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Principio del formulario

La evidencia física en la cárcel de Carthage y lo que revela sobre el


asesinato de José y Hyrum Smith
Joseph L. Lyon y David W. Lyon
Cerrado jueves, 27 de junio de 1844, fue un día de verano caliente en
Carthage, Illinois. Joseph Smith, su hermano Hyrum Smith, John Taylor y
Willard Richards se sentaron en una habitación en la cárcel de Carthage
(fig. 1). Gobernador de Illinois, Thomas Ford (fig. 2) les había prometido
protección mientras esperaban voluntariamente juicio por cargos de
disturbios civiles. Unas diez millas al sur de la ciudad de Nauvoo fue otro
río llamado Varsovia. El editor de la señal de Varsovia, Thomas Sharp,
había estado abogando por la violencia extrajudicial contra los mormones y
la destrucción de Nauvoo durante algún tiempo. La decisión del
Ayuntamiento de Nauvoo interferir con el periódico de la oposición, el
Nauvoo Expositor, a principios de junio 1844 era el impulso que Sharp y
otros antimormones solía tener los principales líderes de la Iglesia
arrested.1 La vecina ciudad de Varsovia tenía una milicia local que estaba
creado y armado por el estado de Illinois. A finales de junio de 1844,
durante la crisis causada por la destrucción del Expositor, la Milicia
Varsovia fue llamado al servicio activo por el gobernador Ford y marchó a
Cartago, la capital del condado del condado de Hancock. En la mañana del
27 de junio, antes de abandonar Cartago para Nauvoo, gobernador Ford de
alta al Varsovia Milicia de service.2
1. Glen M. Leonard, Nauvoo: un lugar de paz, un pueblo de la promesa
(Salt Lake City: Deseret Book; Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University
Press, 2002), 362-68, 380-98. 2. José Smith, hijo, historia de La Iglesia de
Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2ª ed., Rev.,
7 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1971), 6: 565, 605-7 (en adelante
citado como Historia de la Iglesia).
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Los hermanos Lyon primera ganaron un interés en la historia de Nauvoo de
su padre, el difunto T. Edgar Lyon. José recuerda: "Cuando tenía ocho o
nueve años, mi padre leyó de Mark Twain Los inocentes en el extranjero, o
El progreso del peregrino Nuevo con mi hermano gemelo, Ted y yo. En
ella, Twain se burla de las diversas reliquias religiosas que vio en su viaje a
Europa y Tierra Santa. Todavía recuerdo el comentario de Twain que había
visto suficiente madera de la 'verdadera cruz' para construir una iglesia
grande, y que en una iglesia que había visto dos cráneos de Adán, la
primera de su cráneo como un niño y el segundo su cráneo cuando llegó a
la edad adulta. Cuando nos preguntó papá acerca de cómo tales absurdos
que podría suceder, se dijo a nosotros personas bien intencionadas pueden
embellecer los hechos históricos para aumentar la fe de los demás, pero en
última instancia, tales adorno desacredita la religión. "Cuando visité
Cartago por primera vez en 1965, yo estaba asombrado al ver los agujeros a
través de puerta de la habitación del carcelero, pero también me preguntaba
si la puerta era en realidad de 1844 y si los agujeros podrían haber sido
hechas después. Cuando supe en mi formación médica de los efectos del
daño a la base del cerebro en el habla, me di cuenta de que si las cuentas de
Willard Richards y John Taylor de la herida facial de Hyrum Smith eran
verdad, no era coherente con su poder hablar de cualquier ultimas palabras.
Ambos de estos pensamientos me turbaron. "Durante una visita a Cartago
1995, he medido el diámetro de los agujeros en la puerta de la habitación y
luego se dispusieron a determinar qué tipo de arma de fuego podría haber
hecho tales agujeros. Mi hermano David y su esposa margene sirvió una
misión en Nauvoo en 1996 y 1997, y se le ocurrió la idea de insertar un
puntero láser en el agujero de la puerta de la habitación para determinar la
vía de la bala de mosquete. También midió la habitación del carcelero y el
pasillo delante de él, y él hizo el esquema incluido en este artículo. Más
tarde, hablé con Glen Leonard, el ex director del Museo de Historia de la
Iglesia y arte, para obtener el diámetro de la bala de mosquete que se pegó
el reloj de John Taylor. En esa conversación, descubrí que no había
evidencia de que una bala de mosquete golpeó la parte trasera del reloj. En
este momento me di cuenta de que se necesitaba una explicación mucho
más detallada y completa ".
