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4. Bronchus – short tube that connects the larynx & the lungs in frog
(left & right bronchi) while the trachea & lungs in human
2 parts:
Cartilaginous ring – encircle the upper border of the
pulmonary sac, or lung
Membranous structure – mantle-like structure that can be
lifted leaving a gap between the cricoid & cartilaginous ring
Associated Structures:
Alveolar sacs – small air pockets in lungs
Alveoli – grape-like outpouchings at each
alveolar sac where actual gas exchange takes
place between capillary blood & alveoli
-functional unit of lungs
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveoli
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli of Lungs
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Bronchi
Alveoli of Lungs
A system of providing fresh air (Webster, 1969)
Also called breathing
Two Phases:
1. Inhalation/Inspiration- intake of air
- occurs when alveolar pressure falls
below atmospheric pressure
2. Exhalation/Expiration – outflow of air
- occurs when alveolar pressure is higher
than atmospheric pressure
Two Stages of Respiration
1. External respiration or pulmonary gas exchange
– exchange of gases between the alveoli &
pulmonary blood capillaries
- takes place via vascular membranes w/ thin moist
epithelia
2. Internal Respiration or systemic gas exchange –
exchange of gases between systemic blood
capillaries & tissue cells
Occursthrough simple diffusion (from areas of
higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration)
Carbon
Oxygen dioxide
Alveoli of Blood
lungs cells
Tissue Tissue
fluids fluids
Blood Alveoli of
cells lungs
Intercostal & diaphragm muscles contract
Lungs inflate
In anurans, involve a 3rd compartment, the vocal sac, a
chamber opening off the floor of the oropharyngeal
cavity
Laryngeal opening
Buccal cavity
I
Contraction of throat muscles
Buccal cavity
Lungs inflated
Back & forth airflow (nares closed to prevent air
escape)
Sound production
Inflated vocal sac as resonating chamber to modulate
sound