SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

TENSION, COMPRESSION, SHEAR

DESIGN PROBLEMS

1. The link shown, made of AISI C1045 steel, as rolled, is subjected to a tensile load
of 8000 lb. Let h = 1.5b . If the load is repeated but not reversed, determine the
dimensions of the section with the design based on (a) ultimate strength, (b) yield
strength. (c) If this link, which is 15 in. long., must not elongate more than 0.005
in., what should be the dimensions of the cross section?

Problems 1 – 3.
Solution:
For AISI C1045 steel, as rolled (Table AT 7)
su = 96 ksi
s y = 59 ksi
E = 30× 106 psi

F
sd =
A
where
F = 8000 lb
A = bh
but
h = 1.5b
therefore A = 1.5b 2

(a) Based on ultimate strength

N = factor of safety = 6 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
s F
sd = u =
N A
96,000 8000
=
6 1.5b 2
5
b = 0.577 in say in .
8

Page 1 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

15
h = 1.5b = in
16

(b) Based on yield strength

N = factor of safety = 3 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
s F
sd = u =
N A
59,000 8000
=
3 1.5b 2
9
b = 0.521 in say in .
16
27
h = 1.5b = in
32

FL
(c) Elongation = δ =
AE
where,
δ = 0.005 in
F = 8000 lb
E = 30×106 psi
L = 15 in
A = 1.5b 2
then,
FL
δ=
AE
0.005 =
(8000)(15)
(1.5b 2 )(30 ×106 )
3
b = 0.730 in say in .
4
1
h = 1.5b = 1 in
8

2. The same as 1 except that the material is malleable iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35
018.

Solution:
For malleable iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35 018(Table AT 6)
su = 55 ksi
s y = 36.5 ksi
E = 25×10 6 psi

Page 2 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F
sd =
A
where
F = 8000 lb
A = bh
but
h = 1.5b
therefore A = 1.5b 2

(a) Based on ultimate strength

N = factor of safety = 6 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
s F
sd = u =
N A
55,000 8000
=
6 1.5b 2
7
b = 0.763 in say in .
8
5
h = 1.5b = 1 in
16

(b) Based on yield strength

N = factor of safety = 3 for repeated but not reversed load (Table 1.1)
s F
sd = u =
N A
36,500 8000
=
3 1.5b 2
11
b = 0.622 in say in .
16
1
h = 1.5b = 1 in
32

FL
(c) Elongation = δ =
AE
where,
δ = 0.005 in
F = 8000 lb
E = 25×10 6 psi
L = 15 in
A = 1.5b 2
then,

Page 3 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

FL
δ=
AE
0.005 =
(8000)(15)
(1.5b )(25 ×10 )
2 6

7
b = 0.8 in say in .
8
5
h = 1.5b = 1 in
16

3. The same as 1 except that the material is gray iron, ASTM 30.

Solution:
For ASTM 30 (Table AT 6)
su = 30 ksi , no s y
E = 14.5 ×106 psi
Note: since there is no s y for brittle materials. Solve only for (a) and (c)
F
sd =
A
where
F = 8000 lb
A = bh
but
h = 1.5b
therefore A = 1.5b 2

(a) Based on ultimate strength

N = factor of safety = 7 ~ 8 say 7.5 (Table 1.1)

s F
sd = u =
N A
30,000 8000
=
7. 5 1.5b 2
3
b = 1.1547 in say 1 in .
16
25
h = 1.5b = 1 in
32
FL
(c) Elongation = δ =
AE
where,
δ = 0.005 in
F = 8000 lb
E = 14.5 ×106 psi

Page 4 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

L = 15 in
A = 1.5b 2
then,
FL
δ=
AE
0.005 =
(8000)(15)
(1.5b )(14.5 ×10 )
2 6

1
b = 1.050 in say 1 in .
16
19
h = 1.5b = 1 in
32

4. A piston rod, made of AISI 3140 steel, OQT 1000 F (Fig. AF 2), is subjected to a
repeated, reversed load. The rod is for a 20-in. air compressor, where the
maximum pressure is 125 psig. Compute the diameter of the rod using a design
factor based on (a) ultimate strength, (b) yield strength.

Solution:
From Fig. AF 2 for AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F
su = 152.5 ksi
s y = 132.5 ksi

π
F = force = (20)2 (125) = 39,270 lb = 39.27 kips
4
From Table 1.1, page 20
Nu = 8
Ny = 4

(a) Based on ultimate strength

N F
A= u
su
π 2 (8)(39.27 )
d =
4 152.5
5
d = 1.62 in say 1 in
8

(b) Based on yield strength

NyF
A=
sy
π
d2 =
(4)(39.27 )
4 132.5

Page 5 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

1
d = 1.23 in say 1 in
4

5. A hollow, short compression member, of normalized cast steel (ASTM A27-58,

65 ksi), is to support a load of 1500 kips with a factor of safety of 8 based on the
ultimate strength. Determine the outside and inside diameters if Do = 2 Di .

Solution:
su = 65 ksi
Nu = 8
F = 1500 kips
π π 3πDi2
A=
4
(D 2
o − Di2 =) 4
(4D i
2
)
− Di2 =
4
3πDi2 N u F (8)(1500 )
A= = =
4 su 65
7
Di = 8.85 in say 8 in
8
 7 3
Do = 2 Di = 2 8  = 17 in
 8 4

6. A short compression member with Do = 2 Di is to support a dead load of 25 tons.

The material is to be 4130 steel, WQT 1100 F. Calculate the outside and inside
diameters on the basis of (a) yield strength, (b) ultimate strength.

Solution:
From Table AT 7 for 4130, WQT 1100 F
su = 127 ksi
s y = 114 ksi

From Table 1.1 page 20, for dead load

N u = 3 ~ 4 , say 4
N y = 1.5 ~ 2 , say 2
π π 3πDi2
Area, A =
4
(D2
o )
− Di2 =
4
(4D i
2
)
− Di2 =
4
F = 25 tons = 50 kips

(a) Based on yield strength

3πDi2 N y F (2 )(50)
A= = =
4 sy 114

Page 6 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

5
Di = 0.61 in say in
8
5 1
Do = 2 Di = 2  = 1 in
8 4
(b) Based on ultimate strength
3πDi2 N u F (4 )(50)
A= = =
4 su 127
7
Di = 0.82 in say in
8
7 3
Do = 2 Di = 2  = 1 in
8 4

7. A round, steel tension member, 55 in. long, is subjected to a maximum load of

7000 lb. (a) What should be its diameter if the total elongation is not to exceed
0.030 in? (b) Choose a steel that would be suitable on the basis of yield strength if
the load is gradually applied and repeated (not reversed).

Solution:

FL FL
(a) δ = or A =
AE δE
where,
F = 7000 lb
L = 55 in
δ = 0.030 in
E = 30× 10 6 psi

A=
π
d2 =
(7000)(55)
4 (0.030)(30 ×106 )
3
d = 0.74 in say in
4
(b) For gradually applied and repeated (not reversed) load
Ny = 3

sy =
N yF
=
(3)(7000) = 47,534 psi
A π
(0.75)2
4
s y ≈ 48 ksi
say C1015 normalized condition ( s y = 48 ksi )

8. A centrifuge has a small bucket, weighing 0.332 lb. with contents, suspended on a
manganese bronze pin (B138-A, ½ hard) at the end of a horizontal arm. If the pin
is in double shear under the action of the centrifugal force, determine the diameter

Page 7 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

needed for 10,000 rpm of the arm. The center of gravity of the bucket is 12 in.
from the axis of rotation.

