Best Practices for Implementing High-Resistance
Grounding in Mine Power Systems
Joseph Sottile
and Anup Tripathi
230 MMRB
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506-0107 USA
jsottile@ieee.org, anuptripathi@yahoo.com
Abstract— Proper implementation of high-resistance grounding
of mine power systems can reduce arc flash and shock hazards by
limiting ground fault current while also permitting reliable
detection and clearing of the fault. IEEE Standard 142 defines a
high resistance grounded system as one with a purposely inserted
resistance that limits ground-fault current to levels such that the
fault current (usually thought of as less than 10 A) can flow for
an extended time without exacerbating damage. However, the
per-phase zero-sequence resistance of the system should not
exceed the distributed per-phase capacitive reactance of the
system; otherwise, the system will be prone to transient
overvoltages and relay selectivity problems. Recent research has
shown that in practice, the zero-sequence resistance may be
considerably larger than the system capacitive reactance, thereby
violating the definition of a high-resistance grounded system.
This paper outlines procedures for proper sizing of the neutral
grounding resistor considering the distributed system
capacitance. The paper begins with a discussion of the problems
caused by distributed capacitance in high-resistance-grounded
mine power systems. Subsequently, procedures for determining
system capacitance, sizing the neutral grounding resistor, and
establishing relay pickup settings are given. These procedures
are straightforward to apply and do not require computer
modeling for implementation. Numerical examples of the
procedure applied to a high-voltage longwall system and also an
underground mine distribution system are provided.
Keywords-Capacitance charging current
I. INTRODUCTION
When properly installed, resistance grounded systems can
provide many benefits compared to other types of grounding
systems. In general, they provide for [1]:
• low mechanical stress in devices carrying ground fault
current,
• low burning and melting effects in faulted electric
equipment,
• low shock hazard to personnel caused by ground fault
current in the ground return,
The work for this paper was funded by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory,
under contract No. 200-2002-000589, Reduction of Mining Electrical Hazards
Through Improved Engineering Controls, with Dr. J. L. Kohler as the
Technical Project Officer.
0197-2618/07/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
Thomas Novak
100 Holden Hall
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
tomnovak@vt.edu
• low arc or flash hazard to personnel who may be in close
proximity to a ground fault,
• control of transient overvoltages, and
• low voltage dip during ground faults.
Although there are no standards for defining resistance
grounding, it is generally divided into two classes: low-
resistance grounding and high-resistance grounding. Low-
resistance grounding permits ground fault currents of 100 A or
more, with typical values of 200-1000 A. High-resistance
grounding typically limits the ground fault current to 10 A or
less although there are systems in the 15 kV class that have
higher ground fault currents. Both types of systems should be
designed to limit transient overvoltages to within 250% of
normal [1].
One of the design criteria for a properly designed high-
resistance grounded system is that R0 ≤ XC0, where R0 is the
per-phase zero-sequence resistance of the system and XC0 is the
distributed per-phase system-to-ground capacitive reactance
[1]. In most practical power systems, the zero-sequence
resistance is dominated by the neutral grounding resistor so a
high-resistance grounded system requires that RN ≤ ⅓XC0,
where RN is the ohmic value of the neutral grounding resistor
(NGR).
Systems that violate the definition of high-resistance
grounding suffer from problems that are generally
characteristic of ungrounded systems. First, although many
references refer to the neutral grounding resistor current as the
ground fault current, it must be recognized that the two are
different. Although the neutral grounding resistor does help to
control the ground fault current, the ground fault current will
exceed the neutral grounding resistor current because of the
distributed system capacitance. And, depending on the values
of RN and XC0, the ground-fault current can be many times
greater than the neutral grounding resistor current. Second,
relay selectivity may be lost because the zero-sequence current
in unfaulted branches due to capacitance charging current can
exceed the pickup setting of ground fault relays protecting
those branches. Finally, these systems are prone to overvoltage
problems due to arcing ground faults or from a fault through an
inductance whose reactance is close to that of the distributed
system capacitance.
1341
 The underground coal mining industry has utilized high-
resistance grounding for many years because of the benefits
listed above. With respect to underground high-voltage
distribution systems, the neutral grounding resistor must be of
proper ohmic value to limit the voltage drop in the ground
circuit external to the neutral grounding resistor to not more
than 100 V [2]. In practice, this requirement is typically met by
limiting the neutral grounding resistor current to 25 A and
having a ground fault pickup setting of 40% of this limit (i.e.,
