Week5 Resources

EE-231 Electronics I
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk
February 26, 2018
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 4 Resources February 26, 2018 1 / 22
Overview
1 Diode applications
Clampers
Example 2.22
Example 2.23
2 Application of Zener diode

Example 2.24
Zener as a regulator
Voltage doubler
Voltage tripler and quadrupler
Diode applications Clampers
Clampers
Clampers are level shifters. Also called dc level restorers because in TV the
dc level is lost in capacitor coupled amplifier stages.
Input waveform is shifted to a dc level equal to the positive or negative
peak value of input signal.
Clamper consist of a capacitor, diode and resistor.
If a biasing supply is used then waveform can be shifted up ro down by an
amount equal to the peak value ± the biasing voltage.
Figure shows a basic clamping circuit
Analysis of clamper circuits
Consider the circuit shown.

It is assumed that the time constant
is large enough so that voltage across
capacitor does not change
significantly when diode is reverse
biased.
The equivalent circuit is shown with

the polarity of voltage across the
capacitor.
From 0<T < T2 the diode is forward T
biased and hence the capacitor will 2 <T <T the diode is reverse biased
so the output is a sum of Vin and Vc .
charge.
Analysis of clamper circuits
Equivalent circuit during the negative

half cycle.
Output waveform is shown here.

Diode applications Example 2.22
Example 2.22
Determine vo for the circuit shown.
The frequency=1kHz so the time

During this duration the equivalent
period of this waveform is T=1ms.
circuit is shown. Applying KVL
From t1 <T <t2 the input is negative
across the loop results in Vc =25V
and diode is short circuit. In this case
with the polarity shown.
the resistance voltage is equal to 5V.
Example 2.22
From t2 <T <t3 the input is negative

and positive so the diode is reverse
biased. In this case the resistance
voltage is equal to 10+25=35V.
Input voltage
Output voltage
Example 2.23
If a practical Si diode is used then the output voltage is decreased by 0.7V.

The output amplitude look like the one shown below.
Application of Zener diode Example 2.24
Example 2.24
Zener can be used for proper

operation of LED. Remember LED
forward voltage is higher than the
ordinary diodes.(2V for Red, green
and orange, 4V for white and 5V for
Blue) at 20mA.
Vo1 =3.3+0.7=4V,Vo2 =4+6=10V,
VR =40-10-4=26V
26
IR = 1.6k =20mA
Ps = VIs = (40)(20mA) = 800mW
PLED = VIs = (4)(20mA) = 80mW
PZ 6V = VIs = (6)(20mA) = 120mW
Application of Zener diode Zener as a regulator
Zener diode when used as a regulator

has three possibilities.
Input voltage and load are
constant
Fixed input voltage and variable
load
Fixed load and variable input
The problem solving strategy requires
determining the load voltage and
then representing the zener diode
equivalence. Step 1: Remove zener
diode from the circuit and calculate
the load voltage.
Check for two rules to solve the zener regulator circuit
If V ≤ Vz then zener diode is ON and an approximate model (dc
battery) can be substituted.
If V< Vz diode is off and open circuit can be used an approximate
model.
Note that Pzmax should never be violated otherwise the zener diode will
burn.
Check for two rules to solve the zener regulator circuit
If V ≤ Vz then zener diode is ON and an approximate model (dc
battery) can be substituted.
If V< Vz diode is off and open circuit can be used an approximate
model.
Note that Pzmax should never be violated otherwise the zener diode will
burn.
Case 1: Constant Vi and RL Ex.2.26

For the circuit shown find the current So Iz =0 and so is Pz .
through the zener and power If the load resistance is replaced with
dissipated in zener. a 3k ohm then,
16 × 3k
VL = = 12V (1)
4k
Now VL ≥ VZ so zener is replaced
with equivalent dc source hence,
VL =VZ =10V.
To solve this circuit first of all V −R = Vi −VL = 16−10 = 6V (2)

remove the zener diode and calculate
16×1.2k
the VL = 1.2k+1k =8.73V VL
IL = = 3.33mA (3)
Since Vz <VL so zener is in off state. RL
Case 1: Constant Vi and RL Ex.2.26
and then IR =6mA
IZ = 6mA − 3.33mA = 2.67mA (4)
PZ = VZ IZ = 26.7mW (5)
Therefore, the zener is under safe operating conditions
Case 2: Constant Vi and variable RL

