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OBJECTIVE
Exposure to the knowledge of
metabolic pathways in diverse
INTRODUCTION TO microorganisms
METABOLISM
Understand mechanisms of
aerobic and anaerobic
metabolism

METABOLISM
• Step by step process by which cells take nutrients from
their environment and convert them into sufficient
cellular components to double their mass and then
become two cells.
Exposure to the knowledge of Chemical reaction
biochemical reaction
Catalyzed by : enzyme
metabolic pathways

anabolism
catabolism

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METABOLISM
• Refer to the sum of all chemical
reactions within a living organism.
• Chemical reaction = either release
energy or require energy = energy
balancing act.
• In living cell, the enzyme regulated
chemical reaction that release
energy are generally the ones
involved in CATABOLISM.
CATABOLISM
• Catabolism – the breakdown of complex organic
compounds into simpler ones.
• These reactions are called catabolic/degrative
reaction.
• Are generally hydrolytic reactions (reaction that
use water and in which chemical bonds are
broken.
• Are exergonic (produce more energy than they
consume).
• Example: Cells break sugars into carbon dioxide
and water.

ANABOLISM
• The enzyme regulated energy requiring reactions are
mostly involved in anabolism, the building complex
organic molecules from simpler one.
• These reaction are called anabolic or biosynthetic
reactions. Anabolism Catabolism
• Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis • Reaction that require • Reactions that release
reaction (reaction that release water). energy to synthesize energy by breaking
complex molecules from complex molecules into
• Are endergonic – consume more energy than they simpler ones simpler ones that can be
produce. reused as building blocks.
• Example – formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic • Needed for growth, • Provides an organism
acids from nucleotides and polysaccharides from simple reproduction and repair of with energy for its life
sugar. cellular structures processes, including
movement, transport and
• These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for the synthesis of complex
cell growth. molecules.

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ADENOSIN DIPHOSPHATE (ADP)

• When the terminal phosphate group is split from
• This coupling of energy requiring and energy ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed
releasing reaction is made possible through the and energy is released to drive anabolic
molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reactions.

ATP ADP + p i+ energy

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) reaction

Involved with the electron transfer from one
atom or molecule to another
Oxidation
An atom or molecules loses the electron or H atom is lost

Reduction
An atom or molecule gains an electron or addition of H atom.

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Molecules in redox reaction:

NAD+ NADH Five Metabolic task
FAD FADH2
Bringing nutrients into cell

Catabolism

Biosynthesis

Polymerization

Assembly

Understand mechanisms of aerobic

and anaerobic metabolism

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Hypothetical pathway that converts starting material A to

Metabolic pathway end product F in a series of five steps:

 Sequences of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reaction First step – conversion of

occuring in a cell. molecule A to molecule B.
The curve arrow indicated
that the reduction of
 Are determined by its enzymes, which are in turn
coenzyme NAD+ to NADH is
determined by the cell’s genetic makeup. coupled to that reaction.The
electron and protons come
from molecule A.

Third Step – the two arrows in step 3 – Fifth step, the curved
show a coupling of two reactions. arrow leading from O2
As C is converted to D, ADP is converted to indicated that O2 is
ATP; the energy needed comes from C as reactant in the reaction.
it transforms into D. The reaction
converting D to E is readily reversible, as
indicated by the double arrow.

Carbohydrate catabolism • To produce energy from glucose, microbe

• Most microbe oxidize carbohydrate as their
primary source of cellular energy.
• Carbohydrate catabolism – breakdown
carbohydrate molecules to produce energy.
• Glucose is the most common carbohydrate
energy source used by cells.
use two general processes:
– 1) cellular respiration (Aerobic condition in
cell)
of – 2) fermentation (For anaerobic condition
only
• Both processes start with the same first
step – GLYCOLISIS (happen in all cell)

• Microbe – also can catabolize various lipids and

proteins for energy proteins.