10A). High-voltage longwall systems of 2400 V or less must
have a neutral grounding resistor current limit of not more than
6.5 A, while high-voltage longwall systems of over 2400 V
must have a neutral grounding resistor current limit of not more
than 3.75 A. In addition, high-voltage motor and shearer
circuits must be provided with instantaneous ground fault
protection set at not more than 125 mA. Ground fault
protection provided at the power center is permitted to have a
0.25 s time delay to allow coordination with the protection in
the motor starting unit. The maximum pickup setting for the
power center relay is 40% of the neutral grounding resistor
current limit [3].
In this paper, the effects of distributed capacitance on both
underground high-voltage distribution systems and longwall
systems are briefly reviewed. Subsequently, straightforward
procedures for determining system capacitance, sizing the
neutral grounding resistor, and establishing relay pickup
settings are given.
II. EFFECTS OF DISTRIBUTED CAPACITANCE
Figure 1 illustrates a line-to-ground fault in a simplified
three-phase system modeled as a pi-equivalent circuit. In this
illustration, R+jXL is the line resistance and inductive
reactance, –XC0/2 is one-half of the per-phase capacitive
reactance, and RN is the resistance of the neutral grounding
resistor.
R + jXL
Fault
− jX C 0
2
RN
Figure 1. Three-phase model of single line-to-ground fault.
For cases in which the resistance of the neutral grounding
resistor is large and the series line impedance is neglected, the
system of Figure 1 can be approximated by the system of
Figure 2. From this figure, it is seen that the fault current flows
back to the source through the distributed system capacitance
as well as the neutral grounding resistor. In cases where the
definition of high-resistance grounding is violated, i.e., RN >
⅓XC0, more current flows through the distributed system
capacitance compared with the neutral grounding resistor and
the system begins to take on the characteristics of an
ungrounded system.
Fault
+
VLN
-
XC0
RN 3
Figure 2. Simplified circuit of single line-to-ground fault.
Problems associated with mining systems in which the
definition of high-resistance grounding is violated have been
documented previously for high-voltage longwall systems [4]
and underground high-voltage distribution systems [5]. A brief
summary of the results is provided here.
Consider a typical 2400 V inby longwall system having a 5-
MVA power center with 800 ft of two, 500 kcmil shielded
cable connecting the power center to the headgate motor
starting unit and controller located at the face area of the
headgate. Cables running to the individual pieces of equipment
include,
• 1200 ft of 2/0 to the shearer,
• 1200 ft of 2/0 to the tailgate motor,
• 50 ft of 2/0 to headgate motor 1,
• 50 ft of 2/0 to headgate motor 2,
• 50 ft of #2 to the stage loader, and
• 50 ft of #2 to the crusher.
Spice simulations of this system reported in [4] has shown
that sizing the neutral grounding resistor to comply with the
federal limit of 6.5 A of ground fault current produces a system
that is well within the limits of a high-resistance grounded
system.
However, simulations also showed that the system is prone
to loss of relay selectivity because of the distributed
capacitance of the cables. For example, Spice simulations of a
bolted line-to-ground fault at the output terminals of the power
center showed that approximately 344 mA of zero-sequence
current would flow in the cables to the shearer and tailgate.
Because each of these circuits must pickup and trip
instantaneously at 125 mA, each of these circuits would trip
1342
erroneously before the relay in the power center would clear grounded system in order to achieve all of the benefits of
the fault. Therefore, in this case, trip flags would be displayed resistance grounding that were presented in the Introduction.
at three different locations. Furthermore, although it may not be possible to completely
eliminate relay selectivity problems because of the desire to
For a 4160-V longwall system, the problems with have pickup settings sufficiently low in order to detect
capacitance are more pronounced. To illustrate, consider a minimum arcing ground faults, the pickup settings should be
4160-V, 5-MVA outby longwall system, in which the power selected with consideration of selectivity as well.
center and motor starting unit are both located outby the face
(i.e., at least 150 ft outby). For this system, typical cables It is recommended that the neutral grounding resistor ohmic
might include, value, RN, be selected such that
• 2000 ft of #1 to the shearer, X C0
RN ≤ (1)
• 1200 ft of #4 to the stage loader, 3
• 1200 ft of #4 to the crusher, where XC0 is the distributed per-phase system-to-ground
capacitive reactance.
• 1200 ft of #1 to headgate motor 1,
Because all of the cables in the distribution system and
• 1200 ft of #1 to headgate motor 2, and high-voltage longwall system must be shielded, determination
of the distributed system capacitance is straightforward.
• 2000 ft of #1 to the tailgate motor. Values can either be obtained from the manufacturer, or they
Spice simulations of this system reported in [4] showed that can be determined from the following relationship:
the federal limit of 3.75 A of neutral grounding resistor current
results in a neutral grounding resistor current that is nearly C =
7.354ε
 
