DLTCAD SOFTWARE FOR DESIGNING OVERHEAD POWER TRANSMISSION LINES. Author: Ing. Walter Sanchez Moyna wsanchez@absingenieros.com Introduction. DLTCAD 2014 is software used to design overhead power transmission lines. It covers a range of design from medium to high voltages, and it is based on contemporary transmission engineering models that provide adequate configurable design parameters. Its user interface is bilingual in English and in Spanish, Due to the aforementioned characteristics, and because it can be adapted to comply with many standards used worldwide, its application is feasible anywhere in the world, Using topographical data as an input, the software graphical interface allows for the design in a profile view environment that can interact dynamically with the plan view of the transmission line route. The topographical data can be entered either in XYZ format (UTM coordinates), or in XZ format (line profile. ‘The software incorporates tools for performing the necessary mechanical and electrical calculations for the proper design of an overhead transmission line. Regarding mechanical calculations of conductors, it applies the exact equation for catenaries; the change of state equation, and the final EDS calculation. It also performs calculations on the inelastic deformation due to the stress and fluency of conductors (creep effect); it ealeulates conductor tensions, vibration analysis due to conductor galloping, chained suspension insulators’ swing calculation, spans, and sags calculations at the point of final conditions. It evaluates the horizontal, vertical, and lateral clearances of conductors 10 ground and other land and aerial obstacles; it calculates safety clearances between conductors. ‘The software allows the user to define all environmental conditions for consideration in a transmission line project. From the electrical point of view, the software incorporates options forthe design and selection of the most suitable conductors for @ transmission line project. It performs the calculation ‘of conductors’ ampacities, efficiency and power losses of a transmission line, The sofware also allows for the design of transmission lines with multiple conductors per phase, it provides automatic corrections for altitude, evaluation of electromagnetic fields, and evaluation of right of way limits From an economic point of view, the software provides options for optimizing the spotting of structures based on their cost, thus verifying compliance with the limits of minimum safety distances. DLTCAD 2014 includes its own data bases for conductors, structure types, supports and obstacles. All data bases are editable, giving the user the option of adding new transmission line elements to suit their own needs. The graphical interface allows the design of the transmission line to be stretched or retum to its original position. It also allows cutting sections of the Tine and inserting new sections, with different routing, ‘The graphical interface allows the design of the transmission Tine to be stretched or return to its original position. It also allows cutting sections of the line and inserting new sections, with different routing. ‘The software generates profile and plant drawings on selectable and configurable scales. The plant drawings can show details of obstacles along the route of a transmission line, At the conclusion of a design, the software generates printable reports that ccan be exported to files in the following formats: Excel, DXF, ARCHD, It also generates a complete printable summary of the main materials involved in the design of the line ‘The software works with either MKS units or with SI units, and is completely independent of any other software application, It operates in Windows XP, 7, and 8. A new version is being developed that will ‘operate on Windows 10.Id MECHANICAL CALCULATIONS MODELS IL4.4 MODELS FOR CALCULATING THE CATENARY. Generic equations Fig ot ty : 6 & £ We 138 x, P 1) Y=C*Cosh(X/C) (Equation of catenary) q, 2)C =; (catenary parameter) We 3) T = To.Cosh( X/C) (Conductor tension at any point of the catenary) Calculations of a typical span ‘Taking the diagram below as a generic ‘example. en h Xm=C ArcSenhy —2C » ae gy XiaXual2, vex, +a/2 Catenary Length (x. (Xx, BL Senky —* |:L Senh —* pt, can) ty =a Tension ate ends 1, =H (CFE, Ty WoC +E, Calculation of Sag: ni) 8 r= )%=ccoa *) 9% ¥,=Ccosh * Where: To ©: Catenary Parameter. We : Unit weight of conductor. Horizontal Tension. hy: Catenary slope a: Horizontal span Xm: X value of catenary midpoint. 