Joseph L. Lyon y David W. Lyon
Evidencia V 7Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
Los miembros de la milicia descargadas salieron de Cartago, pero
regresaron más tarde en el día. Al menos sesenta hombres3 irrumpió en la
cárcel, matando a los hermanos Smith y heridas a John Taylor y Willard
Richards.4 Aunque LDS testigos describieron a los atacantes como un
grupo de habitantes de Missouri y una turba, 5 los asesinos pertenecían a
una organización militar, y la evidencia sugiere que conservado sus armas
emitidas por el gobierno cuando volvieron a Cartago. Mucho se ha escrito
sobre el asesinato de José y Hyrum Smith, 6 pero se ha prestado poca
atención a la escena del crimen en la cárcel de Carthage. En este artículo,
examinamos relatos de los testigos del asalto, el diseño de la escena del
crimen, la evidencia física que queda en la cárcel, y los tipos de armas
utilizadas y las heridas que infligieron. Esperamos arrojar nueva luz sobre
este trágico evento y abordar los conceptos erróneos anteriores sobre lo que
sucedió en ese fatídico día.
Los relatos de los testigos John Taylor y Willard Richards (Fig. 3 y 4) los
dos relatos escritos dejados por los eventos del martirio. Aunque hay
muchas similitudes, cada cuenta es ligeramente diferente en los detalles
(ver la tabla de las similitudes y diferencias en las páginas 46 y 47).
3. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 143-45. 4. E. Cecil McGavin, Nauvoo the
Beautiful (Salt Lake City: Stevens y Wallis, 1946), 138-42. 5. Tanto John
Taylor y Willard Richards se refieren a los atacantes como una turba y
como Missouri. Los que condujo a los mormones de Far West, Misuri, en
1838 eran milicia del estado actuando bajo la dirección de sus oficiales y el
gobernador. En el siglo XXI, la palabra mafia es vista como un grupo sin
líder que actúa sobre las emociones negativas. 6. Para un examen de las
cuentas tempranas, ver Dean C. Jessee, "Volver a Cartago: escribir la
historia del martirio de José Smith," Diario de Mormón Historia 8 (1981):
3-19; Davis Bitton, "El martirio de José Smith en los escritos mormones
tempranos," Asociación Histórica John Whitmer Diario 3 (1983): 29-39; y
Davis Bitton, El martirio Recordado: A cien cincuenta años de perspectiva
sobre el asesinato de Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Aspen Books, 1994).
Higo. 2. Thomas Ford. Cortesía Iglesia Biblioteca de Historia.
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Willard Richards. Escrita poco después del evento, la cuenta de Willard
Richards se publicó en el Times and Seasons, el 1 de agosto de 1844. "Los
generales José y Hyrum Smith, el Sr. Taylor, y yo, que estaban en la cámara
frontal, cerraron la puerta de nuestra habitación en contra la entrada en el
rellano de la escalera, y se coloca a nosotros mismos en contra de ella, ya
que no hay cerradura de la puerta, y sin capturas que era utilizable. "La
puerta es un panel común, y tan pronto como hemos escuchado los pies a la
cabeza escaleras, una pelota se envían a través de la puerta, que pasaron
entre nosotros, y demostraron que nuestros enemigos estaban desesperados,
y tenemos que cambiar nuestra posición. "General José Smith, el Sr. Taylor
y yo saltó de nuevo a la parte delantera de la sala, y el general Hyrum
Smith se retiró dos tercios través de la cámara directamente en frente de las
puertas y frente a [los higos. 5 y 6]. "Una pelota fue enviada a través de la
puerta que golpeó Hyrum en el lado de la nariz, y cayó hacia atrás,
extendió largamente, sin mover los pies. "A partir de los agujeros en su
chaleco (el día era cálido, y nadie tenía el abrigo pero mí), pantalones,
cajones, y la camisa, parece evidente que una pelota debe haber sido
lanzado desde el exterior, a través de la ventana, que entró
Figs. 3 y 4. Grabado de John Taylor y Willard Richards daguerrotipo de.
Ambos hombres estaban en la cárcel de Cartago con José y Hyrum Smith el
27 de junio de 1844. Taylor, en la foto en un grabado 1852, grabaron su
cuenta en la década de 1850. Representado aquí de un detalle de una
fotografía de Charles R. salvaje el 9 de octubre de 1868, Richards escribió
y publicó su versión del testigo siete semanas después del martirio.
