Radiation therapy, 

What is radiation therapy?

In radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy), high-energy rays are used to
damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing. A specialist in
radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist.

What are the types of radiation therapy?

Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects cancer cells

only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a machine (external
radiation). It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive
material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation). Some
patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy.

External radiation therapy is usually given on an outpatient basis in a hospital

or clinic 5 days a week for a number of weeks. Patients are not radioactive
during or after the treatment.

For internal radiation therapy, the patient stays in the hospital for a few
days. The implant may be temporary or permanent. Because the level of radiation
is highest during the hospital stay, patients may not be able to have visitors
or may have visitors only for a short time. Once an implant is removed, there is
no radioactivity in the body. The amount of radiation in a permanent implant
goes down to a safe level before the patient leaves the hospital.

What are the side effects of radiation therapy?

With radiation therapy, the side effects depend on the treatment dose and the
part of the body that is treated. The most common side effects are tiredness,
skin reactions (such as a rash or redness, permanent pigmentation, and scarring)
in the treated area, and loss of appetite. Radiation therapy can cause
inflammation of tissues and organs in and around the body site radiated. This
can cause symptoms that depend on what organs are affected and to what degree.
For example, radiation can inflame skin to cause a burn or permanent
pigmentation. It can also irritate the colon and cause diarrhea. Radiation
therapy can also cause a decrease in the number of white blood cells, cells that
help protect the body against infection.

Although the side effects of radiation therapy can be unpleasant, they can
usually be treated or controlled. It also helps to know that, in most cases,
they are not permanent. To a great degree, the possible side effects of
radiation therapy depend on the location and the amount of radiation.
biological therapy, or chemotherapy. What is chemotherapy?
Chemotherapy (also called chemo) is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs
to destroy cancer cells.
How does chemotherapy work?Chemotherapy works by stopping or slowing the growth
of cancer cells, which grow and divide quickly. But it can also harm healthy
cells that divide quickly, such as those that line your mouth and intestines or
cause your hair to grow. Damage to healthy cells may cause side effects. Often,
side effects get better or go away after chemotherapy is over.

What does chemotherapy do?

Depending on your type of cancer and how advanced it is, chemotherapy can:
    * Cure cancer- when      chemotherapy destroys cancer cells to the point that
your doctor can no      longer detect them in your body and they will not grow
back.
    * Control cancer- when      chemotherapy keeps cancer from spreading, slows its
growth, or destroys      cancer cells that have spread to other parts of your
body.
    * Ease cancer      symptoms(also called palliative care) - when chemotherapy     
shrinks tumors that are causing pain or pressure.
    * At any stage of      disease, people with kidney cancer may have treatment to
control pain and      other symptoms, to relieve the side effects of therapy,
and to ease      emotional and practical problems. This kind of treatment is
called      supportive care, symptom management, or palliative care.
Surgery is the oldest form of treatment for cancer. It also has an important
role in diagnosing and staging (finding the extent) of cancer. Advances in
surgical techniques have allowed surgeons to successfully operate on a growing
number of patients. Today, less invasive operations are often done to remove
tumors and to try to preserve as much normal oral cavity structure and function
as possible. Surgery offers the greatest chance for cure for many types of
cancer, especially those that have not yet spread to other parts of the body.
When the disease is localized, a surgical procedure may be able to remove the
cancer in its entirety. Most people with cancer will have some type of surgery.

Surgery can be done for any of several reasons. It is often done to achieve more
than one of these goals:

Preventive (or prophylactic) surgeryis done to remove body tissue that is not
malignant but is likely to become malignant. For example, this type of surgery
may be used if you have a precancerous condition such as polyps in the colon.
Sometimes preventive surgery is used to remove an entire organ when a person has
an inherited condition that makes development of a cancer likely.

Diagnostic surgeryis used to get a tissue sample to identify your specific

cancer and make a diagnosis. The diagnosis of cancer often can be confirmed only
by looking at the cells under a microscope. Several surgical techniques can be
used to obtain a sample. These are surgical biopsies.
Staging surgeryhelps determine the extent and the amount of disease. While your
physical exam and the results of lab and imaging tests can help determine the
clinical stage of your cancer, surgical staging is usually a more accurate
assessment of how far the cancer has spread. For more information, please see
our document on Staging.