[ ]=
pF
ft
7.354ε
d 
[ ]
pF
ft
(2)
equal to the capacitance charging current, which just satisfies 2t
log 10 1 +  log10  OI 
the definition of a high-resistance grounded system. However,  d UI   d UI 
simulations investigating relay selectivity issues showed that a
fault at the output terminals of the power center produces zero- where,
sequence currents in excess of the 125 mA instantaneous ε = dielectric constant of the insulation or SIC,
setting in all of the individual outgoing circuits. Therefore, trip t = thickness of the conductor insulation,
flags would be indicated at all locations for this fault.
dUI = diameter under the insulation, and
Simulations of a large mine distribution system serving two dOI = diameter over the insulation.
continuous miner sections and one longwall face reported in [5]
showed that overvoltage and relay selectivity problems can
exist due to distributed system capacitance. The system Typical values for the SIC, thickness of the insulation, and
simulated consisted of 850 ft of 500 kcmil borehole cable plus diameter under the insulation can be obtained from cable
75,200 ft of 4/0 mine power feeder operating at 12.47 kV with manufacturers. In the absence of specific information, the
a neutral grounding resistor current limit of 25 A and a relay values listed in Tables I and II can be used for EPR insulation.
pickup setting of 10 A. Spice simulations of line-to-ground It is recommended that the pickup setting be set at 40% of
faults showed that the ground fault current for this mine the neutral grounding resistor current limit. This pickup level
distribution system can be nearly three times the neutral has been used in the mining industry successfully for decades,
grounding resistor current limit. In addition, for a resonant and there has been no compelling reason found for
fault condition in which the fault inductive reactance is equal to recommending a different level. Note that this pertains to high-
the system capacitive reactance, simulations showed that over voltage distribution systems as well as high-voltage longwall
voltages could be approximately three times the nominal line- systems.
to-ground voltage. There were also numerous situations in
which relay selectivity would be lost at the 10-A pickup setting.