Solution:
From Table AT 3, for B138-A, ½ hard
sus = 48 ksi
W
F = ω 2r
g
where
W = 0.332 lb
g = 32.2 fps 2
2π n 2π (10,000 )
ω= = = 1047 rad sec
60 60
r = 12 in
W 0.332
F = ω 2r = (1047)2 (1) = 11,300 lb = 11.3 kips
g 32.2
From Table 1.1, page 20
N = 3 ~ 4 , say 4
N F
A= u
su
 π  (4)(11.3)
2 d 2  = for double shear
4  48
25
d = 0.774 in say in
32

CHECK PROBLEMS

3
9. The link shown is made of AISIC1020 annealed steel, with b = in and
4
1
h = 1 in . (a) What force will cause breakage? (b) For a design factor of 4 based
2
on the ultimate strength, what is the maximum allowable load? (c) If N = 2.5
based on the yield strength, what is the allowable load?

Problem 9.

Page 8 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Solution:
For AISI C1020 annealed steel, from Table AT 7
su = 57 ksi
s y = 42 ksi

(a) F = su A
 3  1 
A = bh =  1  = 1.125 in 2
 4  2 
F = (57 )(1.125) = 64 kips
s A
(b) F = u
Nu
Nu = 4
 3  1 
A = bh =  1  = 1.125 in 2
 4  2 
F=
(57 )(1.125) = 16 kips
4

sy A
(c) F =
Ny
N y = 2. 5
 3  1 
A = bh =  1  = 1.125 in 2
 4  2 
F=
(42 )(1.125) = 18.9 kips
2

10. A ¾-in.bolt, made of cold-finished B1113, has an effective stress area of 0.334 sq.
in. and an effective grip length of 5 in. The bolt is to be loaded by tightening until
the tensile stress is 80 % of the yield strength, as determined by measuring the
total elongation. What should be the total elongation?

Solution:
sL
δ=
E
from Table AT 7 for cold-finished B1113
s y = 72 ksi
then, s = 0.80 s y = 0.8(72 ) = 57.6 ksi
E = 30 ×106 psi = 30,000 ksi
sL (57.6)(5)
δ= = = 0.0096 in
E 30,000

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 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

11. A 4-lb. weight is attached by a 3/8-in. bolt to a rotating arm 14-in. from the center
of rotation. The axis of the bolts is normal to the plane in which the centrifugal
force acts and the bolt is in double shear. At what speed will the bolt shear in two
if it is made of AISI B1113, cold finish?

Solution:
From Table AT 7, sus = 62 ksi = 62,000 psi
2
 1 3
A = 2 (π )  = 0.2209 in 2
 4 8
W
F = ω 2 r = sus A
g
4
ω 2 (14) = (62,000)(0.2209)
32.2
ω = 88.74 rad sec
2π n
ω= = 88.74
60
n = 847 rpm

12. How many ¾-in. holes could be punched in one stroke in annealed steel plate of
AISI C1040, 3/16-in. thick, by a force of 60 tons?

Solution:

For AISI C1040, from Figure AF 1

su = 80 ksi
sus = 0.75su = 0.75(80) ksi = 60 ksi
 3  3 
A = π d t = π    = 0.4418 in2
 4  16 

F = 60 tons = 120 kips

n = number of holes
F 120
n= = = 5 holes
Asus (0.4415)(60 )

13. What is the length of a bearing for a 4-in. shaft if the load on the bearing is 6400
lb. and the allowable bearing pressure is 200 psi of the projected area?

Solution:
pDL = W
where
p = 200 psi
D = 4 in

Page 10 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

W = 6400 lb
(200)(4)L = 6400
L = 8 in

BENDING STRESSES

DESIGN PROBLEMS

14. A lever keyed to a shaft is L = 15 in long and has a rectangular cross section of
h = 3t . A 2000-lb load is gradually applied and reversed at the end as shown; the
material is AISI C1020, as rolled. Design for both ultimate and yield strengths. (a)
What should be the dimensions of a section at a = 13 in ? (b) at b = 4 in ? (c) What
should be the size where the load is applied?

Problem 14.
Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled, Table AT 7
su = 65 ksi
s y = 49 ksi
Design factors for gradually applied and reversed load
Nu = 8
Ny = 4
th 3
I= , moment of inertial
12
but h = 3t
h4
I=
36

Moment Diagram (Load Upward)

Page 11 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Based on ultimate strength

s
s= u
Nu

Mc Fac
(a) s = =
I I
h
c=
2
F = 2000 lbs = 2 kips

(2)(13) h 
s=
65
=  2
8 h  4
 
 36 
h = 3.86 in
h 3.86
t= = = 1.29 in
3 3
say
1
h = 4.5 in = 4 in
2
1
t = 1.5 in = 1 in
2

Mc Fbc
(b) s = =
I I
h
c=
2
F = 2000 lbs = 2 kips

(2)(4) h 
s=
65
=  2
8 h 4
 
 36 
h = 2.61 in
h 2.61
t= = = 0.87 in
3 3
say
h = 3 in
t = 1 in

(c)

Page 12 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

3 − h 4. 5 − 3
=
4 13 − 4
h = 2.33 in
1 − t 1.5 − 1
=
4 13 − 4
t = 0.78 in
say
5
h = 2.625 in or h = 2 in
8

15. A simple beam 54 in. long with a load of 4 kips at the center is made of cast steel,
SAE 080. The cross section is rectangular (let h ≈ 3b ). (a) Determine the
dimensions for N = 3 based on the yield strength. (b) Compute the maximum
deflection for these dimensions. (c) What size may be used if the maximum
deflection is not to exceed 0.03 in.?

Solution:
For cast steel, SAE 080 (Table AT 6)
s y = 40 ksi
E = 30× 106 psi

Page 13 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

From Table AT 2
FL (4)(54 )
Max. M = = = 54 kips − in
4 4
bh 3
I=
12
but h = 3b
h4
I=
36

sy Mc
(a) s = =
Ny I
h
c=
2
(54) h 
40
=  2
3  h4 
 
 36 
h = 4.18 in
h 4.18
b= = = 1.39 in
3 3

1 h 4. 5 1
say h = 4 in , b = = = 1.5 in = 1 in
2 3 3 2

(b) δ =
FL3
=
(4000)(54)3 = 0.0384 in
48 EI 
6 (1.5 )(4.5 )
3

48(30 ×10 )  
 12 
FL3
(c) δ =
 h4 
48E  
 36 

0.03 =
(4000)(54 ) (36 )
3

48(30 ×106 )(h 4 )

h = 4.79 in
h 4.79
b= = = 1.60 in
3 3

1 h 5.25 3
say h = 5.25 in = 5 in , b = = = 1.75 in = 1 in
4 3 3 4

Page 14 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

16. The same as 15, except that the beam is to have a circular cross section.

Solution:
s Mc
(a) s = y =
Ny I
πd4
I=
64
d
c=
2
d 
M 
s=  4 =
2 32 M
πd  πd3
 
 64 
40 32(54 )
=
3 πd3
d = 3.46 in
1
say d = 3 in
2

FL3
(b) δ =
48 EI
πd4
I=
64
64(4000 )(54)
3
64 FL3
δ= = = 0.0594 in
48 E (π d 4 ) 48(30 × 106 )(π )(3.5)4
64 FL3
(c) δ =
48 E (π d 4 )
64(4000)(54 )
3
0.03 =
48(30 ×106 )(π )d 4
d = 4.15 in
1
say d = 4 in
4

17. A simple beam, 48 in. long, with a static load of 6000 lb. at the center, is made of
C1020 structural steel. (a) Basing your calculations on the ultimate strength,
determine the dimensions of the rectangular cross section for h = 2b . (b)
Determine the dimensions based on yield strength. (c) Determine the dimensions
using the principle of “limit design.”