11.2 CHANGE OF STATE EQUATION Tos —Ta ME 10)L, ~L, = @(0, -6,)L, + = E+ a@.0, -O)]- 65 +o Being the unknown variable ,. The DLTCAD solves this equation by numericalmethods obtaining the value of o,, and finally compute | 42) C, = 5 Ws The catenary is defined after calculating the parameter C2 for condition 2 and the other parameters are calculated using the formulations described. 4 FINAL EDS CALCULATION The conductor is a material with elastic characteristic and variable modulus of elasticity in the intial loading phase. According to this and as shown in the following scheme applying a mechanical load to conductor its. elongation follows the curve AB and then elastic recovery occurs through the line 8D with a constant elasticity modulus (Final modulus of Elasticity) The segment AD represents the permanent deformation of the conductor by effect of applied stress. Estuerzo kNimm2) Etongactén (%) ‘When applied again mechanical load the conductor elongation occurs through the line DB until point B and if the load is ‘greater continues along the curve BC, After unloading elastic recovery takes place through the EC line (parallel to BD). The line AE represents the total permanent deformation of conductor. The initial length of the catenary in a span ‘added with the total deformation (Segment AE), is the length in the final state. In this Condition there is a new horizontal tension which is known as Final EDS. If the ‘conductor has reached its maximum load in point C the conductor deformation in final state is near through the segment EC. ‘The Stress-strain curve (ABC) is expressed by an equation of the form: Y=AO+A:X+A;X? #A:DX? +A X" The DLT-CAD develops the calculation of Final EDS automatically using as data the typical stress-strain curves of conductors and evaluating the maximum load according to the environmental conditions defined for the project IL1.5 CREEP CALCULATION. There are two known methods for caloulating the effect of creep deformation. a) Using the manufacturer's creep curves. b) Applying the projection methods posed by Harvey-Larson, In the first case the curves are provided by the manufacturer (Stress-Creep) for different times, For the second case we have the equations that were raised by the authors considering cables without splices. (According to IEEE / PES, pp. No. C72 190-2), ‘These prediction equations according to conductor type are:For room temperature aac: ska! tl" AARC ~ 6201 e=Go!’ t'"” ACAR: €.=(0.0003+0,.0021*A,seoEANa! 9) ACSR: (1) 186 24 (% RBS)! (2): #14 (% RBS)" t'" For high temperature AAG :2.5MITHo!" £9 oootaT'a!* ‘AAAC_8201 AGAR .(0.000008+0.0021"A,sco/EA)( Tia"? #8") ACSR : = 0.24 (% RBS) Tt!" Table_04; Conductors coefficients for ‘equations of Creep Ww? © a His K, | 002% | o.0020 | —ooore | oan Ke] 000% | 002] anor |- oon ‘M,_.000023" {0.000002 | o-oo0n27 | 000020 | 000001 | o.0D00%4 | 0.000033 | 0 00072 Glan [nora] omer ‘Subscript "1" denotes hot-rolled manufacturing ‘Subscript "2" denotes continuous casting manufacturing Legend: ee Creep (Micro unit / unit) {= Time application of traction RBS = % rate breaking stress. oc = Stress Avssy = 1950-H19 aluminum area, EA = Total area of the conductor cross section, r Conductor Temperature. K, M, G = Coefficients depends of conductor characteristics. ‘According to the recommendations of IEEE 1 PES, pp. No. C72 180-2, for the design lakes the maximum value between the results obtained for room temperature and high temperature, IL4.8 CALCULATION OF LOADS ON STRUCTURES NORMAL CONDITIONS: Tranverse Loads: 12) Fre =2*T;y * Senter/2) PAV, * Des * Costeel) 1000 Pet Legs * Day 1000 ret Fie + F 19) Fe = 14) Fig 15) Fy, = Vertical Loads: 16) Weg = We +W,)*V, 17) Wacom Moperart Mramast Menrpeso 18) Fy = Wea + Wea + W, Longitudinal Loads Previously it calculates the horizontal tension 7, for maximun load condition. ‘Suspension structures in general: 19) F, = absTy — Tay) Angular Structures: F, Retention Structures Zen, 20) F, Terminal Structures: FEMERGENCY COINDITIONS ‘Transverse Loads: 22) F; Wea #W, Longitudinal Loads * Suspension structures (60% of horizontal ration) 23) F, * Retention Structures F,,=T, (100% of horizontal traction) * Terminal Structures F,,=0. (Broken Conductor) eaend Fy. : Transverse load due to the conductor traction. Fic: Transverse load due to wind pressure on the conductor. Fi, + Transverse Load due to wind pressure on the insulator string F, : Resulting transverse load F,, : Resulting vertical load Resulting longitudinal load Horizontal Tension @ = Deflection angle of line (Topographic angle). P, - Wind Pressure V, :Wind Span Dena + Conductor Diameter Leas D, w, Se Insulators string length Insulators diameter Conductor weight with overload WW. Unit weigth of conductor. WW, : Weight of the ice crust per unit length of conductor. V),: Welgth Span Wegs : Weigth of Insulators string. W caconses ° Additional vertical loads. Worerusy + Operator weight Wrenn * Weight of tools and operating accessories. Wesvangeas * Weight of counterweight Ty, + Horizontal traction of left span T, 7, : Horizontal traction of igth span 11.7 CALCULATION OF CONDUCTOR OFFSET Complementary calculations: 24) j \ y \e etl Ls pt Yet F, 1 * Sema. +7,..)