of loadings exerted
simultaneously at a given moment, on a pressure vessel,
is defined as a loading condition.
An instantaneous temperature distribution within the
material is associated to each loading condition (see
C1.3).
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

C1.1.5.2 - Types of loading conditions c) Strength test conditions

Three types of loading conditions are distinguished The strength test conditions are the conditions to
in this Division: which the vessel is subjected during the pressure tests
carried out in shop or on site at vessel completion, and
a) Normal operating conditions
during retesting.
The normal operating conditions are the conditions
When the pressure tests are carried out in shop or
to which the vessel is subjected under normal operation
indoors, the loading condition results only from the
and working conditions, including start-up and shut
combination of pressure loadings and loadings due to
down.
gravity.
Such a loading condition results from the
When the pressure tests are performed outdoors, the
combination of the following loadings:
loadings stated in C1.4.2.1 resulting from the snow and
– design pressure, as defined in C1.2.2.2 a or b, wind action shall also be taken into account for the
corresponding loading conditions.
– normal snow load (see C1.4.2.1);
This third type of loading conditions also includes
– normal wind load (see C1.4.2.1);
strength test conditions other than pressure tests.
– other thermal or mechanical loadings occurring
C1.1.5.3 - Cycles
under normal operation and working conditions
(under these normal conditions, seismic loads See C11.1.2
are not taken into account).
C1.1.6 - Modes of failure
b) Exceptional operating conditions
C1.1.6.1 - General
The exceptional operating conditions are the
The failure modes to which the vessels are likely to
conditions to which the vessel is subjected under
be subjected and the classification used in this Division
exceptional or accidental operation and working
are defined in GA1.3.
conditions, including start-up and shut down operation.
The modes of failure covered by this Division are
Such a loading condition results from the
the following:
combination of the following loadings:
a) Primary-type failure modes
– design pressure, as defined in C1.2.2.2c,
– brittle fracture,
– exceptional snow loads (see C1.4.2.1),
– gross plastic deformation,
– exceptional wind action (see C1.4.2.1),
– plastic instability (Bursting),
– seismic action (see C1.4.2.1),
– ductile rupture,
– other thermal or mechanical loadings occurring
under exceptional or accidental operation and – elastic and elastic-plastic instability (buckling),
working conditions, including those occurring
– creep rupture,
during transport, erection and maintenance
operations as well as under cleaning and – excessive deformations due to creep.
washing conditions.
b) Secondary-type failure modes
The "containment" vessels which normally are
subjected to loadings only in case of failure of the vessel – Incremental plastic deformation,
or of the equipment they isolate may be calculated – fatigue cracking
assuming that the loadings which result from such a
failure come under exceptional operating conditions.