Page 15 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Solution:

From Table AT 7 and Table 1.1

su = 65 ksi
s y = 48 ksi
N u = 3 ~ 4 , say 4
N y = 1.5 ~ 2 , say 2

FL (6)(48)
M= = = 72 in − kips
4 4
Mc
s=
I
h
c=
2
bh 3
I=
12
h
but b =
2
4
h
I=
24
h
M 
s = 4  = 3
2 12M
h h
24

(a) Based on ultimate strength

s 12 M
s= u = 3
Nu h
65 12(72)
=
4 h3
h = 3.76 in

Page 16 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

h 3.76
b= = = 1.88 in
2 2

3 h 3.75 7
say h = 3.75 in = 3 in , b = = = 1.875 in = 1 in
4 2 2 8

(b) Based on yield strength

s y 12 M
s= = 3
Ny h
48 12(72 )
=
2 h3
h = 3.30 in
h 3.30
b= = = 1.65 in
2 2
1 h 3. 5 3
say h = 3.5 in = 3 in , b = = = 1.75 in = 1 in
2 2 2 4

(c) Limit design (Eq. 1.6)

bh 2
M = sy
4
h 2
 h
72 = (48)  
2
4
h = 2.29 in
h 2.29
b= = = 1.145 in
2 2
1 h 2. 5 1
say h = 2.5 in = 2 in , b = = = 1.25 in = 1 in
2 2 2 4

18. The bar shown is subjected to two vertical loads, F1 and F2 , of 3000 lb. each, that
are L = 10 in apart and 3 in. ( a , d ) from the ends of the bar. The design factor is 4
based on the ultimate strength; h = 3b . Determine the dimensions h and b if the
bar is made of (a) gray cast iron, SAE 111; (b) malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-
52, grade 35 018; (c) AISI C1040, as rolled (Fig. AF 1). Sketch the shear and
moment diagrams approximately to scale.

Page 17 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Problems18, 19.
Solution:
F1 = F2 = R1 = R2 = 3000 lb

Moment Diagram

M = R1a = (3000)(3) = 9000 lbs − in = 9 kips − in

N = factor of safety = 4 based on su
bh 3
I=
12
h
c=
2
h 3
 h
 3 h4
I= =
12 36

(a) For gray cast iron, SAE 111

su = 30 ksi , Table AT 6
 h
M 
= 4  = 3
s Mc 2 18M
s= u =
N I h  h
 
 36 
30 18(9 )
s= = 3
4 h
h = 2.78 in
h 2.78
b= = = 0.93 in
3 3
say h = 3.5 in , b = 1 in

(b) For malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-52, grade 35 018

Page 18 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

su = 55 ksi , Table AT 6
 h
M 
= 4  = 3
s Mc 2 18M
s= u =
N I h  h
 
 36 
55 18(9 )
s= = 3
4 h
h = 2.28 in
h 2.28
b= = = 0.76 in
3 3
1 3
say h = 2 in , b = in
4 4

(c) For AISI C1040, as rolled

su = 90 ksi , Fig. AF 1
 h
M 
= 4  = 3
s Mc 2 18M
s= u =
N I h  h
 
 36 
90 18(9 )
s= = 3
4 h
h = 1.93 in
h 1.93
b= = = 0.64 in
3 3
7 5
say h = 1 in , b = in
8 8

19. The same as 18, except that F1 acts up ( F2 acts down).

Solution:

[∑ M A =0 ] R1 = R2 = 1875 lb

Page 19 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

M = maximum moment = 5625 lb-in = 5.625 kips-in

(a) For gray cast iron

su 18M
s= = 3
N h
30 18(5.625)
=
4 h3
h = 2.38 in
h 2.38
b= = = 0.79 in
3 3
1 3
say h = 2 in , b = in
4 4
(b) For malleable cast iron

su 18M
s= = 3
N h
55 18(5.625)
=
4 h3
h = 1.95 in
h 1.95
b= = = 0.65 in
3 3
7 5
say h = 1 in , b = in
8 8

Page 20 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

(c) For AISI C1040, as rolled

su 18M
s= = 3
N h
90 18(5.625)
=
4 h3
h = 1.65 in
h 1.65
b= = = 0.55 in
3 3
1 1
say h = 1 in , b = in
2 2

20. The bar shown, supported at A and B , is subjected to a static load F of 2500 lb.
at θ = 0 . Let d = 3 in , L = 10 in and h = 3b . Determine the dimensions of the
section if the bar is made of (a) gray iron, SAE 110; (b) malleable cast iron,
ASTM A47-52, grade 32 510; (c) AISI C1035 steel, as rolled. (d) For economic
reasons, the pins at A, B, and C are to be the same size. What should be their
diameter if the material is AISI C1035, as rolled, and the mounting is such that
each is in double shear? Use the basic dimensions from (c) as needed. (e) What
sectional dimensions would be used for the C1035 steel if the principle of “limit
design” governs in (c)?

Problems 20, 21.

Solution:

Page 21 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

[∑ M A =0 ] 3RB = 13(2500 )
RB = 10,833 lb
[∑ M B =0 ] 3RA = 10(2500)
RA = 8333 lb
Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

M = (2500 )(10) = 25,000 lb − in = 25 kips − in

h = 3b
bh 3
I=
12
h4
I=
36
h
c=
2
 h
M 
= 4  = 3
Mc 2 18M
s=
I h  h
 
 36 

(a) For gray cast iron, SAE 110

su = 20 ksi , Table AT 6
N = 5 ~ 6 , say 6 for cast iron, dead load
s 18M
s= u = 3
N h
20 18(25)
=
6 h3

Page 22 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

h = 5.13 in
h
b = = 1.71 in
3
1 3
say h = 5 in , b = 1 in
4 4
(b) For malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-32 grade 32510
su = 52 ksi , s y = 34 ksi
N = 3 ~ 4 , say 4 for ductile, dead load
s 18M
s= u = 3
N h
52 18(25)
=
4 h3
h = 3.26 in
h
b = = 1.09 in
3
3 1
say h = 3 in , b = 1 in
4 4
(c) For AISI C1035, as rolled
su = 85 ksi , s y = 55 ksi
N = 4 , based on ultimate strength
s 18M
s= u = 3
N h
85 18(25)
=
4 h3
h = 2.77 in
h
b = = 0.92 in
3
say h = 3 in , b = 1 in

(d) For AISI C1035, as rolled

s su = 64 ksi
N = 4 , RB = 10.833 kips
s R
s s = su = B
N A
 π  π
A = 2 D 2  = D 2
4  2
64 10.833
ss = =
4 π 2
D
2
D = 0.657 in

Page 23 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

11
say D = in
16
(e) Limit Design
bh 2
M = sy
4
For AISI C1035 steel, s y = 55 ksi
h
b=
3
h 2
 h
M = 25 = (55)  
3
4
h = 1.76 in
h
b = = 0.59 in
3
7 5
say h = 1.875 in = 1 in , b = in
8 8

21. The same as 20, except that θ = 30o . Pin B takes all the horizontal thrust.

Solution:

FV = F cos θ
[∑ M A =0 ] 3RB = 13FV
3RB = 13(2500 ) cos 30
RB = 9382 lb
[∑ M B =0 ] 3RA = 10 FV
3RA = 10(2500) cos 30
RA = 7217 lb
Shear Diagram

Page 24 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Moment Diagram

M = (2165)(10 ) = 21,650 lb − in = 21.65 kips − in

18M
s= 3
h
(a) For gray cast iron, SAE 110
su = 20 ksi , Table AT 6
N = 5 ~ 6 , say 6 for cast iron, dead load
s 18M
s= u = 3
N h
20 18(21.65)
=
6 h3
h = 4.89 in
h
b = = 1.63 in
3
1 3
say h = 5 in , b = 1 in
4 4
(b) For malleable cast iron, ASTM A47-32 grade 32510
su = 52 ksi , s y = 34 ksi
N = 3 ~ 4 , say 4 for ductile, dead load
s 18M
s= u = 3
N h
52 18 21.65)
(
=
4 h3
h = 3.11 in
h
b = = 1.04 in
3
say h = 3 in , b = 1 in
(c) For AISI C1035, as rolled
su = 85 ksi , s y = 55 ksi
N = 4 , based on ultimate strength

