Arizal Achmad Fauzi

15114027
arizal.achmad@students.itb.ac.id
GD3102 HYDROGRAPHY I

Assignment B

A. Depth of Water

1. What is depth ?

Depth is vertical distance from reference level (sea surface or chart datum) to the seabed

2. From which reference level must depth be defined ? provide description of such a reference
level!

Reference level for determination of sea depth is chart datum. Chart datum is a plane used in
hydrographic surveys as zero level of depth which is determined from lowest astronomical tide

3. Sketch the geometry of depth measurement with SBES and MBES !

Singlebeam echosounders

Multibeam echosounders

DATE : 09 Oktober 2016

Arizal Achmad Fauzi
15114027
arizal.achmad@students.itb.ac.id
GD3102 HYDROGRAPHY I
4. Which standard would you refer to when measuring depth of seabed ?

The standard for measuring depth of sea is S-44 IHO standards for Hydrographic Survey 5 th
edition, February 2008

5. How does the standard (named in the previous question) categorize the various purposes of depth
surveys ?

There is 4 categorize puposes of hydrographic survey based on S-44 IHO standards for
Hydropraphic Survey 5th edition :
1) Special order, this hydrographic survey for areas where under-keel clereance is critical.
Special order surveys will be conducted in waters less than 40 m
2) Order 1a, this order for areas where the under-keel clereance is less critical than for special
order above. Order 1a surveys is used in areas deeper than 40 m but shallower than 100 m
3) Order 1b, this order for areas where the under-keel clereance is not to be an issues. Order 1b
surveys are intented for areas shallower than 100 m
4) Order 2, this order is intended for those areas where the depth of water is such that a general
depiction of seabed is considered adequate. Order 2 surveys are limited to areas deeper than
100 m

6. What are the conditions that should be followed to satisfy each depth survey category in the
standard ?

1) Special order, this order conducted in water deeper than 40 m. Example area of that many
warrant this special order surveys are : harbors
2) Order 1a, this order is intended for harbors, harbor approach channels, inland navigation
channels, and coastal air pos of high commercial traffic density
3) Order 1b, this order used for the area where the seabed characteristics are such that like hood
of there being a man-made or natural feature of the sea floor that will endanger the type of
surface vessel expected to navigate the area is low
4) Order 2, surveys are limited to areas deeper than 100 m

7. Provide example on the implementation of conditions required to satisfy any of depth survey
category !

1) Special order, when the surveyor discover shoods extending to less than 40 m, so the full
seafloor search is required
2) Order 1a, in area traversed by VLCC, the area deeper than 40 m, where the under-keel
clereance is less critical.
3) Order 1b, if the surveyor discover the area less than 100 m, this considered so the property of
the seabed are not hazardour to vessel
4) Order 2, if surveyor discovers the area deeper than 100 m, so the full seafloor search is not
required

DATE : 09 Oktober 2016

Arizal Achmad Fauzi
15114027
arizal.achmad@students.itb.ac.id
GD3102 HYDROGRAPHY I
B. Hydroacoustic Technique

1. Explain the benefit of using hydro-acoustics technique for measurement of depth in contrast to
other techniques, i.e. mechanical, electromagnetic !

Hydroacoustic technique can measure a depth of water deeper than mechanical technique and
electromagnetic technique. The measurement coverage area of hydroacoustic technique is wider
than mechanical technique

2. Name and describe briefly the primary elements of an echosounder !

1) Transducer : a transmitter / receiver, frequently mounted on a ships hull or on an under water

platform. It sends out an interrogation signal on one frequency to get a reply on a second
frequency
2) Amplifier and pulse generator
3) Time counter
4) Display screen
5) Echogram

3. Draw a conceptual sketch to show vertical relations between survey vessel, instantaneous sea
surface, reference level, transducer face, and seabed !

4. The accuracy of depth measurement must be assured. Explain how could an echosounder be
calibrated by means of bar check, CTD (or SVP) data, or correction table ?

 Barcheck
Using barcheck with increase or decrease the sound speed in echosounder until we get the
same depth as barcheck depth. So we get depth equation between barcheck and echosounder

 SVP
The sound velocity in sea water can be directly measured by a velocymeter

 CTD
Measurement of salinity, depth, temperature, density and pressure to calculation of sound
velocity
DATE : 09 Oktober 2016
Arizal Achmad Fauzi
15114027
arizal.achmad@students.itb.ac.id
GD3102 HYDROGRAPHY I
5. Why must either procedure as inquired in the previous question be executed ?

Because sound velocity is one of parameters to know how deep a water is. So to get the best
values of sound velocity and the most minimum errors, we should follow the procedure correctly

6. Which corrections should you apply to cancel out all sources of systematic errors in depth
measurement using SBES ?

 Sound velocity correction

 Dynamic tranducer draft correction
 Tide correction

7. Provide an equation to enable you to implement your answer as given to the previous question !

Actual depth = observed depth + sound velocity correction + tranducer draft correction

True reference depth = actual depth – tide correction

DATE : 09 Oktober 2016

Arizal Achmad Fauzi
15114027
arizal.achmad@students.itb.ac.id
GD3102 HYDROGRAPHY I
C. Non Hydro-acoustics Technique

1. What is electromagnetic wave and how does it differ from (underwater) sound wave ?

Electromagnetic wave is combination of electric fields and magnetic fields where these fields
are pependicular to one other in the direction the wave is traveling. Electromagnetic waves differ
from mechanical waves (sound wave) in that they do not require a medium to propogate

2. Define the difference between light, laser, and radio in the electromagnetic wave frequency band
!

o Frequency of light is 790 – 405 THz

o Frequency of laser is 405 THz – 300 GHz
o Frequency of radio is 300 MHz – 3 Hz

3. Explain how do specific bands of electromagnetic wave interact with mediums (i.e. atmosphere,
water column) during their propagations ?

The earth’s atmosphere acts as a filter to remove large portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The electromagnetic can be scattered, absorbed, and reflected depend of wave
spectrum, particle size and atmosphere particle

4. Name and describe known techniques for measurement of water depth using non hydro-acoustics
techniques!

 Airbone Laser System : is a system emits laser pulses at two frequency for measuring the
water depth
 Remote Sensing : is a technique uses aerial photography and satellite altimetry to estimates
depth of water
 Mechanic System : is a technique uses tools for depth measurement

5. Draw a conceptual sketch to describe how depth of seabed is measured from an airborne
platform !

H = Aircraft altitude
Z = Depth
Arizal Achmad Fauzi
15114027
arizal.achmad@students.itb.ac.id
6. Contrast the advantage and drawback between the performance of hydro-acoustic and
electromagnetic technique for depth measurement !

o Electromagnetic Technique
 Advantage : Good coverage in extreme condition of salinity and temperature, more safety
to do than hydroacoustic techniques, has a capability of operating over thick ice
 Drawback : The maximum operating depth in optimal operation conditions less than 100 m

o Hydroacoustic Technique
 Advantage : Can operated in waters shallower than 100 m, wide coverage area espicially
with MBES
 Drawback : Quality of data measurement depends on sea water parameter, need much
correction to do, to get correct data of measurement

DATE : 09 Oktober 2016