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 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL
C1.1.7 – Design procedure for a pressure vessel
C1.1.7.1 – General principles
a) The design of a pressure vessel shall take into
account all loadings likely to be applied during the
expected lifetime of the vessel.
b) This calculation shall ensure that the criteria
specified by the rules are met. These criteria are
intended to cover the various modes of failure which
may affect the vessel and which result from these
loadings, from the combinations thereof and the
corresponding loading conditions as well as from the
static or time dependent nature of these loadings.
c) Since the loadings applied are never purely static,
this calculation shall also show that the global plastic
adaptation - i.e. global elastic behaviour after a few
loading cycles - of gross structural discontinuity regions
where local plastic deformations may remain, is ensured
(see note).
Note: The concepts of gross structural discontinuity and
of global plastic adaptation are defined in C10.1.3.2.
C1.1.7.2 - Loading conditions and cycles to be taken
into account for the calculations
a) Regarding failure by gross plastic deformation, or
elastic and elastic-plastic instability, a calculation shall
be performed for each loading condition likely to
govern the design of the various vessel components (see
note), irrespective of the type of loading condition.
The safety factors relating to exceptional operating
conditions or strength test conditions are less than those
regarding normal operating conditions.
Note: Such a loading condition may be one of those for which the
magnitude of some loadings is minimum; e.g. the condition of a vessel
at shutdown (internal pressure = zero) may be a governing condition.
b) Regarding failure by creep rupture, only normal
operating conditions shall be taken into account.
Two calculation methods are permitted:
b1) Conventional calculation
A calculation shall be performed for each normal
operating condition which is likely to be a governing
condition, considering that it may be applied for
100 000 hours.
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b2) Calculation based on real damage during
service
When the expected overall duration of the creep
periods is different from 100 000 hours, or when the
vessel operating conditions include various creep
periods at different temperatures, the calculation may be
performed in accordance with the provisions of Annex
C1.A1.
This calculation takes into account the cumulated
effect of all the working periods giving rise to
significant creep.
c) Regarding failure by incremental collapse or
global plastic adaptation, a calculation taking into
account the loading range resulting from the variation
between operating conditions shall be performed for any
pair of normal operating conditions which is likely to be
a governing pair.
d) Regarding failure by fatigue cracking, the
strength calculation shall take into account the number,
the range and the possible effect of the superposition of
all the loading cycles resulting from loading fluctuations
under the normal operating conditions defined in
C1.1.5.2a.
C1.1.7.3 - Calculation by means of specific design
rules
a) Within the scope of each of the specific design
rules and provided that the relevant conditions of
application are fulfilled, the specific design rules of
Sections C2 through C9 cover the modes of failure
defined in C1.1.6.1 (except brittle fracture) and ensure
the global plastic adaptation of gross structural
discontinuity regions.
In addition the specific design rules of Section C8
cover failure by fatigue cracking.
b) However, the specific rules of Sections C2
through C7 and C9 are intended to deal only with
loading magnitudes (those related to each loading
condition considered) and do not take account of the
loading ranges resulting from the variations of these
loadings between different loading conditions.
Therefore, regarding global plastic adaptation, the
only cycles taken into account in the specific design
rules covering this design criterion are implicitly only
the cycles whose loading range results from the
variation between:
– on the one hand the normal operating condition
considered,
– on the other hand, the "zero" loading condition,
for which all the loadings are equal to zero.
These calculations are therefore strictly valid only
for vessels for which the sign of any loading does not
change between the various normal operating
conditions.
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL
However, owing to the conservative nature of the
specific design rules, disregarding the possible changes
of sign of the loadings is acceptable.
c) Therefore, the practical procedure for complying
with the requirements of C1.1.7.2 when applying the
specific design rules, shall be as follows:
– a strength calculation involving all the rules
relating to a vessel component shall be
performed for each normal operating condition
which is likely to be a governing condition for
this component.
– a strength calculation involving only the rules
intended to prevent failure by gross plastic
deformation or by elastic or elastic-plastic
instability, shall be performed for each
exceptional operating condition or strength test
condition likely to be a governing condition for
the component under consideration.
This practical procedure is expressed in the form of
statement in some specific design rules specifying that
they shall only be applied for normal operating
conditions.
C1.1.7.4 - Calculation by means of general design
rules
a) The general design rules of Section C.10 give
stress acceptance criteria intended to cover failure by
gross plastic deformation and incremental collapse and
to ensure the global plastic adaptation of gross structural
discontinuity regions.
The rules in Section C11 cover failure by fatigue
cracking.
The loading conditions and cycles to be taken into
account when these general design rules are applied, are
those listed in C1.1.7.2a, c and d.
Failure by elastic or elastic-plastic instability or by
creep rupture is not covered by the general design rules;
If such a failure is likely to occur, the Manufacturer
shall justify the strength of the vessel by any relevant
means, under his responsibility.
C1.2 – DESIGN PRESSURE
C1.2.1 – Effective pressure
Throughout this Division and unless otherwise
specified, the term pressure shall refer to the effective
pressure, i.e. the algebraic difference between the
internal absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure: i.e.
the pressure read on a pressure gauge installed on the
vessel.
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Thus, according to this definition, the effective pressure
is negative for a vessel in which the absolute pressure is
less than atmospheric pressure (vessel under negative
pressure or under vacuum); then, the absolute value of
this negative effective pressure is usually referred to as
external pressure.
C1.2.2 – Design pressure of a vessel
C1.2.2.1 - Definition
The design pressure of a vessel (or of a compartment
of a multi-compartment vessel) is a value specified for
each of the operating or strength test conditions of the
vessel and is intended to be used as a basis for the
strength assessment against the effects of pressure.
In general, this pressure is defined either by the
Manufacturer on the basis of the vessel working
conditions specified by the Principal or by the Principal
alone.
In the case of Vessels acc. to Manufacturer's
standard, this pressure is defined by the Manufacturer
alone, on the basis of the working conditions for which
the vessel is designed.
The design pressure shall be defined at a specified
location in the vessel.
The design pressure of a vessel shall be used as a
basis for determining the design pressure of each of its
components (see C1.2.3).
C1.2.2.2 - Determination of the design pressure
The value of the design pressure corresponding to a
given loading condition shall be defined in accordance
with the following:
a) For a normal operating condition for which
the failure by rupture or gross deformation due to
creep is not likely to be a governing factor (see note
1): the design pressure shall be at least equal to the
greatest pressure which is likely to be reached in the
vessel under normal operating conditions, at the
connection with the safety device protecting it against
overpressure (the design pressure is then equal to the set
pressure of the safety device (see note 2) or, in the
absence of such a device, at the top of the vessel (see
note 3).
Note 1: The failure by rupture or gross deformation due to creep is not │
likely to be a governing factor for a normal operating condition when
the nominal design stress determined for a normal operating condition
│
│
not within the creep range (see GA4.6.1a, GA5.6.1a or GA6.6.1a) at T
the design temperature defined in C1.3.2a1 is less than or equal to: 03/09
– the nominal design stress determined for a normal operating │
condition within the creep range (see GA4.6.1b, GA5.6.1b or │
GA6.6.1b) at the design temperature defined in C1.3.2a2, when │
a conventional calculation (see definition in C1.1.7.2b1) is
performed,
– the equivalent nominal design stress determined according to
Annex C1.A1, when a calculation based on real creep damage E
during service (see definition in C1.1.7.2b1) is performed. 03/09
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL
Note 2: During the operation of the safety devices, the pressure may
momentarily exceed the set pressure by not more than 10% of the set
pressure, without this overpressure being to take into account.
Note 3: For a vessel in which the pressure is below atmospheric
pressure, the same rule shall apply, using the external pressure as a
basis.
b) For a normal operating condition under which
the failure by creep rupture is likely to be a
governing factor: two values shall be considered for
the design pressure:
– on the one hand, a value defined according to
a, referred to as Pmax, associated with the
nominal design stress determined according to
C1.7.2 for the design temperature defined in
C1.3.2a1, referred to as fhors fluage,
– and on the other hand, a value at least equal to
the mean (and not to the greatest) value of the
pressure expected under normal operation at
the same location, referred to as Pmoy,
associated with the following:
• the nominal design stress determined
according to C1.7.3 for the design
temperature defined in C1.3.2a2, when a
conventional calculation is performed,
• the equivalent nominal design stress
determined according to Annex C1.A1,
when a calculation is performed on the
basis of the real damage during service,
referred to as ffluage.
The design pressure shall be assigned the value of
Pmax or Pmoy, whichever results in the greater of the
following ratios.
Pmax Pmoy
and (C1.2.2b1 and b2)
f horsfluage f fluage
The value of f to be used for the calculations relating
to the condition under consideration is the value used in
the governing ratio.
c) For an exceptional operating condition (see
note hereafter): the design pressure shall be at least
equal to the greatest pressure likely to be reached in the
vessel at a specified location (except special case, at the
top of the vessel) due to the malfunctioning of a
regulation device, the decomposition of unstable fluids
contained or any other exceptional or accidental
conditions resulting in an increase in pressure beyond
the pressure corresponding to normal operating
conditions.
Note: The failure by creep rupture is not considered as an exceptional
operating condition.
605
d) For a strength test condition: the design
pressure shall be equal to the pressure at the top of the
vessel in the test performance position (see note).
Note: The value of the pressure under which the hydraulic test has to
be carried out is stated in I1.6.
C1.2.2.3 - Maximum allowable pressure of a vessel
The maximum allowable pressure Ps of a vessel (or
compartment of a multi-compartment vessel) is the
maximum pressure specified by the Manufacturer at a
specified location, for which the vessel (or the
compartment) is designed.
This maximum allowable pressure is at most equal
to the greatest of the pressures defined according to
C1.2.2.2a at this location, for the various operating
conditions of the vessel (or compartment).
C1.2.3 – Design pressure of a vessel component
C1.2.3.1 - Definition
The design pressure P of a vessel component is the
pressure which shall be taken into account to check the
strength of this component, and thus the pressure whose
value which shall be entered in the calculation formulas
used for this checking.
The value of this pressure shall be determined by the
Manufacturer, for each operating or strength test
condition for the vessel (or for each of the
compartments of a multi-compartment vessel), from the
design pressure of the vessel and from the special
working conditions he is aware of; a design temperature
is associated with each of these pressures (see C1.3).
C1.2.3.2 - Design pressure of a vessel component not
common to two compartments
The value of the design pressure of a vessel
component not common to two adjacent compartments
of this vessel shall be at least equal to the following:
a) For a normal or exceptional operating
condition: the design pressure of the vessel
corresponding to the condition under consideration,
increased, if relevant, by the maximum head losses and
static head acting under this condition on this
component, determined at the point where the design
pressure of the vessel is defined.
b) For a strength test condition: the design
pressure of the vessel corresponding to the condition
under consideration, increased by the static head acting
on the component in the position of the vessel during
the performance of the test.
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL
C1.2.3.3 - Design pressure of a vessel component
common to two compartments
The design pressure of a pressure vessel component
common to two adjacent compartments of this vessel
shall be equal to the difference, for the loading
condition considered, between the two design pressures
of this component, which are determined according to
C1.2.3.2 by considering successively that the
component only belongs to one, and then to the other, of
the two compartments.
When determining the loading conditions likely to
govern the design of such a component, all the pressure
combinations likely to occur simultaneously in the two
compartments –even accidentally- shall be taken into
account, particularly those for which one or the other of
the pressures is equal to zero, or those for which one or
the other of the pressures is negative.
C1.3 – DESIGN TEMPERATURE
C1.3.1 - Definition
The design temperature t of a vessel component is
the temperature to be considered for the determination
of the mechanical properties of the material to be taken
into account for the assessment of the mechanical
strength of this component.
To each loading condition to which the vessel may
be subjected, corresponds a design temperature value
which shall be specified by the Principal or determined
by the Manufacturer from the working conditions
specified by the Principal.
In the case of Vessels acc. to Manufacturer's
standard, the design temperature shall be specified by
the Manufacturer alone.
C1.3.2. – Determination of the design temperature
The value of the design temperature corresponding
to a given loading condition shall be determined as
follows:
a) For a normal operating condition:
a1) With respect to the modes of failure other
than brittle fracture (see note) or creep rupture, the
design temperature is the maximum temperature
likely to be reached at mid-thickness of the wall for the
loading condition under consideration, taking into
account the most unfavourable heat transfer conditions
to which a properly maintained vessel may be subjected.
Note: The prevention of failure by brittle fracture is based on the
concept of "minimum design temperature TME" which differs from
the concept of "design temperature" (See Annex MA2).
606
For a vessel which is heat insulated or protected
from the outside environment by insulating material, the
design temperature shall be equal to the maximum
temperature of the fluid contained under the loading
condition considered.
For a vessel containing a fluid the temperature of
which lies below room temperature, the design
temperature may be below room temperature; however,
for such a vessel, the loading condition corresponding to
the room temperature is often a governing condition.
The temperature as defined above is the temperature
to be used, according to the applicable regulation (see
Annex GA4 and following), for the determination of the
nominal design stress for an operating condition not
within the creep range
a2) With respect to failure by creep rupture, the
design temperature is the temperature normally
expected (and not the maximum temperature likely to
be reached) at mid-thickness of the wall under the
loading condition considered.
The temperature as defined above is the temperature
to be used, according to the applicable regulation (see
Annex GA4 and following), for the determination of the
nominal design stress for an operating condition within
the creep range or or the determination of the
Equivalent nominal design stress defined in Annex
C1.A1
b) For an exceptional operating condition: the
design temperature shall be determined in accordance
with the provisions specified in C1.3.2a1).
c) For a strength test condition: the design
temperature is the vessel wall temperature expected for
the conditions under which the test is performed.
C1.3.3 – Maximum allowable temperature of a vessel
The maximum allowable temperature Ts,max of a
vessel (or compartment of a multi-compartment vessel)
is the maximum temperature specified by the
Manufacturer and for which the vessel (or the
compartment) is designed.
This maximum allowable temperature is at most
equal to the highest of the design temperatures of each
of the components forming the vessel (or the
compartment) determined according to C1.3.2a and b,
corresponding to the various normal and exceptional
operating conditions of the vessel (or compartment) (see
note).
Note: The maximum allowable temperature Ts,max as defined above
does not correspond necessarily to the loading condition which results
in the maximum allowable pressure Ps as defined in C1.2.2.3.
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