Page 25 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

su 18M
s= = 3
N h
85 18(21.65)
=
4 h3
h = 2.64 in
h
b = = 0.88 in
3
5 7
say h = 2 in , b = in
8 8

(d) For AISI C1035, as rolled

s su = 64 ksi
N = 4 , RBV = 9382 lb
RBH = FH = F sin θ = 2500 sin 30 = 1250 lb
= (9382) + (1250 )
2 2
RB2 = RBV
2 2
+ RBH
RB = 9465 lb
s R
s s = su = B
N A
π  π
A = 2 D 2  = D 2
4  2
64 9.465
ss = =
4 π D2
2
D = 0.614 in
5
say D = in
8
(e) Limit Design
bh 2
M = sy
4
For AISI C1035 steel, s y = 55 ksi
h
b=
3
h 2
 h
M = 21.65 = (55)  
3
4
h = 1.68 in
h
b = = 0.56 in
3
7 5
say h = 1.875 in = 1 in , b = in
8 8

Page 26 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

22. A cast-iron beam, ASTM 50, as shown, is 30 in. long and supports two gradually
applied, repeated loads (in phase), one of 2000 lb. at e = 10 in from the free end,
and one of 1000 lb at the free end. (a) Determine the dimensions of the cross
section if b = c ≈ 3a . (b) The same as (a) except that the top of the tee is below.

Problem 22.
Solution:

For cast iron, ASTM 50

su = 50 ksi , suc = 164 ksi
For gradually applied, repeated load
N = 7 ~ 8 , say 8

M = F1d + F2 (d + e )
where:
F1 = 2000 lb
F2 = 1000 lb
d = 30 − 10 = 20 in
d + e = 30 in
M = (2000 )(20 ) + (1000)(30 ) = 70,000 lb − in = 70 kips − in

Mc
s=
I
Solving for I , moment of inertia

(3a )(a ) a  + (3a )(a ) 5a  = [(3a )(a ) + (3a )(a )]y
2  2 
3a
y=
2

Page 27 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

I=
(3a )(a )3 + (3a )(a )(a 2 ) + (a )(3a )3 + (3a )(a )(a 2 ) = 17a 4
12 12 2

(a)

3a
ct =
2
5a
cc =
2
Based on tension
s Mct
st = u =
N I
(70) 3a 
50
=  2
8  17a 4 
 
 2 
a = 1.255 in
Based on compression
s Mcc
sc = uc =
N I
(70) 5a 
164
=  2 
8  17 a 4 
 
 2 
a = 1.001 in
Therefore a = 1.255 in
1
Or say a = 1 in
4
And b = c = 3a = 3(1.25) = 3.75 in

Page 28 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

3
Or b = c = 3 in
4

(b) If the top of the tee is below

5a
ct =
2
3a
cc =
2
17a 4
I=
2
M = 70 kips − in

Based on tension
s Mct
st = u =
N I
(70) 5a 
50
=  2 
8  17 a 4 
 
 2 
a = 1.488 in
Based on compression
s Mcc
sc = uc =
N I
(70) 3a 
164
=  2
8  17a 4 
 
 2 
a = 0.845 in
Therefore a = 1.488 in
1
Or say a = 1 in
2
1
And b = c = 3a = 4 in
2

CHECK PROBLEMS

Page 29 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

23. An I-beam is made of structural steel, AISI C1020, as rolled. It has a depth of 3
in. and is subjected to two loads; F1 and F2 = 2F1 ; F1 is 5 in. from one end and
F2 is 5 in. from the other ends. The beam is 25 in. long; flange width is
b = 2.509 in ; I x = 2.9 in 4 . Determine (a) the approximate values of the load to
cause elastic failure, (b) the safe loads for a factor of safety of 3 based on the yield
strength, (c) the safe load allowing for flange buckling (i1.24), (f) the maximum
deflection caused by the safe loads.

Problems 23 – 25.
Solution:

[∑ M A =0 ] 5 F1 + 20(2 F1 ) = 25RB
RB = 1.8 F1
[∑ F V =0 ] F1 + 2 F1 = RA + RB
RA = 3F1 − 1.8F1 = 1.2 F1
Shear Diagram

Moment Diagram

Page 30 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

M = 9F1 = maximum moment

For AISI C1020, as rolled
s y = 48 ksi

Mc
(a) s y =
I
d 3
where c = = = 1.5 in
2 2
s y = 48 =
(9 F1 )(1.5)
2.9
F1 = 10.31 kips
F2 = 2 F1 = 20.62 kips

sy Mc
(b) s = =
N I
48 (9 F1 )(1.5)
s= =
3 2.9
F1 = 3.44 kips
F2 = 2 F1 = 6.88 kips

L 25
(c) = = 9.96 < 15 (page 34)
b 2.509
sc = 20 ksi ( page 34, i1.24)
Mc
sc =
I
20 =
(9 F1 )(1.5)
2.9
F1 = 4.30 kips
F2 = 2 F1 = 8.60 kips

(d) For maximum deflection,

by method of superposition, Table AT 2
3
Fb′  a( L + b′ )  2
y max =
3EIL  3  , a > b′
or
3
Fa  b′(L + a )  2
y max =
3EIL  3  , b′ > a

Page 31 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

y max caused by F1
3
F a  b′(L + a1 )  2
y max1 = 1 1  1
3EIL  3  , b1′ > a1
where E = 30,000 ksi
a1 = 5 in
b1′ = 20 in
L = 25 in
I = 2.9 in 4
3
F1 (5)  20(25 + 5)  2
y max1 =  = 0.0022 F1
3(30,000 )(2.9 )(25)  3

y max caused by F2
3
F b′  a (L + b2′ )  2
y max 2 = 2 2  2
3EIL  3  , a2 > b2′
where b2′ = 5 in
a2 = 20 in
3
2 F1 (5)  20(25 + 5)  2
y max 2 =  = 0.0043F1
3(30,000 )(2.9 )(25)  3

Total deflection = δ
δ = ymax1 + ymax 2 = 0.022 F1 + 0.0043F1 = 0.0065 F1

Deflection caused by the safe loads in (a)

δ a = 0.0065(10.31) = 0.067 in
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (b)
δ b = 0.0065(3.44) = 0.022 in
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (c)
δ c = 0.0065(4.30 ) = 0.028 in

24. The same as 23, except that the material is aluminum alloy, 2024-T4, heat treated.

Solution:

For aluminum alloy, 2024-T4, heat treated

s y = 47 ksi

Mc
(a) s y =
I

Page 32 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

s y = 47 =
(9 F1 )(1.5)
2. 9
F1 = 10.10 kips
F2 = 2 F1 = 20.20 kips

sy Mc
(b) s = =
N I
47 (9 F1 )(1.5)
s= =
3 2.9
F1 = 3.36 kips
F2 = 2 F1 = 6.72 kips

L 25
(c) = = 9.96 < 15 (page 34)
b 2.509
sc = 20 ksi ( page 34, i1.24)
Mc
sc =
I
20 =
(9 F1 )(1.5)
2.9
F1 = 4.30 kips
F2 = 2 F1 = 8.60 kips

(d) Total deflection = δ

δ = ymax1 + ymax 2 = 0.022 F1 + 0.0043F1 = 0.0065 F1

Deflection caused by the safe loads in (a)

δ a = 0.0065(10.10 ) = 0.066 in
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (b)
δ b = 0.0065(3.36) = 0.022 in
Deflection caused by the safe loads in (c)
δ c = 0.0065(4.30 ) = 0.028 in

25. A light I-beam is 80 in. long, simply supported, and carries a static load at the
midpoint. The cross section has a depth of d = 4 in , a flange width of b = 2.66 in ,
and I x = 6.0 in 4 (see figure). (a) What load will the beam support if it is made of
C1020, as-rolled steel, and flange buckling (i1.24) is considered? (b) Consider the
stress owing to the weight of the beam, which is 7.7 lb/ft, and decide whether or
not the safe load should be less.