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Glycolysis
• Occurs in the cytosol of prokaryotes and
eukaryote.
• Either in absent or presence of Oxygen
Glycolysis
• Ten reaction involved
each glucose (6 C)
2 pyruvates (3 C)
• Type of ATP produced in cytosol is called
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
- phosphate is coming from another molecules
and being given to ADP

The respiration of
glucose typically occurs
in three principal stages: AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Typically- initial step
glycolisis, the krebs
is also glycolysis,
cycle and electron
however once
transport chain
glycolysis has taken
(system).
place, the pyruvic
acids is converted
1) Glycolysis is into one or more
oxidation of glucose different product,
to pyruvic acids with depending on the
the production of cell type
some ATP and energy
containing NADH
Aerobic Respiration
2) The kreb cycle is
the oxidation of acetyl
CoA (a derivative of
pyruvic acid) to ANAEROBIC
carbon dioxide, with RESPIRATION
the production of
some ATP, energy
containing NADH and
another reduced
electron carrrier,
FADH2(the reduced
form of flavin adenine 3) In the electron transport chain (system), NADH and
dinucleotide) FADH2 are oxidized, contributing the electron they
have been carried from the substrate

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glucose + 2ATP +2 Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+

---------> pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH

Pyruvate Oxidation

• Oxidized in mitochondria (eukaryote) or cytosol

(prokaryote)

 Produce two carbon molecule (acetate) and

attached with coenzyme A

NAD+
Acetyl CoA
NADH + H

CO2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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Electron transport and chemiosmosis

2 carbon acetyl Co A
 Series of membrane bound protein in the inner
oxidized
mitochondial membrane (eukaryote) or plasma
CO2 and H2O membrane (prokaryote) that pass the donated electron
from one to the next.
3 NAD+ and 1 FAD

ATP

Citric acid Cycle

Electron passed to the lower energy levels

Energy given off

Proton concentration gradient

Proton sequestered in the intermembrane space

proton 4 proton

Cytochrome c oxidase
reduce oxygen to H2O
ATP synthases (specific channel)
O2 + 4H++ 4e- ---> 2H2O
ATP

Chemiosmosis or oxidative phosphorylation

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electron transport systems in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation

• Do not use oxygen as final electron
acceptor
• Use of inorganic compound (nitrate or
sulphate)
• Have electron transport and chemiosmosis
• Cell donate the hydrogen atoms generated
by glycolysis to organic molecules derived
from original nutrient
• No electron transport chain in the
fermentation

Carbohydrate + NADH ---> Reduced carbohydrate + NAD+

Glycolysis process

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Pyruvic acid to Lactic acid

Lactase dehydrogenase
NADH -------------------
NAD+

Fermentation:
2 ATP per glucose

Aerobic respiration:
36-38 ATP

Pyruvic acid to alcohol

Bringing nutrients into cell

Catabolism
Obtain nutrient from environment
• Converts nutrients into a group of organic
compounds
Transport across cell membrane Starting points to synthesize all other cellular
components

Cells concentrate the nutrient within cytoplasm
Microb use many different nutrients so that
many biochemical reaction are needed to bring nutrient
into the cell
produce precursor metabolites ( 12 such starter
compound)
Produces ATP (compound that store metabolic energy)
Reducing energy (compounds that participate in various
essential reductive biochemical reactions)

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Biosynthesis Polymerization
• Make all the small molecule cell needed • Building blocks (monomers) produce in task
(including building blocks of macromolecules) three are chemically hooked together
from precursor metabolites. (polymerized)
• Use ATP and reducing power

Produce cell’s macromolecules

( protein, RNA, DNA, polysaccarides and peptidoglycan.

The Generation of ATP

Assembly
• Some macromolecules are assembled to
make cellular organelles.
Cell’s wall, membranes, ribosomes, flagella and pili
• Phosphorylation – The addition of group
phosphate (P) to a chemical compound
• Organism use three mechanisms of
phosphorylation to generate ATP from
ADP.
1) Substrate level phosphorylation
2) Oxidative phosphorylation
3) Photophosphorylation

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Anaerobic and Aerobic metabolism
• How cell make ATP: Energy-Releasing
Pathways
Oxidation- Reduction (Redox) Reaction
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Anaerobic respiration
Coenzyme
• Coenzyme may assist the enzyme by accepting atoms removed
from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate.
• Some coenzymes act as electron carriers, removing electrons from
the substrate and donating them to other molecules in subsequent
reactions.
• Two of the most important coenzyme in cellular metabolism are
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
• (NAD+) – catabolic – energy yielding
• NADP+) – anabolic – energy requiring
• FMN – flavin mononucleotide
• FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide
• CoA – coenzyme A – synthesis and breakdown fats; kreb cycle
• Cofactor – (forming a bridge between enzyme and substrate)
example –Mg 2+

Fermentation
Regulation of cycles

The END

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