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CL 205
(2-1-0-6)
Date: 16/02/2016
Steady state co-current process
G2 L2
GS LS
G1 x1 + L1 y1 = G 2 y2 + L 2 x2
y2 x2
Y2 X2 Operating line
G S Y1 + L S X1 = G S Y2 + LS X 2
Slope= - LS /GS
P
G S (Y1 − Y2 ) = L S (X 2 − X1 ) (X1,Y1)
G L
GS LS M
x G S Y1 + L S X1 = G S Y + L S X (X,Y) Equilibrium
y N’’ curve
Y X Q
G S (Y1 − Y ) = L S (X − X1 ) (X2,Y2) YA=f(XA)
G S (Y1 − Y ) = L S (X1 − X )
M’ Operating line
P (transfer from L G)
(X2,Y2) Slope= LS /GS
G1, GS L1, LS
y1, Y1 x1 , X 1 X
Stages /equilibrium stages
• A stage is defined as any device or combination
of devices in which two insoluble phases are
brought into contact, where mass transfer
occurs between the phases tending to bring
them to equilibrium
In equilibrium
• An equilibrium, ideal, or theoretical stage is one
where the time of contact between phases is
sufficient for the effluent indeed to be in
equilibrium.
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Cascade : cross flow, countercurrent
Cross flow cascade
Countercurrent cascade
X3 X2 X1
X X0
X X3 X2 X1 X0
Cross flow cascade (SoluteL transfer G L)
LS1 LS2 S3
X1 X2 X3 Each stage represented
GS GS by a circle
GS GS
Y1 Y2
Y0 1 2 3 Y3
each stage flow
LS1 LS2 LS3 is cocurrent
X0 X0 X0
Operating line:
Solute transfer from
Stage 1
G L
Slope= Equilibrium
Y0
- LS1 /GS curve
Y1 Slope=
Y - LS2 /GS For ideal stages
Y2
Slope=
Y3 - LS3 /GS
X0 X3 X2 X1 X
Countercurrent cascade (solute transfer L G) GN+1
G1 y2 y3 yn Yn+1 yN Gs
Gs Y2 Y3 Yn Yn+1 YN yN+1
y1 YN+1
Y1 1 2 n n+1 N
LN
L0 x2 Ls
Ls X2 xN
x0 x1 xn XN
X0 X1 Xn
Operating line
Equilibrium
N number of equilibrium stages Stage 1:
curve
Q
Flow in Each stage is cocurrent Y1 T Slope=
1 - LS /GS
Cascade as a whole has the
characteristics of the counter Y Operating line
current process Y2 F P Stage 2:
2 B
Solute transfer from Slope=
Y3 - LS /GS
L G C E
L S (X 0 − X1 ) = G S (Y1 − Y2 ) Stage 1: Operating line
L S (X1 − X 2 ) = G S (Y2 − Y3 ) Stage 2: Cascade:
N Slope=
YN+1
L S (X 0 − X N ) = G S (Y1 − YN +1 ) Overall,P S + LS /GS
entire cascade XN X2 X1 X0 X
Countercurrent cascade (solute transfer G L) GN+1
G1 y2 y3 yn Yn+1 yN Gs
Gs Y2 Y3 Yn Yn+1 YN yN+1
y1 YN+1
Y1 1 2 n n+1 N
LN
L0 x2 Ls
Ls X2 xN
x0 x1 xn XN
X0 X1 Xn
(XN ,YN+1 ) Equilibrium
N number of equilibrium stages
Overall curve
Flow in Each stage is cocurrent Cascade
Cascade as a whole has the Operating 1
characteristics of the counter Y line
current process Y2
Solute transfer from 2
G L Y3
L S (X 0 − X1 ) = G S (Y1 − Y2 ) Stage 1: 3
L S (X1 − X 2 ) = G S (Y2 − Y3 ) Stage 2:
YN+1(X0 ,Y1 )
L S (X 0 − X N ) = G S (Y1 − YN +1 ) Overall,
P
entire cascade XN X