Page 33 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Solution:

(a) For C1020, as rolled, su = 65 ksi

Consider flange buckling
L 80
= = 30
b 2.66
L
since 15 < < 40
b
22.5 22.5
sc = = = 15 ksi
L
2
(30 )
2

1 +   1800 1 +
b 1800
Mc
s=
I
d 4
c = = = 2 in
2 2

From Table AT 2
FL F (80)
M= = = 20 F
4 4
Mc
s = sc =
I
15 =
(20 F )(2)
6
F = 2.25 kips , safe load

(b) Considering stress owing to the weight of the beam

wL2
add’l M = (Table AT 2)
8
where w = 7.7 lb ft

Page 34 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

wL2  7.7  (80 )

2
add’l M = =  = 513 lb − in = 0.513 kips − in
8  12  8
M = 20 F + 0.513 = total moment
Mc
s = sc =
I
15 =
(20 F + 0.513)(2 )
6
F = 2.224 kips
Therefore, the safe load should be less.

26. What is the stress in a band-saw blade due to being bent around a 13 ¾-in. pulley?
The blade thickness is 0.0265 in. (Additional stresses arise from the initial tension
and forces of sawing.)

Solution:

t
c= = 0.0265 = 0.01325 in
2
r = 13.75 + 0.01325 = 13.76325 in
Using Eq. (1.4) page 11 (Text)
Ec
s=
r
where E = 30× 106 psi

s=
(30 ×10 )(0.01325) = 28,881 psi
6

13.76325

27. A cantilever beam of rectangular cross section is tapered so that the depth varies
uniformly from 4 in. at the fixed end to 1 in. at the free end. The width is 2 in. and
the length 30 in. What safe load, acting repeated with minor shock, may be
applied to the free end? The material is AISI C1020, as rolled.

Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled
su = 65 ksi (Table AT 7)
Designing based on ultimate strength,
N = 6 , for repeated, minor shock load

Page 35 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

su 65
s= = = 10.8 ksi
N 6
Loading Diagram

4 −1 h − 1
=
30 x
h = 0.10 x + 1
wh 3
I=
12
h
c=
2
M = Fx
(Fx ) h 
s=
Mc
=  2  = 6 Fx = 3Fx = 3Fx
I  wh 

3

2h 2
h 2
(0.10 x + 1)2
 12 
Differentiating with respect to x then equate to zero to solve for x giving maximum
stress.
ds  (0.10 x + 1)2 (1) − 2( x )(0.10 x + 1)(0.10 ) 
= 3F  =0
dx  (0.10 x + 1)4 
0.10 x + 1 − 2(0.10 x ) = 0
x = 10 in
h = 0.10(10 ) + 1 = 2 in
s 3Fx
s= u = 2
N h
3F (10 )
10.8 =
(2)2
F = 1.44 kips

TORSIONAL STRESSES

DESIGN PROBLEMS

Page 36 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

28. A centrifugal pump is to be driven by a 15-hp electric motor at 1750 rpm. What
should be the diameter of the pump shaft if it is made of AISI C1045 as rolled?
Consider the load as gradually repeated.

Solution:

For C1045 as rolled,

s y = 59 ksi
sus = 72 ksi
Designing based on ultimate strength
s
s = us , N = 6 (Table 1.1)
N
72
s= = 12 ksi
6
33,000hp 33,000(15)
Torque, T = = = 45 ft − lb = 540 in − lb = 0.540 in − kips
2π n 2π (1750)
For diameter,
16T
s=
π d3
16(0.540)
12 =
πd3
d = 0.612 in
5
say d = in
8

29. A shaft in torsion only is to transmit 2500 hp at 570 rpm with medium shocks. Its
material is AISI 1137 steel, annealed. (a) What should be the diameter of a solid
shaft? (b) If the shaft is hollow, Do = 2 Di , what size is required? (c) What is the
weight per foot of length of each of these shafts? Which is the lighter? By what
percentage? (d) Which shaft is the more rigid? Compute the torsional deflection
of each for a length of 10 ft.

Solution:
33,000hp 33,000(2500 )
T= = = 23,036 ft − lb = 276 in − kips
2π n 2π (570 )
For AISI 1137, annealed
s y = 50 ksi (Table AT 8)
s ys = 0.6s y = 30 ksi

Designing based on yield strength

N = 3 for medium shock, one direction

Page 37 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Design stress
s 30
s = ys = = 10 ksi
N 3

(a) Let D = shaft diameter

Tc
s=
J
π D4
J=
32
D
c=
2
16T
s=
π D3
16(276)
10 =
π D3
D = 5.20 in
1
say D = 5 in
4

(b) J = =
[
π (Do4 − Di4 ) π (2 Di )4 − Di4 ] = 15π D i
4

32 32 32
Do 2 Di
c= = = Di
2 2
TDi 32T
s= =
 15π Di  15π Di3
4
 
 32 
32(276 )
10 =
15π Di3
Di = 2.66 in
Do = 2 Di = 5.32 in
say
5
Di = 2 in
8
1
Do = 5 in
4

(c) Density, ρ = 0.284 lb in 3 (Table AT 7)

Page 38 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

For solid shaft

w = weight per foot of length
π 
w = 12 ρ  D 2  = 3πρD 2 = 3π (0.284)(5.25) = 73.8 lb ft
2

4 

For hollow shaft

π 
( ) ( ) [ ]
w = 12 ρ   Do2 − Di2 = 3πρ Do2 − Di2 = 3π (0.284)(5.25) − (2.625) = 55.3 lb ft
2 2

4
Therefore hollow shaft is lighter
73.8 − 55.3
Percentage lightness = (100% ) = 33.5%
55.3

(d) Torsional Deflection

TL
θ=
JG
where
L = 10 ft = 120 in
G = 11.5 ×103 ksi
π D4
For solid shaft, J =
32
(276)(120 )  180 
= 0.039 rad = (0.039)  = 2.2
o
θ=
π   π 
 (5.25) (11.5 × 10 )
4 3

 32 
π (Do4 − Di4 )
For hollow shaft, J =
32
(276 )(120)  180 
= 0.041 rad = (0.041)  = 2.4
o
θ=
π   π 
 [(5.25) − (2.625) ](11.5 × 10 )
4 4 3

 32 
Therefore, solid shaft is more rigid, 2.2o < 2.4o

30. The same as 29, except that the material is AISI 4340, OQT 1200 F.

Solution:
33,000hp 33,000(2500 )
T= = = 23,036 ft − lb = 276 in − kips
2π n 2π (570 )
For AISI 4340, OQT 1200 F
s y = 130 ksi
s ys = 0.6s y = 0.6(130 ) = 78 ksi

Designing based on yield strength

Page 39 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

N = 3 for mild shock

Design stress
s 78
s = ys = = 26 ksi
N 3

(a) Let D = shaft diameter

Tc
s=
J
π D4
J=
32
D
c=
2
16T
s=
π D3
16(276)
26 =
π D3
D = 3.78 in
3
say D = 3 in
4

(b) J = =
[
π (Do4 − Di4 ) π (2 Di )4 − Di4 ] = 15π D i
4

32 32 32
Do 2 Di
c= = = Di
2 2
TDi 32T
s= =
 15π Di  15π Di3
4
 
 32 
32(276)
26 =
15π Di3
Di = 1.93 in
Do = 2 Di = 3.86 in
say
Di = 2 in
Do = 4 in

(c) Density, ρ = 0.284 lb in 3 (Table AT 7)

Page 40 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

For solid shaft

w = weight per foot of length
π 
w = 12 ρ  D 2  = 3πρD 2 = 3π (0.284)(3.75) = 37.6 lb ft
2

4 

For hollow shaft

π 
( ) ( ) [ ]
w = 12 ρ   Do2 − Di2 = 3πρ Do2 − Di2 = 3π (0.284)(4) − (2) = 32.1 lb ft
2 2

4
Therefore hollow shaft is lighter
37.6 − 32.1
Percentage lightness = (100% ) = 17.1%
32.1

(d) Torsional Deflection

TL
θ=
JG
where
L = 10 ft = 120 in
G = 11.5 ×103 ksi
π D4
For solid shaft, J =
32
(276)(120)  180 
= 0.148 rad = (0.148)  = 8.48
o
θ=
 
π  π 
 (3.75) (11.5 × 10 )
4 3

 32 
π (Do4 − Di4 )
For hollow shaft, J =
32
(276)(120 )  180 
= 0.122 rad = (0.122 )  = 6.99
o
θ=
π  4  
 [(4) − (2 ) ](11.5 × 10 )
4 3 π
 32 
Therefore, hollow shaft is more rigid, 6.99o < 8.48o .

