AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW (Cont’d)

Expression for curl by applying Ampere’s

Circuital Law might be too lengthy to derive, but
it can be described as:

H  J
The expression is also called the point form of
Ampere’s Circuital Law, since it occurs at
some particular point.

1
AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW (Cont’d)

The Ampere’s Circuital Law can be rewritten in

terms of a current density, as:

 H  dL   J  dS
Use the point form of Ampere’s Circuital Law to
replace J, yielding:

 H  dL     H   dS
This is known as Stoke’s Theorem.

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3.3 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY

In electrostatics, it is convenient to think in terms

of electric flux intensity and electric flux density.
So too in magnetostatics, where magnetic flux
density, B is related to magnetic field intensity by:

B  H   0  r
Where μ is the permeability with:

0  4  107 H m

3
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (Cont’d)

The amount of magnetic flux, φ in webers

from magnetic field passing through a
surface is found in a manner analogous to
finding electric flux:

   B  dS

4
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (Cont’d)

Fundamental features of magnetic fields:

• The field lines form a

closed loops. It’s different
from electric field lines,
where it starts on positive
charge and terminates on
negative charge

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MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (Cont’d)

• The magnet cannot be

divided in two parts, but it
results in two magnets.
The magnetic pole cannot
be isolated.

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MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (Cont’d)

The net magnetic flux passing through a

gaussian surface must be zero, to get Gauss’s
Law for magnetic fields:

 B  dS  0
By applying divergence theorem, the point form
of Gauss’s Law for static magnetic fields:

B  0
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EXAMPLE 6

Find the flux crossing the portion of the

plane φ=π/4 defined by 0.01m < r < 0.05m
and 0 < z < 2m in free space. A current
filament of 2.5A is along the z axis in the az
direction.

Try to sketch this!

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 6

The relation between B and H is:

I
B  0 H  0 a
2
To find flux crossing the portion, we need to use:

   B  dS
where dS is in the aφ direction.

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 6 (Cont’d)

So, dS  ddza
Therefore,
   B  ddS
S
2 0.05
0 I
   a  ddza
z  0   0.01 2
20 I 0.05 6
 ln  1.61 10 Wb
2 0.01

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3.4 MAGNETIC FORCES

Upon application of a magnetic field, the wire is

deflected in a direction normal to both the field and the
direction of current.

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MAGNETIC FORCES (Cont’d)

The force is actually acting on the individual

charges moving in the conductor, given by:

Fm  qu  B
By the definition of electric field intensity, the
electric force Fe acting on a charge q within an
electric field is:

Fe  qE

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MAGNETIC FORCES (Cont’d)

A total force on a charge is given by Lorentz force

equation:

F  qE  u  B 
The force is related to acceleration by the
equation from introductory physics,

F  ma

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MAGNETIC FORCES (Cont’d)

To find a force on a current element, consider a

line conducting current in the presence of
magnetic field with differential segment dQ of
charge moving with velocity u:

dF  dQu  B
But,
dL
u
dt

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MAGNETIC FORCES (Cont’d)

So, dQ
dF  dL  B
dt
Since dQ dt corresponds to the current I in
the line,
 dF  IdL  B
We can find the force from a collection of
current elements

F12   I 2 dL 2  B1
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MAGNETIC FORCES (Cont’d)

Consider a line of current in +az direction on the z

axis. For current element a,

Id L a  Idz a a z
But, the field cannot exert magnetic force
on the element producing it. From field of
second element b, the cross product will
be zero since IdL and aR in same
direction.

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EXAMPLE 7

If there is a field from a

second line of current
parallel to the first, what
will be the total force?

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 7

The force from the magnetic field of line 1 acting

on a differential section of line 2 is:

dF12  I 2 dL 2  B1
Where, 0 I1
B1  a
2
By inspection from figure,
  y, a  a x Why?!?!

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 7

Consider dL 2  dza z , then:

0 I1 0 I1I 2
dF12  I 2dza z   a x   dz  a y 
2y 2y
0
0 I1I 2
F12 
2y
 a y  dz
L

0 I1I 2 L
 F12  ay
2y
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MAGNETIC FORCES (Cont’d)

dL 2  dL1  a12 
Generally,
0
F12  I 2 I1  
4 R12 2
• Ampere’s law of force between a pair of current-
carrying circuits.

• General case is applicable for two lines that are not

parallel, or not straight.

• It is easier to find magnetic field B1 by Biot-Savart’s

law, then use F12   I 2 dL 2  B1 to find F12 .

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EXAMPLE 8

The magnetic flux density in a region of free space

is given by B = −3x ax + 5y ay − 2z az T. Find the

total force on the rectangular loop shown which

lies in the plane z = 0 and is bounded by x = 1, x =

3, y = 2, and y = 5, all dimensions in cm.

Try to sketch this!

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 8

The figure is as shown.

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 8 (Cont’d)

First, note that in the plane z = 0, the z component

of the given field is zero, so will not contribute to the
force. We use:
F  loop IdL x B
Which in our case becomes with,

I  30 A and B  3 xa x  5 ya y  2 za z

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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 8 (Cont’d)

 
0.03
So, F  30dxa x   3xa x  5 y y  0.02 a y 
0.01
0.05
 30dya y   3x x 0.03 a x  5 ya y  
0.02

 
0.01
 30dxa x x  3xa x  5 y y  0.05 a y 
0.03
0.02
 30dya y x  3x x 0.01a x  5 ya y 
0.05
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SOLUTION TO EXAMPLE 8 (Cont’d)

Simplifying these becomes:

0.03 0.05
F  30(5)(0.02)a z dx    30(3)(0.03) a z dy
0.01 0.02
0.01 0.02
  30(5)(0.05)a z dx    30(3)(0.01) a z dy
0.03 0.05
 0.06  0.081  0.150  0.027  a z N
 F  36a z mN
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