C1.4 – LOADINGS OTHER THAN PRESSURE
C1.4.1 - Gravity
To assess the loads due to gravity, the following
shall be taken into account:
a) the weight of the vessel itself and of its internals;
except special case which shall be the subject of an
agreement between the Principal and the Manufacturer,
this weight shall be that of the vessel in new conditions,
i.e. including the possible corrosion allowances.
b) the weight of the connected components
supported by the vessel: other vessel, piping, valves and
fittings, mechanical equipment, frameworks, access
platforms and ladders, insulation, flame resistant
material, etc.
c) the weight of the products contained in the vessel
and in the connected elements, if they are in the form of
liquid or powder; depending on the loading conditions,
the following shall be considered:
– for a normal operating condition: the quantity
of product corresponding to the maximum
level during normal operation,
– for an exceptional operating condition: the
quantity of product corresponding to the
extreme level actually possible,
– for a strength test condition: the vessel full of
test fluid, if the fluid is a liquid.
d) the live loads acting on certain connected
elements: access platforms, supports of lifting devices,
etc.
Except for Vessels acc. to Manufacturer's standard,
the Principal shall provide the Manufacturer with the
information necessary for the assessment of the gravity
loads: weight of internal or external connected
components supported by the vessel, density of the
products contained and filling levels, live loads, etc.
Gravity effects result in loads which affect the vessel
taken as a whole, in loads applied at the junction with
the connected components which are supported by the
vessel and in local reactions at the junction with the
supports.
For the assessment of the strength of a vessel region
remote from the junction with the connected
components on which live loads are applied, the
improbability of the simultaneity of these live loads may
be taken into account by agreement between the
Principal and the Manufacturer. If all of the live loads
cannot be applied simultaneously on the connected
components considered, only the most unfavourable
loading for the region under consideration needs to be
taken into account.
C1.4.2 – Climatic and seismic loads
C1.4.2.1 – Snow and wind loads
Snow and wind loads shall be taken into account for
vessels installed outdoors. Generally, the values of the
normal and exceptional wind loads and snow loads are
defined by the local regulations of the country where the
vessel is installed.
In this respect, the annex C1.A2 gives
recommendations concerning the wind and snow loads
to be taken into account for vessels installed on the
French territory.
C1.4.2.2 – Seismic loads
If required by the Principal, the seismic loads shall
be assessed and taken into account for the vessel design.
Any loading condition for which these loads are taken
into account shall be considered as an exceptional
loading condition.
The Annex C1.A1 gives some references which may
be used for the assessment of seismic loads and for the
vessel design with respect to these loads.
C1.4.3 – Dynamic loads
Dynamic loads due to the movement of the fluids or
of moving parts, may often be considered as equivalent
static loads suitably defined (local or global loads, local
or general overpressure).
When the dynamic loads obviously result from the
working conditions defined by the Principal, they shall
be taken into account by the Manufacturer even if they
are not explicitly mentioned.
But it is the responsibility of the Principal to define
the dynamic loads which would not obviously result
from the working conditions of the vessel.
In this field, making reference to one’s experience
generally is a sufficient justification.
C1.4.4 – Thermal loadings – Thermal stresses
The variations of the vessel temperature, the
difference of temperature or the difference between the
thermal expansion coefficients of materials of the
components of a same vessel or of adjacent regions of a
same component may lead to differential expansions
which, when restrained, result in stresses referred to as
thermal stresses.

