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In order to maintain integrity of GRP process piping systems and pipelines, regarding following factors, the stress
analysis should be performed to ensure that the system can sustain all stresses and deformations requirements.
Piping stress engineer should evaluate the total piping system in order to specify any need of flexibility analysis. For
stress analysis, different loading conditions such as internal or external pressure, thermal, occasional and support
loadings should be determined, and then the related stresses and loads should be evaluated and finally compared with
the corresponding allowable stresses and loads respectively. In the following, the methods for evaluation of the
mentioned loads, stresses, deflections and their allowable conditions are discussed. [5]
1- Loadings
1-1- Qualified pressure
The qualified pressure, Pq is based on a design life of 20 years and determined by manufacturer based on the
procedure described in sec 6.2.2 of ISO 14692-2.
(1)
Where:
= qualified pressure.
= load factor as defined in sec 7.6.2.2 of ISO 14692-3
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= 0.5, for a component in a complex piping system, where significant non-pressure stresses can be produced.
= 0.9, if the component which is well supported and is a part of a long pipe run.
Note: is not a fixed parameter and is strongly dependent on application and of component. Manufacturer shall
always provide the value of . [5]
The factored qualified pressure is defined as a pressure which is used to determine a safe operating envelope of the
GRP piping system, see section 3-3 of this article:
(2)
Where:
= qualified pressure.
(1)
= temperature factor.
(2)
= chemical resistance factor.
= factor for cyclic services.(3)
Notes:
Partial factor is determined according to annex D of ISO 14692-2; however if the operating temperature is
less than or equal to 65 C, then may be considered as 1.0.
Partial factor is determined in accordance with annex D of ISO 14692-2; However if the normal service fluid
is water, then may be considered as 1.0.
If the predicted number of loading cycles is less than 7000, then =1. If it exceeds 7000 over design life, then
it may be defined as follows: [5]
(3)
Where:
(4)
An external collapse pressure, , of GRP pipes may be calculated by equation (5) provided that the pipe length is
significantly larger than the diameter. [5]
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(5)
Where:
= 1.5 for short term vacuum and 3.0 for long term vacuum
Thermally induced loads due to a maximum operating or ambient temperature range could be evaluated. The mean
temperature change of a pipe wall may be calculated as:
(6)
Where:
=Temperature difference between ambient temperature and the process design temperature, in degrees Celsius;
K = 0.85 for liquids and 0.8 for gases
The induced loads due to a thermal expansion for any above ground piping system may be calculated; however,
because of the low elasticity modulus values of GRP pipes, the expansion resulting from internal pressure can
sometimes be equal in magnitude to thermal expansion. In the design of GRP piping systems, these expansions
should be controlled by the following approaches: [5]
2- Stresses
2-1- Stresses due to internal pressure
The hoop stress due to internal pressure may be calculated as: [5]
(7)
(8)
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(9)
(10)
Where:
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
The total general axial stress resulting from internal pressure and bending moment of self mass (or dead weight) at
the bottom and top of the pipe is:
(15)
(16)
Where:
Ks = the support type factor; equals to 384 for single span beam (two supports); 925 for two span beam (three
supports); 1920 for anchored beam (two fixed support at both ends)
A compressive longitudinal stress resulting from axial force may be checked against axial elastic bulking stress as:
[5]
(17)
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Where:
(18)
(19)
Note: The bulking stress to maximum compressive axial stress ratio shall be greater than 3.
For large diameter liquid filled pipes, with high D/t ratio, the local stresses at the support location become
significant. By following calculations, the support local stresses may be determined provided that:
The mass of GRP pipe is insignificant compared to the mass of liquid contents.
The pipe material is isotropic
The supports are flexible, for example they include an elastomeric pad. [5]
At the highest point of a pipe cross section the axial stress may be calculated as: [5]
(20)
At the lowest point of the pipe cross section the axial stress may be calculated as:
(21)
(22)
Where:
Constant is given in [5] for a range of saddle angle.
