Math 114

Review

Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
How they’re
related

Line integrals
Math 114 Review
Scalar line
integrals
Vector line
integrals
Conservative Math 240 — Calculus III
fields

Summer 2013, Session II

Monday, July 1, 2013

 Math 114
Review Agenda
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
How they’re
1. Gradient, Divergence, and Curl
related

Line integrals
Gradient
Scalar line
integrals
Divergence
Vector line
integrals
Curl
Conservative
fields How they’re related

2. Line integrals
Scalar line integrals
Vector line integrals
Conservative vector fields
 Math 114
Review Gradient
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl Definition
Let f : X ⊆ R3 → R be a differentiable scalar function on a
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
How they’re region of 3-dimensional space. The gradient of f is the vector
related

Line integrals
field
∂f ∂f ∂f
Scalar line
integrals grad f = ∇f = i+ j+ k.
Vector line
integrals
∂x ∂y ∂z
Conservative
fields
∇f
The direction of the gradient, k∇f k , is the direction in which f
is increasing the fastest. The norm, k∇f k, is the rate of this
increase.
Example
If f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 then
∇f = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k.
 Math 114
Review Divergence
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient Definition
Divergence
Curl Let F : X ⊆ R3 → R3 be a differentiable vector field with
How they’re
related components F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k. The divergence of F is the
Line integrals
Scalar line
scalar function
integrals
Vector line ∂Fx ∂Fy ∂Fz
integrals
div F = ∇ · F = + + .
Conservative
fields ∂x ∂y ∂z

The divergence of a vector field measures how much it is

“expanding” at each point.
Examples
1. If F = x i + y j then ∇ · F = 2.
2. If F = −y i + x j then ∇ · F = 0.
 Math 114
Review Curl
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Definition
Curl
How they’re
Let F : X ⊆ R3 → R3 be a differentiable vector field with
related
components F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k. The curl of F is the vector
Line integrals
Scalar line field
integrals
Vector line  
integrals  i j k 
Conservative ∂
fields ∂ ∂ 
curl F = ∇ × F =  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
F F F 
x y z
     
∂Fz ∂Fy ∂Fx ∂Fz ∂Fy ∂Fx
= − i+ − j+ − k.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

The magnitude of the curl, k∇ × Fk, measures how much F

∇×F
rotates around a point. The direction of the curl, k∇×Fk , is the
axis around which it rotates.
 Math 114
Review Curl
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient Example
Divergence
Curl If F = −y i + x j then ∇ × F = 2 k.
How they’re
related

Line integrals
Scalar line
integrals
Vector line
integrals
Conservative
fields
 Math 114
Review How they’re related
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient Theorem
Divergence
Curl Let f : X ⊆ R3 → R be a C 2 scalar function. Then
How they’re
related ∇ × (∇f ) = 0, that is, curl (grad f ) = 0.
Line integrals
Scalar line
integrals Theorem
Let F : X ⊆ R3 → R3 be a C 2 vector field. Then
Vector line
integrals
Conservative
fields ∇ · (∇ × F) = 0, that is, div (curl F) = 0.

To summarize, the composition of any two consecutive arrows

in the diagram yields zero.
0

$
scalar grad / vector curl / vector div / scalar
functions fields fields 9
functions
0
 Math 114
Review Scalar line integrals
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Definition
Curl
How they’re
Let x : [a, b] → X ⊆ R3 be a C 1 path and f : X → R3 a
related
continuous function. The scalar line integral of f along x is
Line integrals
Scalar line Z Z b
integrals
f (x(t)) x0 (t) dt.

Vector line
integrals f ds =
Conservative
fields
x a

In two dimensions, a scalar

line integral measures the area
under a curve with base x and
height given by f .
 Math 114
Review Scalar line integrals
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl Example
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
Let x : [0, 2π] → R3 be the helix x(t) = (cos t, sin t, t) and let
How they’re
related f (x, y, z) = xy + z. Let’s compute
Line integrals Z Z 2π
f (x(t)) x0 (t) dt.
Scalar line
integrals
Vector line
f ds =
integrals x 0
Conservative
fields
We find 0 p 2 √
x (t) = sin t + cos2 t + 1 = 2,

so now
Z 2π Z 2π √
f (x(t)) x0 (t) dt =

(cos t sin t + t) 2 dt
0 0
√ Z 2π √
1
sin 2t + t dt = 2 2π 2 .


