Fourier Series

Periodic Functions
The Mathematic Formulation
 Any function that satisfies

f (t )  f (t  T )
where T is a constant and is called the period
of the function.
 Example:
t t
f (t )  cos  cos Find its period.
3 4
t t 1 1
f (t )  f (t  T ) cos  cos  cos (t  T )  cos (t  T )
3 4 3 4

Fact: cos   cos(  2m)

T
 2m T  6m
3 T  24 smallest T
T
 2 n T  8n
4
 Example:
f (t )  cos 1t  cos 2t Find its period.

f (t )  f (t  T ) cos 1t  cos 2t  cos 1 (t  T )  cos 2 (t  T )

1T  2m 1 m 1 must be a


2 n 2 rational number
2T  2n
Example:
f (t )  cos 10t  cos(10  )t
Is this function a periodic one?

1 10 not a rational

2 10   number
Fourier Series

Fourier Series
Introduction
 Decompose a periodic input signal into
primitive periodic components.

A periodic sequence
f(t)

t
T 2T 3T
Synthesis
a0  2nt  2nt
f (t )    an cos   bn sin
2 n 1 T n 1 T
DC Part Even Part Odd Part

T is a period of all the above signals

Let 0=2/T.
a0  
f (t )    an cos( n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1
Orthogonal Functions
 Call a set of functions {k} orthogonal
on an interval a < t < b if it satisfies

b 0 mn
a  m (t )  n (t )dt  
rn mn
Decomposition
a0  
f (t )    an cos( n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1

2 t 0 T
a0   f (t )dt
T 0
t

2 t 0 T
an   f (t ) cos n0tdt n  1,2, 
T t0
2 t 0 T
bn   f (t ) sin n0tdt n  1,2, 
T 0
t
 Example (Square Wave)
f(t)
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -  2 3 4 5

2 
a0 
2 0
1dt  1

2  1 
an 
2 0
cos ntdt 
n
sin nt 0
0 n  1,2, 

2  1  1 2 / n n  1,3,5,
bn 
2 
0
sin ntdt  
n
cos nt 0  
n
(cos n  1)  
0 n  2,4,6,
 1 2 1 1 
f (t )    sin t  sin 3t  sin 5t  
2  3 5 
Example (Square Wave)
f(t)
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -  2 3 4 5

2 
a0 
2 0
1dt  1

2  1 
an 
2 0
cos ntdt 
n
sin nt 0  0 n  1,2, 

1  1  1 2 / n n  1,3,5,
bn 
2 0
sin ntdt   cos nt 0   (cos n  1)  
n n 0 n  2,4,6,
 1 2 1 1 
f (t )    sin t  sin 3t  sin 5t  
2  3 5 
Example (Square Wave)
f(t)
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -  2 3 4 5

2 
a0 
1.5 2
0
1dt  1

1 2  1 

0.52 0
an  cos ntdt  sin nt 0 n  1,2, 
n 0

0
1  1  1 2 / n n  1,3,5,

bn -0.5
2 0
sin ntdt   cos nt 0   (cos n  1)  
n n 0 n  2,4,6,
Harmonics
a0  2nt  2nt
f (t )    an cos   bn sin
2 n 1 T n 1 T
a0  
f (t )    an cos( n0t )   bn sin( n0t )
2 n 1 n 1

DC Part Even Part Odd Part

T is a period of all the above signals

Harmonics
2
Define 0  2f 0  , called the fundamental angular frequency.
T
Define n  n0 , called the n-th harmonic of the periodic function.

a0  
f (t )    an cos n0t   bn sin n0t
2 n1 n 1

a0  
f (t )    an cos nt   bn sin nt
2 n 1 n 1
 Harmonics
a0  
f (t )    an cos nt   bn sin nt
2 n 1 n 1

a0 
   (an cos nt  bn sin nt )
2 n 1
a0   
2
sin nt 
an bn
   an  bn
2
cos nt 
2 n 1  a2  b2 a 2
 b 2 
 n n n n 
a0 
   an2  bn2 cos n cos nt  sin n sin nt 
2 n1

 C0   Cn cos(nt  n )
n 1
Amplitudes and Phase Angles


f (t )  C0   Cn cos(nt  n )
n 1

harmonic amplitude phase angle

a0
C0 
2  bn 
n  tan  
1

Cn  an2  bn2  an 
Fourier Series

Complex Form of the

Fourier Series
Complex Exponentials
jn0t
e  cos n0t  j sin n0t
 jn0t
e  cos n0t  j sin n0t