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 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL
These thermal stresses may be due to three types of
free expansion restraint:
– expansion of the vessel restrained by external
obstacles (e.g. vessel expansion restrained by
its supports),
– expansion of a component restrained by other
components of the vessel (e.g. expansion of the
tubes of a heat exchanger with two fixed
tubesheets, restrained by the shell),
– expansion of a region restrained by the
adjacent regions (self-constraint) whose
temperatures differ (e.g., wall the temperature
of which is not uniform through the thickness)
or whose thermal expansion coefficients differ
(e.g. clad plates).
The thermal stresses due to self-constraint are not to
be taken into account when the modes of failure of the
primary type, except for failure by brittle fracture, are
considered; but they shall be taken into account when
the modes of failure of the secondary type are
considered.
Although they are due to thermal phenomena,
loadings resulting from piping expansion restraint due
to the vessel shall be considered as mechanical loadings.
Except for Vessels acc. to Manufacturer's standard,
the Principal shall define very accurately, the erection,
working and operating conditions which permit the
thermal loadings to be assessed.
Thermal loadings shall be assessed and taken into
account in the calculations by the Manufacturer (certain
rules of this Division, such as the design rules for heat
exchangers with two fixed tubesheets, take account of
certain thermal stresses).
It may be in the interest of the Manufacturer to
remove or to reduce free expansion restraints by means
of appropriate provisions, according to sound
engineering practice or to its own experience (free
movements of supports, expansion joints,
thermal sleeves, etc.).
C1.4.5 – Vibration phenomena
Vibration phenomena may result from pressure
pulses or vibrations transmitted by the vessel
environment. The large number of cycles which
characterizes these loadings may lead to fatigue
cracking of the vessels, even for small stress ranges.
608
Regarding vibrations the source of which is inherent
in the working conditions defined by the Principal, the
Manufacturer shall make the necessary arrangements in
order to avoid such vibrations or to remove the effects
of these vibrations.
Regarding vibrations the source of which is not
inherent in the working conditions defined by the
Principal, the Principal shall provide the Manufacturer
with an explicit definition of these vibrations so that
they can be taken into account by the Manufacturer.
In this field, making reference to one’s experience
generally is a sufficient justification.
When the vibration phenomena cannot be
sufficiently reduced, these phenomena shall be taken
into account in a detailed fatigue analysis performed in
accordance with the rules of chapter C11.3.
C1.5 - PREVENTION OF FAILURE BY FATIGUE
CRACKING
C1.5.1 - General
a) When, the fluctuations of the loadings to which
the vessel is subjected are such that there is a risk of
failure by fatigue cracking, it is the responsibility of the
Manufacturer to ensure that the vessel is designed so
that it shall behave satisfactorily against such a risk.
b) Above all, it is of prime importance that the joints
be suitably designed (see Annex FA1).
c) Making reference to one’s experience with vessels
previously manufactured and subjected to comparable
operating conditions, may often constitute a sufficient
justification (see C1.5.2).
d) If sufficient experience is not available, the
acceptability of the stress variations shall be assessed by
means of the rule C11.1.
If this rule is not complied with, the rules relating to
the fatigue analysis of Chapter C11.2 (simplified
analysis) and C11. 3 (detailed analysis) shall apply
according to their scope and to the conditions relating to
their application (see Note).
Note : The rules of Chapter C11.2 take account of variable pressure
loadings only.
e) The rule C11.1, as well as the rules for fatigue
analysis given in Chapter C11.2 and C11.3 are not
applicable within the temperature range where creep
rupture is the governing factor, i.e. the range where the
nominal design stress is determined by the creep
properties of the material.
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