+T,,* Sen(B,— a) Deflection angle “6”: For the first and last structure: CADENA i| Se at the most erical conditions of sag which pieeeat | normally coresponds to the maximun 26) Aa, = Lead*[Sen(6)]_ 27) temperature conditions and must includes the permanent deformation of the conductor 1, = Lead — Lead *[Cos(6,)] 28) Net horizontal displacement: ‘a... —Aq, and creep effect. In the case of minimum lateral distances as Lead *|Sen(6,,.)~Sen(,)] shown in the following schema should also consider cross-conductor displacement by 26) Net vertical displacement H,=bhy ~h,=Lead*[Cov8) Cos) wind. Ei+1 £2 ‘ e1 \ oy a ae ke eae oO - DLTCAD calculates the angle of the transverse displacement and determines ‘Span value after shit: the distance x 1o lateral obstactes 30) i + (Aa,,, — ay) 35) = Tan ( 2te*Onn/2 ai: Span value with insulator chains stapled. (Wes Wins 2 New slope value: : Transverse deflection angle of the oN) Ra shen (has <8) catenary due to wind, New Length of conductor in span Oye Transverse load due to wind pressure 32) onthe conductor. EHEC sEeE HSER Qn, * Transverse force due to wind pressure on the insulator string We Conductor weight Wins: Weight of insulator sting including For frst span: accessories, 33) a,, =4, +Aa, e [ #0) * Senki Ingeneral: Fpv-= KV*Sf.A For last span: where 34a, Aa, Fpv: Load due to wind pressure V: Wind speed K : Constant for wind pressure Sf: Shape FactorA: Projected area over which acts the wind pressure. * For the particular case of CNE supply 2011 (Peruvian Standard) K = 0.613, altitudes <= 3000 masi K= 0.455, altitudes>3000 masl \V: Wind Speed in miseg 2 ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS 112.4 CALCULATION OF HEAT CAPACITY OF CONDUCTOR (AMPACITY) This calculation is developed according to the methodology proposed in the IEEE738 standard which raises the heat balance ‘equation: 38) 9.44, =4, + PRT) Where is obtained _ feta Yo Rey The current | is taken as data calculated ant knowing Power and Nominal Line Voltage. The maximum temperature (Te) is. calculated by iterative procedures so as to compliance equilibrium equation, other variables being calculated as follows: Convection heat losses 9. MAH Joy Jers4e2) Natural Convection(a..) 38) q., = 0.0205.p,"D°"(Te~Ta)!* Forced convection heat loss rate (qe, cz) 39) Dp,¥,)* w (re (Dp Vy orig PAL) he, Ky (Te Ta) Ca | Radiated heat loss cate (an): 4) ¢, -oorrsnd (2273) o in 42) 4, = a0, Sin(6).A Conductor Electrical Resistan 43) are | Meg) Boe) re 7,4 RT) Legend: br Airdensity D: Conductor Diameter Te. = Conductor temperature Ta : Ambient ir temperature Ww : Wind speed iy = Dynamic viscosity of air , : Thermal conductivity of air Kenge Wind Direction Factor © + Conductor emissivty = Solar absorptivity Que : Total solar and sky radiated heat rate elevation corrected At: Projected area, © : Effective angle of incidence of the sun's rays R(Trg)® R(7ST) (according to IEEE 738) RCToa)® R(25C) (according to IEEE 758) 2.2 CORONA LOSSES ‘CALCULATIONS. ‘The DLTCAD performs corona loss ‘calculations using several known Te methodologies, includingMethod of | Developed by F. W. Peek through empirical observations, apply for parallel round conductors with a smooth surface: 44) poy 495 [F [Umax _Ue} . +N 3 3, ' 45) Uc=84m,.6m,, roel 2 ) Where: P: Power losses in Wk {+ Operating frecuency 2) U max: Line Votege (kV) Uc : Disruptive Critical Voltage (kV) 'm, Conductor Roughness Factor. 