31. A steel shaft is transmitting 40 hp at 500 rpm with minor shock. (a) What should
be its diameter if the deflection is not to exceed 1o in 20 D ? (b) If deflection is
primary what kind of steel would be satisfactory?

Solution:
33,000hp 33,000(40 )
(a) T = = = 420 ft − lb = 5.04 in − kips
2π n 2π (500 )
G = 11.5 ×103 ksi
L = 20 D

Page 41 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

π
θ = 1o = rad
180
TL
θ=
JG
π
=
(5.04)(20 D )
180  π D4 

32
(
 11.5 ×103 )
 
D = 1.72 in
3
say D = 1 in
4

16T 16(5.04 )
(b) s = = = 4.8 ksi
π D 3 π (1.75)3

Based on yield strength

N =3
s ys = Ns = (3)(4.8) = 14.4 ksi
s ys
14.4
sy = =
= 24 ksi
0.6 0.6
Use C1117 normalized steel s y = 35 ksi

32. A square shaft of cold-finish AISI 1118 transmits a torsional moment of 1200 in-
lb. For medium shock, what should be its size?

Solution:

For AISI 1118 cold-finish

s y = 75 ksi
s ys = 0.6s y = 45 ksi
N = 3 for medium shock
s T
s = ys =
N Z′
where, h = b
2b 2 h 2b 3
Z′ = = (Table AT 1)
9 9
T = 1200 in − lb = 1.2 in − kips
45 1.2(9)
s= =
3 2b 3
b = h = 0.71 in
3
say b = h = in
4

Page 42 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

CHECK PROBLEMS

33. A punch press is designed to exert a force sufficient to shear a 15/16-in. hole in a
½-in. steel plate, AISI C1020, as rolled. This force is exerted on the shaft at a
radius of ¾-in. (a) Compute the torsional stress in the 3.5-in. shaft (bending
neglected). (b) What will be the corresponding design factor if the shaft is made
of cold-rolled AISI 1035 steel (Table AT 10)? Considering the shock loading that
is characteristics of this machine, do you thick the design is safe enough?

Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled
sus = 49 ksi

F = sus (π Dt )
15
where D = in
16
1
t = in
2
 15  1 
F = 49(π )   = 72.2 kips
 16  2 
T = Fr
3
where r = in
4
3
T = (72.2 )  = 54.2 in − kips
4

16T
(a) s =
π d3
where d = 3.5 in
16(54.2)
s= = 6.44 ksi
π (3.5)
3

(b) For AISI 1035 steel, s us = 64 ksi

for shock loading, traditional factor of safety, N = 10 ~ 15

sus 64
Design factor , N = = = 9.94 , the design is safe ( N ≈ 10 )
s 6.44

34. The same as 33, except that the shaft diameter is 2 ¾ in.

Solution:

Page 43 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

d = 2.75 in

16T
(a) s =
π d3
16(54.2 )
s= = 13.3 ksi
π (2.75)
3

(b) For AISI 1035 steel, s us = 64 ksi

for shock loading, traditional factor of safety, N = 10 ~ 15

sus 64
Design factor , N = = = 4.8 , the design is not safe ( N < 10 )
s 13.3

35. A hollow annealed Monel propeller shaft has an external diameter of 13 ½ in. and
an internal diameter of 6 ½ in.; it transmits 10,000 hp at 200 rpm. (a) Compute the
torsional stress in the shaft (stress from bending and propeller thrust are not
considered). (b) Compute the factor of safety. Does it look risky?

Solution:

For Monel shaft,

s us = 98 ksi (Table AT 3)
N = 3 ~ 4 , for dead load, based on ultimate strength

Tc
(a) s =
J

J=
( ) [
π Do4 − Di4 π (13.5)4 − (6.5)4
=
]
= 3086 in 4
32 32
Do 13.5
c= = = 6.75 in
2 2
33,000hp 33,000(10,000)
T= = = 262,606 ft − lb = 3152 in − kips
2π n 2π (200)

s=
(3152)(6.75) = 6.9 ksi
3086
(b) Factor of safety,

sus 98
N= = = 14.2 , not risky
s 6. 9

Page 44 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

STRESS ANALYSIS

DESIGN PROBLEMS

36. A hook is attached to a plate as shown and supports a static load of 12,000 lb. The
material is to be AISI C1020, as rolled. (a) Set up strength equations for
dimensions d , D , h , and t . Assume that the bending in the plate is negligible.
(b) Determine the minimum permissible value of these dimensions. In estimating
the strength of the nut, let D1 = 1.2d . (c) Choose standard fractional dimensions
which you think would be satisfactory.

Problems 36 – 38.

Solution:
s = axial stress
s s = shear stress

(a)

F 4F
s= = 2
1
πd2 πd
4
4F
Equation (1) d =
πs

Page 45 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F 4F 4F 4F
s= = = =
1
(
π D 2 − D12 ) ( 2 2
π D − D1 ) 2
[
π D − (1.2d )2
] (π D − 1.44d 2
2
)
4
4F
Equation (2) D = + 1.44d 2
πs
F F
ss = =
π D1h 1.2π dh
F
Equation (3) h =
1.2π ds s
F
ss =
π Dt
F
Equation (4) t =
π Dss

(b) Designing based on ultimate strength,

Table AT 7, AISI C1020, as rolled
su = 65 ksi
sus = 49 ksi

N = 3 ~ 4 say 4, design factor for static load

s 65
s= u = = 16 ksi
N 4
s 49
s s = us = = 12 ksi
N 4

F = 12,000 lb = 12 kips

From Equation (1)

4F 4(12 )
d= = = 0.98 in
πs π (16 )
From Equation (2)
4F 4(12 )
+ 1.44(0.98) = 1.53 in
2
D= + 1.44d 2 =
πs π (16)
From Equation (3)
F 12
h= = = 0.27 in
1.2π ds s 1.2π (0.98)(12 )
From Equation (4)
F 12
t= = = 0.21 in
π Dss π (1.53)(12 )

Page 46 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

(c) Standard fractional dimensions

d = 1 in
1
D = 1 in
2
1
h = in
4
1
t = in
4

37. The same as 36, except that a shock load of 4000 lb. is repeatedly applied.

Solution:

(a) Same as 36.

(b) N = 10 ~ 15 for shock load, based on ultimate strength

say N = 15 , others the same.
s 65
s= u = = 4 ksi
N 15
s 49
s s = us = = 3 ksi
N 15

F = 4000 lb = 4 kips

From Equation (1)

4F 4(4 )
d= = = 1.13 in
πs π (4)
From Equation (2)
4F 4(4)
+ 1.44(1.13) = 1.76 in
2
D= + 1.44d 2 =
πs π (4 )
From Equation (3)
F 4
h= = = 0.31 in
1.2π ds s 1.2π (1.13)(3)
From Equation (4)
F 4
t= = = 0.24 in
π Dss π (1.76)(3)

Page 47 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

(c) Standard fractional dimensions

1
d = 1 in
8
3
D = 1 in
4
3
h = in
8
1
t = in
4

38. The connection between the plate and hook, as shown, is to support a load F .
Determine the value of dimensions D , h , and t in terms of d if the connection
is to be as strong as the rod of diameter d . Assume that D1 = 1.2d , sus = 0.75su ,
and that bending in the plate is negligible.