= 2 2
0
 Math 114
Review Vector line integrals
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Definition
Curl
How they’re
Let x : [a, b] → X ⊆ R3 be a C 1 path and F : X → R3 a
related
continuous vector field. The vector line integral of F along x
Line integrals
Scalar line is
integrals
Z Z b
F(x(t)) · x0 (t) dt.
Vector line
integrals F · ds =
Conservative
fields x a

If F has components F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k, the vector line

integral can also be written
Z Z
F · ds = Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz.
x x

Physically, a vector line integral measures the work done by the

force field F on a particle moving along the path x.
 Math 114
Review Vector line integrals
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence Example
Curl
How they’re
related Let x : [0, 1] → R3 be the path x(t) = (2t + 1, t, 3t − 1) and
Line integrals let F = −z i + x j + y k. Let’s compute
Scalar line
integrals Z Z
Vector line
integrals
Conservative
F · ds = −zdx + xdy + ydz.
fields x x

First, we findx0 (t)

= (2, 1, 3), and now we can do
Z Z 1
−zdx + xdy + ydz = −(3t − 1)(2) + (2t + 1) + t(3)dt
x 0
Z 1
= −t + 3dt = 52 .
0
 Math 114
Review Changing orientation
Math 240
x(b)
x(b) xopp
xopp EXAMPLE
(a)(a) EXAMPLE 7 x:
7 If
Grad, Div,
Curl
path
path xoppx:opp
[a,: b] b]
[a,→
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
How they’re
related (See
(See Figure
Figure 6.8.)6.8.
Th
Line integrals
x(a)
x(a) xopp
xopp (b)
(b) = a=+ab+
u(t)u(t) −bt.− Cl
Scalar line
integrals x y of x.
of x.
Vector line
integrals Figure
Figure6.8
6.8AApath
pathand itsits
and
Conservative Figure:opposite.
x and y have opposite orientations
fields opposite. In addition to ret
In addition
Z Z thethe
speed. This follof
speed. This
f ds = f ds
y x
Z Z
F · ds = − F · ds So the velocity vecto
y x So of
u  (t)) thethe
velocity
velocityv

u (t)) of the velo
This can be achieved by negating t:
Speed o
Spe
y(t) = x(−t).
 Math 114
Review Conservative vector fields
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
How they’re
related Definition
Line integrals A continuous vector field F is called a conservative vector
field, or a gradient field, if F = ∇f for some C 1 scalar
Scalar line
integrals
Vector line
integrals
Conservative
function f . In this case we also say that f is a scalar
fields
potential of F.

Theorem
Suppose F is a continuous vector field defined on a connected,
open region R ⊆ R3 . Then F = ∇f if and only if F has path
independent line integrals in R.
 Math 114
Review Path independence
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence We say F : R ⊆ R3 → R3 has path independent line
Curl
How they’re
related
integrals if any of the following hold:
Z Z
Line integrals
Scalar line
1. F · ds = F · ds whenever x and y are two simple C 1
integrals x y
Vector line
integrals paths in R with the same initial and terminal points,
Conservative I
fields

2. F · ds = 0 for any simple, closed C 1 path x lying in R

x
(meaning the initial and terminal points of x coincide),
Z
3. F · ds = f (B) − f (A) for any differentiable curve C in
C
R running from point A to point B, and for any scalar
potential f .
 Math 114
Review Physical interpretation
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
How they’re To justify our terminology, if f is a scalar potential for the
related

Line integrals
vector field F, it means that we can interpret f as measuring
Scalar line
integrals
the potential energy associated with the force represented by F.
Vector line
integrals
Conservative
fields In this setting, criterion 3 from the previous slide says that
Z
work = F · ds = f (B) − f (A) = change in potential energy,
C

meaning that the force represented by F obeys conservation of

energy.
 Math 114
Review A test for conservative fields
Math 240

Grad, Div,
Curl
Gradient
Theorem
Divergence
Curl
Suppose F is a C 1 vector field defined in a simply-connected
How they’re
related
region, R, (intuitively, R has no holes going all the way
Line integrals through). Then F = ∇f for some C 2 scalar function if and
Scalar line
integrals only if ∇ × F = 0 at all points in R.
Vector line
integrals
Conservative
fields Example
Let
 
x y z
F= x2 +y 2 +z 2
− 6x i + x2 +y 2 +z 2
j+ x2 +y 2 +z 2
k.

F is C 1 on R3 − {(0, 0, 0)}, which is a simply-connected

domain. Check that
∇×F=0
everywhere F is defined. Therefore, F is conservative.