The rules of this Division taking account of fatigue
cracking shall not be applied to cases where corrosion
induced fatigue phenomena may occur.
Note: The materials sensitive to this phenomenon are mainly: carbon
steels, ferritic alloy steels, aluminium and aluminium alloys, titanium.
C1.5.2 - Reference to experience
The Manufacturer may justify the fatigue strength of
a vessel by reference to the experience gained on similar
vessels subjected to comparable working conditions and
which have shown satisfactory behaviour in service.
However, when comparing, special attention shall be
paid to possible differences in construction provisions
the effect of which might prove highly damageable:
– construction formed from several individual
elements the assembly of which permits gaps
to persist within the material, instead of an
integral construction (e.g. added reinforcing
parts),
– partial penetration welded joints,
– abrupt transitions between adjacent
components with very different thicknesses,
– studded connections,
– threaded piping connections.
a2) Materials subject to one or several heat
treatments during the fabrication of the vessel
The values of the properties to be used in the
calculations shall not exceed those required by the
product specification.
It is the responsibility of the Manufacturer to take
the necessary measures so that the actual properties of
the material after heat treatment remain sufficient to
justify the strength of the vessel.
a3) Case where the properties of the welded
zone are less than those of the parent material
Irrespective of the welded joint coefficient defined
in C1.8, the values of the properties to be taken for the
strength calculation of the welded joint shall not exceed
the minimum values specified by the Manufacturer for
this welded joint.
b) The value of a mechanical characteristic at design
temperature t shall be obtained by linear interpolation
between the two closest values given in the product
specification.
For a design temperature t less than the lowest
temperature at which a value of a mechanical
characteristic is specified in the product specification,
this specified value shall be taken as the mechanical
characteristic at temperature t.