Solution:

F
s=
1
πd2
4
1
F = π d 2s
4
1 s 
(1) F = π d 2  u 
4 N

Page 48 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F F
s= =
1 1
4
(
π D 2 − D12 )
4
(
π D 2 − 1.44d 2 )
1
F = π (D 2 − 1.44d 2 )s
4
1 s 
(
(2) F = π D 2 − 1.44d 2  u  )
4 N
F F
ss = =
π D1h 1.2π dh
F = 1.2π dhss
s   0.75su 
F = 1.2π dh us  = 1.2π dh 
N  N 
 5s 
(3) F = 0.9π dh u 
 N 
F
ss =
π Dt
F = π Dtss
s   0.75su 
F = π Dt  us  = π Dt  
N  N 
s 
(4) F = 0.75π Dt  u 
N

Equate (2) and (1)

1 s  1 s 
( )
F = π D 2 − 1.44d 2  u  = π d 2  u 
4 N 4 N
D 2 = 2.44d 2
D = 1.562d
Equate (3) and (1)
s  1 s 
F = 0.9π dh u  = π d 2  u 
N 4 N
d
h= = 0.278d
4(0.9)
Equate (4) and (1)
s  1 s 
F = 0.75π Dt  u  = π d 2  u 
N 4 N
s  1 s 
F = 0.75π (1.562d )(t ) u  = π d 2  u 
N 4 N
d
t= = 0.214d
4(0.75)(1.562 )

Page 49 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

39. (a) For the connection shown, set up strength equations representing the various
methods by which it might fail. Neglect bending effects. (b) Design this
connection for a load of 2500 lb. Both plates and rivets are of AISI C1020, as
rolled. The load is repeated and reversed with mild shock. Make the connection
equally strong on the basis of yield strengths in tension, shear, and compression.

Problems 39, 40
Solution:

F
(a) s s =
1 
5 π D 2 
4 
4F
Equation (1) D =
5π s s
F
s=
t (b − 2 D )
F
Equation (2) b = + 2D
ts
F
s=
5 Dt
F
Equation (3) t =
5Ds

(b) For AISI C1020, as rolled

s y = 48 ksi (Table AT 7)
s ys = 0.6s y = 28 ksi

N = 4 for repeated and reversed load (mild shock) based on yield strength
48
s= = 12 ksi
4
28
ss = = 7 ksi
4
From Equation (1)

Page 50 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

4F
D=
5π s s
where
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
4F 4(2.5) 5
D= = = 0.30 in say in
5π s s 5π (7 ) 16

From Equation (3)

F 2.5 5
t= = = 0.13 in say in
5Ds 5 32
5 (12 )
 16 

From Equation (2)

F 2. 5 5
b = + 2D = + 2  = 1.96 in say 2 in
ts  5   16 
 (12)
 32 

40. The same as 39, except that the material is 2024-T4, aluminum alloy.

Solution:
(a) Same as 39.

(b) ) For 2024-T4, aluminum alloy

s y = 47 ksi (Table AT 3)
s ys = 0.55s y = 25 ksi

N = 4 for repeated and reversed load (mild shock) based on yield strength
47
s= = 12 ksi
4
25
ss = = 6 ksi
4
From Equation (1)
4F
D=
5π s s
where
F = 2500 lb = 2.5 kips
4F 4(2.5) 3
D= = = 0.33 in say in
5π s s 5π (6) 8

From Equation (3)

Page 51 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F 2.5 1
t= = = 0.11 in say in
5Ds 3 8
5 (12)
8

From Equation (2)

F 2. 5  3 1
b = + 2D = + 2  = 2.42 in say 2 in
ts 1 8 2
 (12)
8

41. (a) For the connection shown, set up strength equations representing the various
methods by which it might fail. (b) Design this connection for a load of 8000 lb.
Use AISI C1015, as rolled, for the rivets, and AISI C1020, as rolled, for the
plates. Let the load be repeatedly applied with minor shock in one direction and
make the connection equally strong on the basis of ultimate strengths in tension,
shear, and compression.

Problem 41.
Solution:

(a)

3
F F
sP = or sP = 4 Equation (1)
t (b − D ) t (b − 2 D )

F
s sR = Equation (2)
1 
4 πD 2 (2 )
 4 

Page 52 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F
sR = Equation (3)
4 Dt

(b) For AISI C1015, as rolled

suR = 61 ksi , susR = 0.75suR = 45 ksi

For AISI C1020, as rolled
suP = 65 ksi

N = 6 , based on ultimate strength

s 65
s P = uP = = 10.8 ksi
N 6
s 61
s R = uR = = 10.1 ksi
N 6
s 45
s sR = usR = = 7.5 ksi
N 6
F = 8000 lb = 8 kips
Solving for D
F
s sR =
2π D 2
F 8 7
D= = = 0.412 in say in
2π s sR 2π (7.5) 16
Solving for t
F
sR =
4 Dt
F 8 1
t= = = 0.453 in say in
4 Ds R 7 2
4 (10.1)
 16 
Solving for b
F
Using s P =
t (b − D )
F 8 7
b= +D= + = 1.92 in say 2 in
ts P 1 16
 (10.8)
2
3
F
Using s P = 4
t (b − 2 D )

Page 53 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

3F 3(8) 7
b= + 2D = + 2  = 1.99 in say 2 in
1
4 (10.8)  
4ts P 16
2
Therefore
b = 2 in
7
D = in
16
1
t = in
2

42. Give the strength equations for the connection shown, including that for the shear
of the plate by the cotter.

Problems 42 – 44.
Solution:
Axial Stresses

F 4F
s= = Equation (1)
1
π D12 π D12
4

F
s= Equation (2)
(L − D2 )e

Page 54 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F
s= Equation (3)
D2 e

F 4F
s= = Equation (4)
1
(
π a 2 − D22 ) ( )
π a 2 − D22
4

F 4F
s= = 2
Equation (5)
1 π D − 4 D2e
π D22 − D2e 2
4

Shear Stresses

F
ss = Equation (6)
2eb

F
ss = Equation (7)
2(L − D2 + e )t

Page 55 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

F
ss = Equation (8)
π at

F
ss = Equation (9)
π D1m

F
ss = Equation (10)
2 D2 h

43. A steel rod, as-rolled AISI C1035, is fastened to a 7/8-in., as-rolled C1020 plate
by means of a cotter that is made of as-rolled C1020, in the manner shown. (a)
Determine all dimensions of this joint if it is to withstand a reversed shock load
F = 10 kips , basing the design on yield strengths. (b) If all fits are free-running
fits, decide upon tolerances and allowances.