III. RECOMMENDED BEST PRACTICES TABLE I. TYPICAL CAPACITANCE VALUES FOR MP-GC CABLES [6]
(SIC = 3.2)
A. Ground Resistor Sizing and Pickup Settings Conductor Voltage DUI DOI Capacitance
The recommendations presented here have been developed Size [kV] [pF/ft]
[in] [in]
based on results of detailed Spice simulations of ground faults
in high-voltage distribution and longwall power systems. 2/0 8 0.450 0.695 124.7
However, the recommendations themselves have been made 4/0 8 0.555 0.800 148.2
such that no specialized software or detailed analysis is 350 kcmil 8 0.701 0.946 180.8
required. In addition, possible problems, such as loss of relay 500 kcmil 8 0.828 1.073 209.1
selectivity can be easily examined. 2/0 15 0.450 0.810 92.2
4/0 15 0.555 0.915 109.4
Based on research results, it is believed that ground resistor 350 kcmil 15 0.701 1.060 131.0
sizing should conform to the definition of a high-resistance 500 kcmil 15 0.828 1.189 149.7

1343
 TABLE II. TYPICAL CAPACITANCE VALUES FOR SHD-GC CABLES [6] borehole cable plus 75,200 ft of 4/0 MP-GC cable in the
(SIC = 3.2)
remainder of the distribution system. Using the capacitance
Conductor Voltage DUI DOI Capacitance estimates listed in Table I, the total per-phase distributed
Size [kV] [pF/ft] capacitance and reactance of the system are,
[in] [in]
C = 150 × 10 −12 × 850 + 109.4 × 10 −12 × 75,200 = 8.36 µF , (5)
4 5 0.305 0.530 98.1
2 5 0.321 0.610 84.4
1 5 0.396 0.640 112.9 −1 −1
1/0 5 0.455 0.680 134.9 X C0 = = = −317.3Ω. (6)
ωC 2π (60) × 8.36 × 10 −6
2/0 5 0.510 0.735 148.3
4/0 5 0.625 0.850 176.2
250 kcmil 5 0.651 0.900 167.3
350 kcmil 5 0.784 1.050 185.5 The resistance of the neutral grounding resistor should not
500 kcmil 5 0.902 1.165 211.8 exceed,
1/0 8 0.455 0.770 103.0 317.3
2/0 8 0.510 0.830 111.3 RN = ≈ 105Ω. (7)
3
4/0 8 0.625 0.935 134.5
250 kcmil 8 0.651 0.985 130.8 The pickup value should be
350 kcmil 8 0.805 1.125 161.9 I Pickup = 0.40 × 68 .6 ≈ 27 A. (8)
500 kcmil 8 0.950 1.270 186.6
1/0 15 0.455 0.900 79.4 With this neutral grounding resistor resistance, there should
2/0 15 0.500 0.930 87.3 be good control of overvoltages due to arcing ground faults or
4/0 15 0.625 1.075 99.9 faults through an inductive reactance at or near the system
250 kcmil 15 0.680 1.112 110.2 capacitive reactance. The pickup setting of 27 A will provide
350 kcmil 15 0.800 1.230 126.0 relay selectivity for all situations in which the charging current
500 kcmil 15 0.950 1.360 151.0 of any unfaulted branch is less than 27 A.
For this design, the maximum ground fault current is
Relay selectivity problems can be easily determined for estimated to be,
these recommendations. Equation (3) can be used to estimate
the level of capacitance charging current that will flow in an 12,470
IF = −1
= 96.6 A. (9 )
unfaulted branch during a single line-to-ground fault,  1 1 
3× + − j 317.3 
105 3 

V LL 3V LL The neutral ground resistor current is estimated to be,

3I A0 ≅ = (3)
X C 0 ( branch ) X C 0( branch )
3× 12,470
3 IN = = 68.6 A. (10)
3 × 105
It is also appropriate to also consider relay selectivity
where, XC0(branch) is the per-phase capacitive reactance of the problems for this system. Inspection of Figure 3 shows that the
unfaulted branch of interest. feeders connected to branch 13-22 represent a large portion of
the distribution system that would have a large charging current
When applying this relationship, it is important to recognize and relay coordination would likely be lost for line-to-ground
that it is applicable to radial distribution systems and the faults in branch 13-14 or any of the cables connected to branch
unfaulted branch refers to portions of the system that are in 13-16. However, this cannot be avoided in this situation unless
parallel to the faulted branch, or on the load side of the fault. a very high pickup value were selected.
It is also possible to estimate the maximum ground fault To illustrate this, consider a fault in branch 13-14. The per-
current that will flow during a single line-to-ground fault by phase capacitance for the portion of the system connected to
considering the circuit of Fig. 2: branch 13-16 and the resulting zero-sequence current in that
V LL branch are estimated to be,
IF ≈ −1
[ A] ( 4)
 1 1  C = 109.4 × 10 −12 pF
ft
× 12,700 ft = 1.39 µF , (11)
3× + − jX 
 RN 3 
C0

−1
X C 0 ( branch13−16 ) = = −1908Ω, (12)
B. Mine Distribution Example 2π (60) × 1.39 × 10 − 6

Figure 3 shows the one line diagram of the mine used to

illustrate the recommendations. In this system, only major
3V LL 3 × 12,470
loads have been included. In addition, loads are represented as 3I A0 (13−16 ) ≅ = = 11.3 A. (13)
the sum of the individual machines or motors. This system is X C 0 ( branch ) − 1908
composed of 850 ft of 500 kcmil MP-GC serving as the

1344
 12.47 kV Feed
1

Short Circuit Capacity = 126.9 MVA

X/R = 14.41

Borehole Cable
500 kcmil, 15 kV
MP-GC PF Correction
850 ft 3000 kVAR
13

4/0
4/0
500 ft
700 ft
14
13,000 ft 12.47 kV/
1040-600 V 16
1000 kVA
15 12.47 kV/ 4/0
22 4160-600 V 6000 ft 18
1500 kVA
12.47 kV/ 17 12.47 kV/ 4/0
4160-600 V Motor Pit 4160-600 V 6000 ft
1500 kVA 23
400 hp 1500 kVA 20
19
Belt Drive 12.47 kV/
5800 ft 1400 hp 4160-600 V
1500 kVA
Belt Drive Belt Drive 21
24 1000 hp 1000 hp