Note 1: In all cases , K=5 for filament wound pipes.
Note 2: The above equation does not contain the effect of pressure. [5]
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At the nadir of saddle supports the hoop stress may be calculated as:
(23)
Where:
Constant is given in table [5] for a range of saddle angle, if the pipe and support are fixed together; is one
tenth of value given in [5].
b1 is the width of the saddle support.
At the saddle support horn the hoop stress may be calculated as:
(24)
Where:
Constant is given in [5] for a range of saddle angle.
Note: The above equations do not include effect of internal pressure.
3- Allowable
3-1- Allowable pressure
The maximum allowable pressure for a component is:
(24)
Where:
= design pressure.
= qualified pressure
= safety part factor between the strength of the material and operating stress for three load cases: occasional,
sustained including thermal loads and excluding thermal loads. This factor could be derived from table 2 and 3 of
ISO 14692-3.
(26)
(27)
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(28)
(29)
(30)
Note:
The buckling stress to maximum compressive axial stress ratio shall be greater than 3.
(31)
(32)
or (33)
(34)
For filament wound GRP components, in ISO 14692, is equivalent to hydrostatic design basis stress (HDBS) as
defined in Section A302.3.2 of ASME B31.3 except that it has not been factored by , , nor [11].
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The sum of all hoop stresses, and all axial stresses, , in any component in a GRP piping system due to
pressure, mass, other sustained loads and occasional loads such as wind, blast or earthquake, shall not exceed the
value defined by the factored long term design envelope, Figure 2 [5].
The following equation may be used to determine the allowable hoop stress.
(35)
In ISO 14692, two design envelop have been defined based on available measure data as follows.
This envelope is generally available for a plain pipe, Figure 2. The short term envelope is derived according to the
method presented in Annex C of ISO 14692-2:2002, then the idealized long term failure envelop is scaled according
to where: [5]
(36)
The non-factored long-term and factored long-term is defined according to part factor and . .
respectively; therefore:
(37)
Simplified envelop
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This method is more conservative than the fully measured envelop method and may be used for both plain pipe and
other components, Figure 3. [5]
(38)
Where: (39)
(40)
Therefore sum of all hoop stresses, and all axial stresses, , in any component in a GRP piping system
shall not exceed the value defined by the factored long term design envelope as equation (41) and (43)
(41)
(42)
(43)
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By drawing line BS parallel to line AD and also line AP parallel to line BC:
Then
Therefore;
(45)
And
(46)
In
Therefore;
(47)
There is also:
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
For both pipe and joints, the long-term design envelop is rectangular, as shown in figure 5. This is defined in
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(52)
Because of ovalization caused by a bending moment, the stress resulting from axial and bending loads is more
complicated than plain pipe, therefore the shape of envelop highly depends on a lay-up configuration of the bend.
For filament-wound bends, r is less than 1; but for hand lay-up bends, the r is greater than 1. Tees and joints have a
similar design envelop, Figure 5 [5].
If there is no available manufacturer’s data for r, the default values given in table 4, par 7-11-4 of [5] may be used.
Ovalization
Ovalization related to pipe diameter shall not exceed 5%.
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Note:
1. A combination of axial stresses due to internal pressure and total general axial stress, should be calculated and
evaluated by equation (44)
2. In all cases, , K=5 for filament wound pipes.
3. The combination of local hoop stress and general hoop stress should be calculated and evaluated by equation
(35)
4. The buckling stress to the maximum compressive axial stress ratio shall be greater than 3.
5. Deflections in GRP pipes, when filled with water, shall not exceed 12.5 mm or 5% of span length or support
spacing, whichever is smaller.
6. Ovalization related to pipe diameter shall not exceed 5%.
7. Due to the absence of a method for evaluation of these parameters in CAESAR II, , some calculation sheets are
presented in the calculation sheet section.
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