Solution: (See figure of Prob. 42)

7
t = in = 0.875 in , s sy = 0.6s y
8
For steel rod, AISI C1035, as rolled
s y1 = 55 ksi
s sy1 = 33 ksi
For plate and cotter, AISI C1020, as rolled
s y2 = 48 ksi
s sy2 = 28 ksi

N = 5 ~ 7 based on yield strength

say N = 7

From Equation (1) (Prob. 42)

sy 4F
s= 1 =
N π D12
55 4(10)
=
7 π D12
D1 = 1.27 in
1
say D1 = 1 in
4

Page 56 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

From Equation (9)

ssy F
ss = 1 =
N π D1m
33 10
=
7  1
π 1 m
 4
m = 0.54 in
9
say m = in
16
From Equation (3)
sy F
s= 1 =
N D2e
55 10
s= =
7 D2e
D2 e = 1.273
From Equation (5)
sy 4F
s= 1 = 2
N π D2 − 4 D2e
55 4(10 )
=
7 π D2 − 4(1.273)
2

D2 = 1.80 in
3
say D2 = 1 in
4
and D2 e = 1.273
 3
1 e = 1.273
 4
e = 0.73 in
3
say e = in
4
By further adjustment
5
Say D2 = 2 in , e = in
8
From Equation (8)
s sy F
ss = 2 =
N π at
28 10
=
7 π a (0.875)
a = 0.91 in
say a = 1 in

Page 57 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

From Equation (4)

sy 4F
s= 2 =
(
N π a 2 − D22 )
48 4(10 )
=
(
7 π a 2 − 22 )
a = 2.42 in
1
say a = 2 in
2
1
use a = 2 in
2
From Equation (7)
ssy F
ss = 2 =
N 2( L − D2 + e )t
28 10
=
7  5
2 L − 2 + (0.875)
 8
L = 2.80 in
say L = 3 in
From Equation (6)
s sy F
ss = 2 =
N 2eb
28 10
=
7 5
2 b
8
b = 2 in
From Equation (10)
s sy F
ss = 2 =
N 2 D2 h
28 10
=
7 2(2 )h
5
h = 0.625 in = in
8
Summary of Dimensions
L = 3 in
5
h = in
8
b = 2 in
7
t = in
8

Page 58 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

9
m= in
16
1
a = 2 in
2
1
D1 = 1 in
4
D2 = 2 in
5
e = in
8

(b) Tolerances and allowances, No fit, tolerance = ± 0.010 in

L = 3 ± 0.010 in
h = 0.625 ± 0.010 in

t = 0.875 ± 0.010 in
m = 0.5625 ± 0.010 in
a = 2.500 ± 0.010 in
D1 = 1.25 ± 0.010 in
For Free Running Fits (RC 7) Table 3.1
Female Male
+ 0.0030 − 0.0040
b = 2.0 in b = 2.0 in
− 0.0000 − 0.0058
allowance = 0.0040 in
+ 0.0030 − 0.0040
D2 = 2.0 in D2 = 2.0 in
− 0.0000 − 0.0058
allowance = 0.0040 in
+ 0.0016 − 0.0020
e = 0.625 in e = 0.625 in
− 0.0000 − 0.0030
allowance = 0.0020 in

44. A 1-in. ( D1 ) steel rod (as-rolled AISI C1035) is to be anchored to a 1-in. steel
plate (as-rolled C1020) by means of a cotter (as rolled C1035) as shown. (a)
Determine all the dimensions for this connection so that all parts have the same
ultimate strength as the rod. The load F reverses direction. (b) Decide upon
tolerances and allowances for loose-running fits.

Solution: (Refer to Prob. 42)

(a) For AISI C1035, as rolled

su1 = 85 ksi
sus1 = 64 ksi
For AISI C1020, as rolled

Page 59 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

su2 = 65 ksi
sus2 = 48 ksi

Ultimate strength
Use Equation (1)
1  1  2
Fu = su1  π D12  = (85) π (1) = 66.8 kips
4  4 
Equation (9)
Fu = sus1 π D1m
66.8 = (64 )(π )(1)m
m = 0.33 in
3
say m = in
8
From Equation (3)
Fu = su1 D2e
66.8 = (85)D2e
D2 e = 0.7859
From Equation (5)
1 
Fu = su1  π D22 − D2e 
4 
1 
66.8 = (85) π D22 − 0.7859 
4 
D2 = 1.42 in
3
say D2 = 1 in
8
 3
D2 e = 1 e = 0.7859
 8
e = 0.57 in
9
say e = in
16
From Equation (4)
1 
(
Fu = su2  π a 2 − D22 )
4 
 1   3 
2

66.8 = (65) π  a 2 −1  

 4    8  
a = 1.79 in
3
say a = 1 in
4
From Equation (8)

Page 60 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Fu = sus2 π at
66.8 = (48)(π )(a )(1)
a = 0.44 in
1
say a = in
2
3
use a = 1 in
4
From Equation (2)
Fu = su2 ( L − D2 )e
 3  9 
66.8 = (65) L − 1  
 8  16 
L = 3.20 in
1
say L = 3 in
4
From Equation (7)
Fu = 2 sus2 (L − D2 − e )t
 3 9
66.8 = 2(48) L − 1 − (1)
 8 16 
L = 1.51 in
1
say L = 1 in
2
1
use L = 3 in
4
From Equation (6)
Fu = 2 sus1 eb
 9
66.8 = 2(64 ) b
 16 
b = 0.93 in
say b = 1 in
From Equation (10)
Fu = 2 sus1 D2 h
 3
66.8 = 2(64 ) 1 h
 8
h = 0.38 in
3
say h = in
8
Dimensions
1
L = 3 in
4

Page 61 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

3
h= in
8
b = 1 in
t = 1 in
3
m = in
8
3
a = 1 in
4
D1 = 1 in
3
D2 = 1 in
8
9
e = in
16

(b) Tolerances and allowances, No fit, tolerance = ± 0.010 in

L = 3.25 ± 0.010 in
h = 0.375 ± 0.010 in
t = 1.000 ± 0.010 in
m = 0.375 ± 0.010 in
a = 1.75 ± 0.010 in
D1 = 1.000 ± 0.010 in
For Loose Running Fits (RC 8) Table 3.1
Female Male
+ 0.0035 − 0.0045
b = 1.0 in b = 1.0 in
− 0.0000 − 0.0065
allowance = 0.0045 in
+ 0.0040 − 0.0050
D2 = 1.375 in D2 = 1.375 in
− 0.0000 − 0.0075
allowance = 0.0050 in
+ 0.0028 − 0.0035
e = 0.5625 in e = 0.5625 in
− 0.0000 − 0.0051
allowance = 0.0035 in

45. Give all the simple strength equations for the connection shown. (b) Determine
the ratio of the dimensions a , b , c , d , m , and n to the dimension D so that the
connection will be equally strong in tension, shear, and compression. Base the
calculations on ultimate strengths and assume sus = 0.75su .

Page 62 of 64
 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Problems 45 – 47.
Solution:
(a) Neglecting bending

1 
Equation (1): F = s π D 2 
4 
 1 
Equation (2): F = ss 2 π c 2 
 4 
Equation (3): F = s (2bc )
Equation (4): F = s (ac )
Equation (5): F = s[2(d − c )b]
Equation (6): F = ss (4mb )
Equation (7): F = ss (2nb )
Equation (8): F = s (d − c )a

su s
(b) s = and s s = us
N N
Therefore
s s = 0.75s
Equate (2) and (1)
 1   1 
F = ss 2 π c 2  = s π D 2 
 4   4 
1  1 
0.75s c 2  = s D 2 
2  4 
c = 0.8165 D
Equate (3) and (1)
1 
F = s (2bc ) = s  π D 2 
4 
1
2b(0.8165D ) = π D 2
4
b = 0.4810 D

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 SECTION 1– DESIGN FOR SIMPLE STRESSES

Equate (4) and (1)

1 
F = sac = s π D 2 
4 
1
a(0.8165 D ) = π D 2
4
a = 0.9619 D
Equate (5) and (1)
1 
F = s[2(d − c )b] = s  π D 2 
4 
1
2(d − 0.8165 D )(0.4810 ) = π D 2
4
d = 1.6329 D
Equate (6) and (1)
1 
F = s s (4mb ) = s π D 2 
4 
1
0.75(4m )(0.4810 D ) = π D 2
4
m = 0.5443D
Equate (7) and (1)
1 
F = ss (2nb ) = s π D 2 
4 
1
0.75(2n )(0.4810 D ) = π D 2
4
n = 1.0886 D
Equate (8) and (1)
1 
F = s (d − c )a = s π D 2 
4 
(1.6329 − D − 0.8165D )a = 1 π D 2
4
a = 0.9620 D

Summary
a = 0.9620 D
b = 0.4810 D
c = 0.8165 D
d = 1.6329 D
m = 0.5443D
n = 1.0886 D

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