Cortesía Iglesia Biblioteca de Historia.
Evidencia V 9Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
la espalda en el lado derecho, y de paso, interpuesto contra el reloj, que
estaba en el bolsillo del chaleco derecha, pulverizando por completo el
cristal y la cara, arrancando las manos y triturando todo el cuerpo del reloj.
En el mismo instante balón desde la puerta entró en su nariz. "A medida
que golpeó el suelo, exclamó enfáticamente:" Soy un hombre muerto. "José
miró hacia él y respondió, 'Oh, querido hermano Hyrum!' Y la apertura de
la puerta dos o tres pulgadas con su mano izquierda, se descarga un barril
de un tirador seis (pistola) al azar en la entrada, de donde una pelota rozó el
pecho de Hyrum, y entrando en la garganta pasó a la cabeza, mientras que
otros fusiles estaban dirigidas a él y algunas bolas lo golpearon. "José
continuó rompiendo su revólver alrededor de la carcasa de la puerta en el
espacio como antes, tres barriles de los cuales perdieron el fuego, mientras
que el Sr. Taylor con un bastón se puso a su lado y derribado las bayonetas
y fusiles que fueron constantemente de descarga a través de la puerta,
mientras yo estaba por él, dispuesto a prestar toda la asistencia, con otro
palo, pero no pudo llegar a corta distancia sin tener que ir directamente ante
el cañón de las armas de fuego. "Cuando el revólver no, no hemos tenido
más armas de fuego, y que se espera una subida inmediata de la multitud, y
la puerta llena de fusiles, a mitad de camino en la habitación, y no hay
esperanza, pero la muerte instantánea desde dentro. "Señor. Taylor corrió a
la ventana, que es de unos quince o veinte pies del suelo. Cuando su cuerpo
estaba casi en una balanza, una bola desde la puerta entró dentro de su
pierna, y una bola desde fuera golpeado a su reloj, una palanca de patente,
en el bolsillo del chaleco, cerca de la mama izquierda, y rompió en 'pie',
dejando las manos de pie a las 5 horas, 16 minutos y 26 segundos, la fuerza
de las cuales pelota lo echó hacia atrás en el suelo, y después de hacer rodar
debajo de la cama, que estaba a su lado, donde yacía inmóvil, la multitud
de figuras. 5 y 6. José y Hyrum Smith. Cortesía Iglesia Biblioteca de
Historia.
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la puerta siguió disparando sobre él, cortando un pedazo de carne de su
cadera izquierda tan grande como la mano de un hombre, y se
obstaculizado solamente por mi derribando sus hocicos con un palo;
mientras continuaban para llegar a sus armas de fuego en la habitación,
probablemente zurdo, y dirigido su descarga, de manera alrededores hasta
casi llegar a nosotros en la esquina de la habitación donde nos retiramos y
esquivamos, y luego reanudé el ataque con mi bastón. "José intentó, como
último recurso, a saltar la misma ventana de donde cayó el Sr. Taylor,
cuando dos bolas le traspasaron desde la puerta, y uno entraron en su mama
derecha desde fuera, y cayó hacia afuera, exclamando:" Oh Señor, Dios
mío! "a medida que sus pies salieron de la ventana de mi cabeza entró, las
bolas silbar a su alrededor. Él se echó sobre su lado izquierdo un hombre
muerto. "En este instante se levantó el grito, 'Él saltó de la ventana!", Y la
multitud en la escalera y en la entrada se agotó. "Me retiré de la ventana,
pensando que de ninguna utilidad para saltar sobre un centenar de
bayonetas, a continuación, alrededor del cuerpo del general Joseph Smith.
"No satisfecho con esto una vez más llegar a mi cabeza fuera de la ventana,
y vi algunos segundos para ver si había algún signo de vida,
independientemente de mi propia, determinada a ver el final de lo que
amaba. Siendo plenamente satisfecho de que estaba muerto, con un
centenar de hombres cerca del cuerpo y más viniendo por la esquina de la
cárcel, y esperar un retorno a nuestra habitación, corrí hacia la puerta de la
prisión, en el rellano de la escalera, ya través de la la entrada de donde el
fuego había procedido, para saber si las puertas en la prisión estaban
abiertas. "Cuando están cerca de la entrada, el Sr. Taylor llamó," Llévame
". Presioné mi camino hasta encontrar todas las puertas sin barrotes,
volviendo al instante, el Sr. Taylor atrapados debajo del brazo y se precipitó
por las escaleras en la cisterna, o cárcel de más adentro , él se extendía en
el suelo y lo cubrió con una cama de una manera tal que no puede ser
percibida, esperando un retorno inmediato de la multitud. "Le dije al Sr.