1 jn0t
cos n0t  e
2

 e  jn0t 
sin n0t 
2j
e e 
1 jn0t  jn0t
 e
2

e 
j jn0t  jn0t

Complex Form of the Fourier Series

a0  
f (t )    an cos n0t   bn sin n0t
2 n1 n 1

a0 1 
   an e
2 2 n 1

jn0t
e  jn0t j 
 
  bn e jn0t  e  jn0t
2 n1

a0   1 1 
    (an  jbn )e jn0t
 (an  jbn )e  jn0t 
2 n 1  2 2  a0
c0 
 
 2
 c0   cn e jn0t  cn e  jn0t
1
n 1 cn  (an  jbn )
2
1
c n  (an  jbn )
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series

 

f (t )  c0   cn e jn0t  cn e  jn0t
n 1

 1
 c0   cn e jn0t
  cn e jn0t
n 1 n  
a0
 c0 
 n
c e jn0t 2
1
n   cn  (an  jbn )
2
1
c n  (an  jbn )
2
Complex Form of the Fourier Series

a0 1 T /2
c0  
2 T T / 2
f (t )dt

1
cn  (an  jbn )
2
1  T /2 T /2

T  T / 2 T / 2
 f ( t ) cos n  tdt  j f (t ) sin n tdt
0 0 
1 T /2 a0
  f (t )(cos n0t  j sin n0t )dt c0 
T  T / 2 2
1 T /2 1
  f (t )e  jn0t dt cn  (an  jbn )
T T / 2 2
1
1 1 T /2
c n  (an  jbn )
c n  (an  jbn ) 
2 T T / 2
f (t )e jn0t dt
2
 Complex Form of the Fourier Series
 a0
c0 
f (t )  n
c e jn0t

n  
2
1
cn  (an  jbn )
1 T /2 2
cn 
T T / 2
f (t )e  jn0t dt 1
c n  (an  jbn )
2
cn | cn | e jn , c n  cn* | cn | e  jn
If f(t) is real,
1 2
| cn || c n | an  bn2
c n  c *
n
2 n  1,2,3,
 b 
n  tan 1   n  c0 
1
a0
 an  2
Complex Frequency Spectra
cn | cn | e jn , c n  cn* | cn | e  jn  b 
n  tan 1   n  n  1,2,3,
1 2  an 
| cn || c n | an  bn2
2
|cn| amplitude
1
c0  a0 spectrum
2


phase
n spectrum


 Example
f(t)
A

t
T T d d T
  T
2 2 2 2

A d /2 A 1
cn   e  jn0t dt  (2 j sin n0 d / 2)
T d / 2 T  jn0
d /2 A 1
A 1  1 sin n0 d / 2
 e  jn0t T 2 n0
T  jn 0 d / 2
 nd 
sin  
A 1
Ad  T 
1 jn0 d / 2  
  e  jn0 d / 2
 e  T  nd 
T   jn 0  jn 0   
 T 
Example
A/5

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

-150 -100 -50 50 100 150

 nd  1 1 d 1
sin   d , T , 
cn 
Ad  T  20 4 T 5
T  nd  2
  0   8
 T  T
Example
A/10

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80 120

-300 -200 -100 100 200 300

 nd  1 1 d 1
sin   d , T , 
cn 
Ad  T  20 2 T 5
T  nd  2
  0   4
 T  T
Example
f(t)
A

t
T
0 d T

A 1
A d
cn   e  jn0t dt  (1  e  jn0d )
T 0 T jn0
d A 1  jn0 d / 2 jn0d / 2  jn0d / 2
A 1  e (e e )
 e  jn0t T jn0
T  jn 0 0
 nd 
sin  
A 1 1  
Ad  T  e  jn0 d / 2
  e  jn0 d
  T  nd 
T   jn 0  jn 0   
 T 
Fourier Series

Impulse Train
Dirac Delta Function
0 t  0 
(t )  
 t  0
and 
(t )dt  1

Also called unit impulse function.

t
0
Property



(t )(t )dt  (0) (t): Test Function

  


(t )(t )dt   (t )(0)dt  (0)  (t )dt  (0)
 
Impulse Train

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T
t


T (t )   (t  nT )
n  
 Fourier Series of the Impulse Train

T (t )   (t
n  
 nT ) 2 T /2
a0   T (t )dt 
T T / 2 T
2

2 T /2 2
an   T (t ) cos( n0t )dt 
T T / 2 T
2 T /2
bn   T (t ) sin( n0t )dt  0
T T / 2
1 2 
T (t )    cos n0t
T T n 
 Complex Form
Fourier Series of the Impulse Train

T (t )   (t  nT )
n  
a0 1 T /2 1
c0  
2 T T / 2 T (t )dt  T
1 T /2 1

 jn0t
cn  T (t )e dt 
T T / 2 T
1  jn0t
T (t )   e
T n 