Curative surgeryis the removal of a tumor when it appears to be confined to one

area. It is done when there is hope of taking out all of the cancerous tissue.
Curative surgery is thought of as a primary treatment of the cancer. It may be
used along with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which can be given before or
after the operation. In some cases, radiation therapy is actually used during an
operation (intraoperative radiation therapy).
Debulking (or cytoreductive) surgeryis done in some cases when removing a tumor
entirely would cause too much damage to an organ or surrounding areas. In these
cases, the doctor may remove as much of the tumor as possible and then try to
treat what’s left with radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

Palliative surgeryis used to treat complications of advanced disease. It is not

intended to cure the cancer. It can also be used to correct a problem that is
causing discomfort or disability. This may require surgery for effective relief.
Palliative surgery may also be used to treat pain when it is hard to control by
other means.
Supportive surgeryis used to help with other types of treatment. For example, a
vascular access device such as a catheter port can be placed into a vein to help
deliver chemotherapy treatments reducing the number of needle sticks needed.
Restorative (or reconstructive) surgeryis used to restore a person’s appearance
or the function of an organ or body part after primary surgery. Examples include
the use of tissue flaps, bone grafts, or prosthetic (metal or plastic) materials
after surgery for oral cavity cancers.
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a special therapy for patients with cancer
or other diseases which affect the bone marrow. A bone marrow transplant
involves taking cells that are normally found in the bone marrow (stem cells),
filtering those cells, and giving them back either to the patient or to another
person. The goal of BMT is to transfuse healthy bone marrow cells into a person
after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated.
Bone marrow transplantation is not yet a standard treatment therapy, but has
been used successfully to treat diseases such as leukemias, lymphomas, aplastic
anemia, immune deficiency disorders, and some solid tumor cancers since 1968.
Hyperthermia therapyis a type of medical treatment in which body tissue is
exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer
cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anti-cancer
drugs.[1] When combined with radiation therapy, it is called thermoradiography.
Local hyperthermia for certain small tumors is generally accepted, similar to
surgically removing a tumor. Whole-body hyperthermia is generally considered to
be a promising but experimental cancer treatment.
Hyperthermia is only useful for certain kinds of cancer, and is not in
widespread use. Hyperthermia is most effective when used alongside conventional
therapies, so it is normally used as an adjuvant therapy. The most effective
uses are currently being studied.
Immunotherapyis a medical term defined as "treatment of disease by inducing,
enhancing, or suppressing an immune response"[1].
Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified
as activation immunotherapies.
Immunotherapies designed to reduce, suppress or more appropriately direct an
existing immune response, as in cases of autoimmunity or allergy, are classified
as suppression immunotherapies.
Hormone therapy (HT) is a medical treatment with a medication containing one or
more female hormones, commonly estrogen plus progestin (synthetic progesterone),
and sometimes testosterone. Some women, usually those who have had their uterus
removed, receive estrogen-only therapy.
HT is most often used to treat symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes,
vaginal dryness, mood swings, sleep disorders, and decreased sexual desire.
Hormone therapy comes as a pill, patch, injection, or vaginal cream.
Alternative Names
HRT; Estrogen replacement therapy; ERT; Hormone replacement therapy
CANCER
Breast cancer: Woman who take estrogen therapy for a long period of time have a
small increase in risk for breast cancer. Most guidelines currently consider
hormone therapy safe for breast cancer risk when taken for up to 5 years.
Endometrial/uterine cancer: The risk for endometrial cancer is more than five
times higher in women who take estrogen therapy alone, compared with those who
do not. However, taking progesterone with estrogen seems to protect against this
cancer. Endometrial cancer does not develop in women who do not have a uterus.

A.ni duo da le?ni ji sui le? –how old r u?

B.wo jin nian 25 sui le-I am 22 years old
mei li  or piao liang-beuatiful
ni xian zai zai zuo shen me?- wat r u doing ryt now?
wo xiang ni-I miss u