5 : Correction factor for air density 'm,: Weather Factor rr GRM of conductor by phase D: GDMof conductors between thases. Maruvada Method: 46) P=K,.N. f° (E-E,) 47 B= (iBrin(O/)) (,, 0.426 safe OS P- Corona Losses in kWikm NV: Number of conductors by phase J: Frecuency in Hertz 48) E Where 1r: SubConductor Radio in em _D: GDM between phases K,,: Empirical Constant = 0.000775 E: Maximum peak value ofthe conductor surface gradient (kV/cm) Eg: Peak gradient of start of corona ofthe ‘conductor (kV/cm) _m Surface factor of conductor. '@: Conductor Diameter in cm 5: Relative density of air Line Voltage in (kV) M3 SOFTWARE FEATURES Entry Data: Topographic points of line route in XYZ coordinates (West, North, Altitude) or XY format (profile of line route). In any form can be loaded from a text fle ‘Own Data tables: Table of Conductors: A wide range of conductors of type AAC, ARAC, ASCR, ACAR, AG’, OPGW, CU. With typical data according to catalogs.All data are editable and data tables are expandable by user himself. manufacturers! + Table of Structures Geometry: A wide range of geometries for different types of structures, Within this range are geometries for wood structures, concrete structures, lattice towers, metal structures. Grouped according typical applications in Transmission lines or Distribution lines, ‘+ Table of Supports: Corresponds to the structure on which way the geometry of the structure (wood poles, concrete poles, metal poles. body of lattice towers).In either case the user need only select the items required for his project or otherwise add or edit 2 new one according to his own need. ‘Main properties and caculation option: © Mechanical calculation of conductors (with option of use the linear or nonlinear model for deformation of conductors) + Environmental conditions editable by user aswell as the main design parameters and constants. Making it applicable to Peruvian and Intemational Standards, ‘+ Selectable option to use single Conductor or multiple conductor per phase. According if i is a Transmission line or Distribution tine. Automatic calculation of catenaries taking info account the topographic profile, maximun deformation of, conductors due stress for all environmental conditions and fluency due to aging of material ‘+ Analysis of mechanical behavior of the lines. in different operating conditions (oscillation of chain, galloping), + Caleulation of maximum conductor temperature (Ampacity) based on IEEE 738 standard * Calculation of electrical parameters of the line according to the geometrical structures, conductor type and number of conductors per phase. + Evaluation of the efficiency of transmission, taking into account the transverse losses (caused by Corona) and the Joule losses. ‘+ Calculation of typical load trees for the structures with options to use the overload factors of CNE supply (Peru) land generic safety factors, allowing to ‘adapt to any International Standard, © Economic optimization ofthe. distribution of structures + Other options. Rosults and Reports: ‘+ Reports of all options of calculation in tables exportable to Excel or text format. + Generation of profile drawings in At formats or continuous format as user configurable scales. © Profile drawings and floorplans exportable to DXF fies. ee en User Interface Works on Windows platform (Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7). ‘= All design options are executed in a User-friendly graphical interface in plan and profile view with a predominant design access options using the mouse and graphical icon.Ml) CONCLUSIONS The DLTCAD 2012 is a sofware application that integrates multiple Computational tools that allows to develop integrated design of a transmission line ‘rom mechanical and electrical standpoint, using profile and plan view. "Based on national and international standards, includes tables of conductors, geometries of structures, wood poles, concrete poles, metal poles and Iattice towers, ‘Calculation tools and configuration ‘options give you the advantage of being applied in the design of transmission lines and distribution ines. * This. publication represents one of the most versatile and complete tools available worldwide and star's alongside the few applications of this nature. It represents a very significant contribution in the development of the power transmission lines engineering. V) REFERENCES [1] Standard VOE100 [2] National Electric Safety Code (NESC) IEEE Publication 2007 [5] Standard 1E€€738, Publication 2007 [4] Lineas de Transmisién de Potencia Ing. Juan Bautista Rios {5} Lineas de transporte de Energia era, Edicion : Luis Maria Checa [6] Electric Power Generation, [2] Transmission and Distribution, 2” Edition Leonard L. Grigsby [7] Overhead Conductor Manual 2nd Edition : Southwire Company [8] Overhead Power Lines : F. Kiessiing, P. Nefzger (Power Systems) [9] Aluminum Electical Conductor Handbook, 1989 (The Aluminum Association). [10] Cédigo Nacional de Electricidad ‘Suministro 2011 (Peru) [11] Norma DGE -018 : DGE/MEM — Peru Lima, September 2014 Ing. Walter Sanchez Moyna IEEE member: 03264604 Telf. (51-1) 715-0404 Email: wsanchez@absingenieros.com‘Annex 01: View of the Main Screen of Software Environment (profile view). scar rid cazan 1"