C1.6 - MATERIAL PROPERTIES TO BE USED IN C1.6.2 – Tensile strength

THE DESIGN RULES The tensile strength values to be considered are as
C1.6.1 - General follows:
a) The properties of the materials in the delivery Rm = Minimum specified value of tensile
condition shall correspond to the values used in the strength at room temperature
calculations. However, as the properties of a material = Minimum specified value of tensile
Rmt
can be affected by the heat or mechanical treatments the strength at design temperature t when this
vessel is subjected to during the fabrication and, in temperature differs from room temperature
particular, by post-weld heat treatment, the following
provisions shall apply: C1.6.3 – Yield strength

a1) Materials not subject to heat treatment The values to be considered for the yield strength are
during the fabrication of the vessel as follows:

The values of the properties to be used in the Rp0,2 = Minimum specified value of the 0,2%
calculations shall be the values given in the product proof strength at room temperature
│
specification for the reference condition of the product Unless otherwise prescribed, for the specifications in │
under consideration. Section M2 which refer to the upper yield strength │
(ReH), the value to be taken into account for the proof │
For bolting used in an as-treated condition, the strength Rp0,2 shall be as follows: T
values to be taken are those specified after treatment. 03/09
– the value of ReH minus 10 N/mm2 if that value is │
≤ 355 N/mm2, │
– the value of ReH minus 15 N/mm2 if that value is │
> 355 N/mm2. │
t
Rp0,2 = minimum specified value of 0,2% proof
strength at design temperature t when this
temperature differs from the room
temperature