4/0 Belt Drive

200 ft 1000 hp
25

12.47 kV/ 4/0

1040-600 V 7250 ft
1000 kVA 27
26

12.47 kV/ 4/0

1040-600 V 7250 ft
1000 kVA 38
Belt Drive 29
725 hp 4/0
12.47 kV/ 200 ft
1040-600 V 39
1500 kVA
4/0 12.47 kV/ 4/0
1800 ft 30
1040-600 V 5000 ft
1000 kVA 41
40

31 CM Section
12.47 kV/
4/0 (Total: 1350 hp)
1040-600 V
4/0 1800 ft Belt Drive 1000 kVA
42
200 ft 725 hp
32 4/0
5000 ft
12.47 kV/ 4/0 Belt Drive
1040-600 V 7250 ft 725 hp
1000 kVA 34
33 43
12.47 kV/
12.47 kV/ 4/0 2400-1040 V
1040-600 V 7250 ft 3 Winding
Belt Drive 1000 kVA 36 5000 kVA
44 45
725 hp 12.47 kV/
1040-600 V Hydraulic Pumps
1500 kVA (Total: 900 hp)
37
46

CM Section
(Total: 1350 hp) Longwall Equipment
(Total: 4200 hp)

Figure 3. One Line Diagram of Example Underground High-Voltage Mine Distribution System.

1345
Performing the same calculation for branch 13-22 yields an
12.47 kV input
estimate of,
3I A0 (13− 22 ) ≅ 55.2 A. (14)

These estimates indicate that a fault in branch 13-14 will

5 MVA
cause a zero-sequence current of approximately 55 A in branch Power Center
13-22 and relay selectivity will be lost. However, it would not
be recommended that the pickup setting be raised to a value

Maintained at least 150 ft Outby

greater than 55A because it may create a situation in which the 2 x 250 kcmil
minimum arcing ground fault might not be detected. 4160-V Data

The above results were verified by comparison with

480 V

Data
detailed Spice simulations of the mine distribution system. A 4160-V Motor Starting Unit
summary of the simulation model is provided below
(additional details can be found in [5]):
Monorail

#1 (2000 ft)

#4 (1200 ft)

#4 (1200 ft)

#1 (1200 ft)

#1 (1200 ft)

#1 (2000 ft)
• the utility supply is modeled as a three-phase, wye-
connected voltage source in series with resistance and
inductance values determined from the nominal system
voltage, short circuit capacity, and X/R ratio,
• loads were modeled as three-phase resistance and

Headgate Motor 1 (800 hp)

Headgate Motor 2 (800 hp)

Headgate
inductance values determined from the total rated power,

Tailgate Motor (800 hp)

Stage Loader (500 hp)
Master

Permissible

Shearer (1200 hp)

nominal system voltage, and assumed values for power

Crusher (250 hp)

Controller
factor (0.90 lagging), efficiency (90%), and load factor
(0.85), and
• transformers were modeled as series resistance and
inductance elements connected between the cables and the
loads.
Results of the Spice simulation with a line-to-ground fault Figure 4. Diagram of Typical 4160-V Longwall
in branch 13-14 produced the following results: Power System.
I F = 95.4 A, (15)

I N = 67.4 A, (16) The resistance of the neutral grounding resistor should not
exceed,
3I A0 (13−16 ) = 11.1A, (17)
2760
RN = = 920Ω. (21)
3I A0 (13− 22 ) = 54.6 A. (18) 3

These results compare very well with the estimates of (9), The maximum ground fault current is estimated to be
(10), (13), and (14). 4160
IF = −1
= 3.69 A. ( 22)
 1 
1
C. High-Voltage Longwall Example 3× + − j 2760 
 920 3 
A longwall system can also be used to illustrate the
application of the recommendations. Consider the 4160-V The design neutral grounding resistor current will be
longwall system shown in Figure 4. This is a typical outby 4160
system commonly used for 4160-V longwall in which the IN = = 2.60 A. ( 23)
motor starting unit is maintained at least 150 ft outby. 3 × 920

For this system, the total per-phase capacitance can be The pickup value should be
determined as, I Pickup = 0.40 × 2.60 = 1.04 A. ( 24 )