If the load resistance RL is very small
then zener may not operate in zener RVZ
region. If it is too large it may RLmin = (6)
Vi − VZ
exceed the current rating of zener
diode. So the operational range of VL VZ
ILmax = = (7)
RL is required. RLmin RLmin
Once zener is ON, VL =VZ and
VR =Vi -VZ , therefore,
VR
IR = (8)
R
Zener current IZ =IR -IL
therefore,keeping in view the
Minimum load resistance is that maximum zener current
resistance which results in VZ =VL .
Case 2: Constant Vi and variable RL Ex. 2.27
ILmin = IR − IZmax (9)

VZ
RLmax = (10)
ILmin
Find the load resistance RL that
results in VL =10V. 1k × 10
RLmin = = 250Ω (11)
50 − 10
VR = Vi − VZ = 40V (12)
ILmin = IR − IZmax = 8mA (13)
VZ
RLmax = = 1.25kΩ (14)
ILmin
Case 3: Variable Vi and constant RL
Input voltage Vi should be sufficiently large to turn on the zener.

Minimum Vi is calculated using
RL Vi
VL = Vz = (15)
RL + R
(RL + R)VZ
Vimin = (16)
RL
maximum value of input voltage is limited by maximum zener current.
IZmax = IR − IL (17)
IRmax = IZmax + IL (18)
Vimax = IRmax R + VZ (19)
Case 3: Variable Vi and constant RL Ex. 2.28
For the circuit shown find the range

of input voltage that ensures the
voltage regulation. (RL + R)Vz
Vimin = = 23.67V
RL
(20)
20
IL = = 16.67mA (21)
1.2k
IRmax = IZmax + IL = 76.67mA (22)
Vimax = IRmax R + VZ (23)
Vimax = 20 + (76.67mA)(220) (24)
Input voltage Vi should be
sufficiently large to turn on the zener. Vimax =36.87V
Minimum Vi is calculated using
Application of Zener diode Voltage doubler
Voltage doubler
Voltage doubler use capacitor and diode to double the output voltage.
Consider figure shown where two diodes and capacitors are shown.
During positive half cycle D1 is forward biased and therefore charges the
capacitor C1 to peak value Vm .
During negative half cycle D2 is forward biased and therefore charges the
capacitor C2 .
Voltage doubler
Only D2 conduct the other diode is

reverse biased. Applying KVL
Only D1 conduct the other diode is
reverse biased. −Vm − Vc1 + Vc2 = 0 (25)
Vc2 =2Vm
Simulation of voltage doubler

Simulation results tells us that the voltage do not double instantaneously.
Rather during the transient state the case is similar to two capacitors
connected in series.
Application of Zener diode Voltage tripler and quadrupler
Voltage tripler and quadrupler
The concept of voltage doubler can be extended to circuits that can triple
the input voltage.
Number of diodes = number of capacitors


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EE-231 Electronics I

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

February 26, 2018

2 Application of Zener diode

Analysis of clamper circuits

Consider the circuit shown.

The equivalent circuit is shown with

Analysis of clamper circuits

Equivalent circuit during the negative

Output waveform is shown here.

Determine vo for the circuit shown.

The frequency=1kHz so the time

From t2 <T <t3 the input is negative

If a practical Si diode is used then the output voltage is decreased by 0.7V.

Zener can be used for proper

Zener diode when used as a regulator

Case 1: Constant Vi and RL Ex.2.26

To solve this circuit first of all V −R = Vi −VL = 16−10 = 6V (2)

Case 1: Constant Vi and RL Ex.2.26

and then IR =6mA

IZ = 6mA − 3.33mA = 2.67mA (4)

Case 2: Constant Vi and variable RL

Case 2: Constant Vi and variable RL Ex. 2.27

ILmin = IR − IZmax (9)

Case 3: Variable Vi and constant RL

Input voltage Vi should be sufficiently large to turn on the zener.

Case 3: Variable Vi and constant RL Ex. 2.28

For the circuit shown find the range

Only D2 conduct the other diode is

Simulation of voltage doubler

Voltage tripler and quadrupler

Number of diodes = number of capacitors

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