609
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

│ t
Rp1,0 = minimum specified value of 1% proof When applying the design rules for vessels subjected
E strength at design temperature t to external pressure, the values of the modulus of
03/09
│ elasticity E at design temperature t to be used shall be
C1.6.4 – Creep properties those specified in Section C4.
Depending on the method used for the strength
calculation (see C1.1.7.2b), the creep properties to be C1.6.6 – Poisson'ratio
considered shall be as follows: The value of Poisson’s ratio v to be used, shall be as
a1) Conventional calculation given in table C1.6.6; it may be considered as being
independent of the design temperature.
σR = mean value of the creep rupture strength
over 100 000 hours at design temperature t
Table C1.6.6 - Poisson's ratio.
However, for materials for which the
dispersion band of the results of the creep Material v
tests has, for 100 000 hours, a total width
exceeding 40% of the mean value, σ R is Steels 0,30
equal to 1,25 times the value of the rupture Aluminium and alloys 0,33
stress over 100 000 hours which
Copper and alloys 0,33
corresponds to the lower bound of the
dispersion band. Nickel 0,31
σ 1% = Mean value of the stress which leads to a Nickel-copper 0,32
1% creep elongation over 100 000 hours at
Nickel-chromium-iron 0,29
design temperature t (value obtained by
extrapolation of results of tests performed Nickel-iron-chromium 0,34
in accordance with the applicable standard)
Titanium 0,32
a2) Calculation based on real damage in service
Zirconium 0,35
The properties to be considered shall be as specified
in Annex C1.A1.
C1.6.7 – Thermal expansion coefficient
b) In all cases, the influence of heat treatments on
the creep properties may be disregarded. When applying the design rules, the value of the
thermal expansion coefficient at design temperature t to
C1.6.5 – Modulus of elasticity be used shall be the value given in the product
specification, even if it is an informative value, in the
When applying the design rules, the value of the material Manufacturer specification or in any other
modulus of elasticity E at the design temperature t to be document agreed between the parties involved.
used is the value given in the product specification, even
if it is an informative value, in the material
Manufacturer specification or in any other document
agreed between the parties involved.

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 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

C1.7 – NOMINAL DESIGN STRESS C.1.9 – THICKNESSES, CONCEPTS AND

C1.7.1 - General
The nominal design stress f is the value of the stress
to be used in the calculation formulas of this Division; it
is the allowable value of the primary general membrane
stress as defined in C10.
The nominal design stress depends on the
mechanical properties of the material and on the safety
factors selected against:
– failure by gross plastic deformation and plastic
instability (safety factors then differ according
to the type of loading conditions considered)
on the one hand, and,
– failure by creep rupture, on the other hand.
The nominal design stress takes different values,
depending on whether the loading condition considered
is:
DEFINITIONS
C1.9.1 – Minimum required thickness - Assumed
thickness
a) The minimum required thickness of a
component is the smallest thickness required by this
│
Division to ensure the strength of the component (see E
Figure C1.9) - with the exception of possibly 09/07
permissible local under-thicknesses (see F1.5). │
Some rules of this Division give formulas which
enable this minimum required thickness to be calculated
directly.
b) The design rules of the Code which do not enable
direct calculation of the minimum required thickness for
a vessel component, give formulas which make it │
possible to verify that an assumed thickness is E
sufficient to ensure the strength of this component. (See 09/07
Figure C1.9) │

– a normal operating condition for which the Generally, these verification formulas also make it
failure by creep rupture is not a governing possible to determine the minimum required thickness
factor, referred to as "condition not within the for the component under consideration by iteration.
creep range",
C1.9.2 – Analysis thickness
– a normal operating condition for which the
This analysis thickness is the thinnest possible real │
failure by creep is a governing factor, referred
thickness – or minimum thickness – of the component │
to as "condition within the creep range of the
after the corrosion allowance is worn off and except any E
material", 09/07
local under-thicknesses possibly permitted (see F1.5);
│
– an exceptional operating condition or strength thus, it is the minimum thickness really available to │
test condition. ensure the strength of the component. │
│
The values of the nominal design stresses are The analysis thickness is equal to the following:
defined in the Annexes GA4 and following, according
eu = en – c – c1 – c2 (C1.9.2)
to the applicable regulations.
where:
en = Nominal order thickness of the rough
C1.8 – WELDED JOINT COEFFICIENT
product used for the fabrication of a vessel
For the calculation of the strength of a butt-welded component
joint under a normal operating condition, the nominal
c = Corrosion allowance as defined in C1.9.3
design stress shall be multiplied by a coefficient z
referred to as welded joint coefficient, the value of c1 = Negative tolerance on the thickness of the
which depends on the nature, the extent and the severity rough product, specified in the order
of the inspection of the welded joints (see Part I). specification
The values of the welded joint coefficients to be c2 = Possible thinning during the fabrication, by
applied are defined in the Annexes GA4 and following, forming or machining, of the component
according to the applicable regulations. under consideration