Relay selectivity issues at the recommended pickup setting

C = 6400 × 112.9 × 10 −12 + 2400 × 98.1 × 10 −12 = 0.96 µF . (19) of 1.04 A can be easily investigated. Consider a fault at the
output terminals of the load center transformer. For this
situation, the charging current for the highest-capacitance
The per-phase reactance is, branches, i.e., the tailgate motor or shearer, can be estimated as,
−1 1 3V LL 3 × 4,160
X C0 = = ≈ −2760Ω. (20) 3I A0 ( shearer ) ≅ = = 0.61A. (25)
ωC 2π (60) × 0.96 × 10 − 6 X C 0 ( branch ) − 11,750

1346
 This value is below the pickup setting of 1.04 A; therefore, and has made recommendations that the authors believe would
there should be no selectivity problem with the recommended improve mine electrical system operation and safety.
NGR resistance and pickup setting. Other branches can be
investigated in a similar fashion. With respect to high-voltage mine distribution systems, it is
recommended that the grounding system conform to the
In order to verify these results, a Spice simulation of the definition of high-resistance grounding rather than arbitrarily
longwall system was performed with the results presented in selecting a 25 A neutral grounding resistor current limit. With
Fig. 5. The simulation results agree very well with the the procedures presented in this paper, the maximum ground
estimates. For example, the Spice simulation predicts a fault fault current can be determined and relay selectivity issues can
current of 3.60 A compared with 3.69 A computed in (22); the be investigated.
Spice simulation predicts a neutral grounding resistor current of
2.55 A compared with 2.60 A computed in (23); and the Spice With respect to high-voltage longwall systems, regulations
simulation predicts a zero-sequence current of 0.60 A compared require that the neutral grounding resistor current be limited to
with the estimate of 0.61 A computed in (25). Inspection of 6.50 A for 2400-V systems and 3.75 A for 4160-V systems.
Fig. 5 also shows that there should be no selectivity problem in Although these limits may presently provide for systems that
the system with the pickup setting of 1.04 A. do not violate the definition of high-resistance grounding, it is
anticipated that systems in the future (or even some larger
systems at present) may have charging currents in excess of
these neutral grounding resistor current limits, thus violating
4.00
3.60 the definition of high-resistance grounding. Therefore, it is
3.50 recommended that the Mine Safety and Health Administration
3.00 (MSHA) consider altering the regulations such that the NGR
2.55
2.50
resistance is determined on the basis of the distributed system
capacitance as outlined in this paper. It is also recommended
2.00
that MSHA consider raising the instantaneous setting of the
1.50
Pickup shearer and outgoing motor circuits to 40% of the neutral
1.00
0.60 0.60
grounding resistor current limit to avoid relay selectivity, and
0.50
0.36 0.36 0.31 0.31 possibly, motor startup problems associated with the 125 mA
setting.
0.00
er
R

r
e

r
1

2
t

re

he

REFERENCES
ul

at
NG

ad
te

te
Fa

ea
ilg

us
ga

ga

Lo
Sh
Ta

Cr
ad

ad

e
ag
He

He

St

[1] “IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and

Figure 5. Predicted Zero-Sequence Currents for Line-to-
Ground Fault at Longwall Load Center Secondary.
IV. CONCLUSION
High voltage mine distribution systems and longwall power
systems can have a significant amount of distributed system
capacitance from shielded cables. This capacitance, combined
with present grounding practices can create situations in which
the definition of a high–resistance grounded system is violated,
causing the system to begin to take on the undesirable
characteristics of an ungrounded system. This paper has
summarized some of the problems associated with grounding
systems that violate the definition of high-resistance grounding
Commercial Power Systems,” IEEE Std 142-1991, Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 1996.
[2] 30 CFR 801 “Grounding Resistors,” Title 30 – Mineral Resources, Code
of Federal Regulations, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003, p. 529.
[3] 30 CFR 814 “Electrical Protection,” Title 30 – Mineral Resources, Code
of Federal Regulations, U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003, pp. 532-
533.
[4] T. Novak, J. Basar, J. Sottile, J. L. Kohler, “The Effects of Cable
Capacitance on Longwall Power Systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,
Vol. 40, No. 5, Sep/Oct 2004, pp. 1406-1412.
[5] J. Sottile, S. Gnapragasam, T. Novak, J. L. Kohler, “Detrimental Effects
of Capacitance on High-Resistance Grounded Mine Distribution
Systems”, IEEE Trans. on Ind. Applicat. Vol. 42, No. 6, Sep./Oct.
2006, pp. 1333-1339.
[6] M. Fuller, AmerCable, personal communication, May 2007.

1347