611
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

This analysis thickness shall be at least equal to the reduced, even be zero, on removable or easily
calculated minimum required thickness of the replaceable components (e.g. heat exchanger tubes).
component or to the assumed thickness which has been
When applying the design rules, the influence of the
checked for the component.
corrosion allowance on dimensions other than the
Note: In addition, the design rules for fixed tubesheet heat thickness may be disregarded.
exchangers require that the analysis thickness not exceed the thickness
assumed for the verification calculations, i.e. that these calculations be C1.9.4 – Minimum thickness
carried out using the analysis thickness really provided for, for the
construction of the exchanger. As this Division is intended for very general
application, it cannot give figured information on the
C1.9.3 – Corrosion allowance
minimum thicknesses to be adopted for the different
Should a thinning in the wall be likely to occur in materials used.
service, due to surface corrosion, erosion or wear, on
Therefore, when the calculation result gives a
one or both faces, under the effect of the products
seemingly low thickness, the thickness to be adopted
handled or of the ambient environment, provision shall
shall take into account the following:
be made on the new vessel for an extra thickness c the
corrosion allowance, which shall be sufficient to – the fabrication and welding means;
compensate for this thinning during the expected
lifetime of the vessel. – the particular need with respect to the design of
the castings, where necessary;
In the general case, the value of the corrosion
allowance c (which may be zero if no corrosion is – the shape stability and the resistance to impact
actually to be expected) shall always be specified by the loads, and other external actions necessary
during handling.
Principal or possibly by agreement between the
Principal and the Manufacturer, depending on the nature As regards thin-walled vessels intended for special
of the products in contact with the wall, their use, the Principal should provide the Manufacturer, at
temperature, their flow velocity, etc. the time of purchase order, with the minimum
In the case of a Vessels acc. to Manufacturer's thicknesses which he knows from his own experience as
necessary to withstand impact loads or ensure shape
standard, the corrosion allowance is specified by the
Manufacturer alone. stability.

This value is not necessarily the same for all the

components of a same chamber; in particular, it may be │
│
│
│
Negative tolerance on the thickness of the product │
│
│
Reduction in thickness possible during the manufacture │
Nominal order thickness of the rough product

│
│
Corrosion allowance │
│
│
of the component of a new vessel

Analysis thickness of the component

Minimum required thickness

│
Smallest possible real thickness

component strength check

│
Thickness assumed for
(smallest possible thickness

│
of the component

T
09/07
after corrosion)

│
See C1.9.1 a

See C1.9.1 b

│
│
│
│
│
│
│
│
Thickness in excess resulting from │
the choice of the order thickness │
│
│
│
│
│
Figure C1.9 – Analysis thickness, minimum required thickness and assumed thickness for a vessel component.

612
 CODAP 2005 Division 2 • Part C – DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS
Section C1 – GENERAL

C1.10 – GENERAL NOTATION - UNITS - C1.10.2 - Units

TOLERANCES
Apart from rare exceptions where the units are
C1.10.1 – General notation indicated, the formulas given in the design rules are
valid for any consistent system of units.
The symbols specific to each calculation rule are
indicated in the relevant chapters. However, it is recommended that the international
system of units which forms the subject of standard
The general symbols used are as follows:
NF X 02-006 be used.
P = Design pressure (see C1.2)
C1.10.3 - Tolerances
f = Nominal design stress (see C1.7)
With the exception of the thickness tolerances
z = Welded joint coefficient (see C1.8) referred to in C1.9.2, it is not necessary to take account
e = Calculated minimum required thickness, or of the tolerances on the other dimensions when
thickness assumed for a strength check applying the design rules, provided that these
calculation (see C1.9.1) tolerances remain within the limits specified by this
Division.
D, d = Diameters
On this condition, the dimensions to be used in the
R, r = Radii design rules are those given on the drawings.
Note: Symbol R is also used for the tensile strength
properties of the materials (see C1.6).
Subscripts
e = external, outside or outer
m = mean
i = internal, inside or inner
E = Modulus of elasticity (see C1.6.5)
v = Poisson’s ratio (see C1.6.6)

613