Taylor," Este es un caso difícil que yacía en el suelo, pero si sus heridas no
son mortales, quiero que vivas para contar la historia. "Yo esperaba que se
rodará en el momento siguiente, y se puso delante de la puerta en espera de
la aparición. "7 John Taylor. El relato de Juan Taylor fue escrito en la
década de 1850, más de una década después del martirio. Empezó, "Yo
estaba sentado en una de las ventanas frontales de la cárcel, cuando vi un
número de hombres, con las caras pintadas, viene en la esquina de la cárcel,
y apuntando hacia las escaleras. El otro
7. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 616-22. Esta fuente contiene dos cuentas, una
escrita por el editor y el otro por Willard Richards titulado "Dos minutos en
la cárcel", tomado de Tiempos y Estaciones 5 (1 de agosto de 1844): 598-
99, una reimpresión del Vecino de Nauvoo.
Evidencia V 11Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
hermanos habían visto el mismo, ya que, como fui a la puerta, me encontré
con el hermano Hyrum Smith y el Dr. [] Willard Richards ya que se inclina
en contra de ella. Ambos presionaron contra la puerta con sus hombros que
no pueda quedar abierto, como la cerradura y pestillo eran
comparativamente inútil. Si bien en esta posición, la turba, que había
venido de arriba, y trató de abrir la puerta, probablemente pensó que estaba
cerrada, y disparó un balón por el ojo de la cerradura; en este Dr. Richards
y el hermano Hyrum saltaron detrás de la puerta, con el rostro hacia ella;
casi al instante otra bola pasa a través del panel de la puerta, y golpeó el
hermano Hyrum en el lado izquierdo de la nariz, entrando en su cara y la
cabeza. En el mismo instante, otra bola desde el exterior entró por la
espalda, pasando a través de su cuerpo y golpeando su reloj. El balón entró
por la espalda, a través de la ventana de la cárcel, frente a la puerta, y debe,
desde su área de distribución, se han disparado desde el Cartago Grises,
que fueron colocados allí ostensiblemente para nuestra protección, como
las bolas de las armas de fuego, un disparo cerca la cárcel, habría entrado
en el techo, que está en el segundo piso, y nunca hubo un tiempo después
de que cuando Hyrum podría haber recibido la última herida.
Inmediatamente, cuando el balón le golpeó, cayó de espaldas, llorando
mientras caía, "yo soy un hombre muerto! 'Él no se movió después. "Nunca
olvidaré el profundo sentimiento de simpatía y sentido se manifiesta en el
rostro del hermano José como él llegó cerca de Hyrum, y, inclinado sobre
él, exclamó:" ¡Oh! mi pobre y querido hermano Hyrum! '[José], sin
embargo, al instante se levantó, y con un paso firme y rápido, y una
determinada expresión del rostro, se acercó a la puerta, y tirando del
revólver dada por el hermano [Ciro H.] Wheelock [fig. 7] de su bolsillo,
abrió la puerta ligeramente, y quebró la pistola seis veces sucesivas; sólo
tres de los barriles, sin embargo, fueron dados de alta. Posteriormente me
entendí que dos o tres fueron heridos por estas descargas, dos de los cuales,
se me ha informado, morí. Que tenía en mis manos un palo fuerte grande,
nogal americano, llevado allí por el hermano [Esteban] Markham, y fui por
él, que me había agarrado tan pronto como vi el enfoque de la mafia; y
mientras el hermano José estaba disparando la pistola, me quedé muy cerca
de él. Como la fig. 7. Ciro Wheelock. Hermano Wheelock prestó su pistola
a José Smith durante una visita en la cárcel de Carthage. Cortesía Iglesia
Biblioteca de Historia.
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pronto como él había descargado se dio un paso atrás, y yo inmediatamente
tomó su lugar al lado de la puerta, mientras que ocupó la que había hecho
mientras estaba rodando. Hermano Richards, en este momento, tenía un
bastón con nudos en sus manos que pertenecen a mí, y se paró junto al
Hermano José, un poco más lejos de la puerta, en una dirección oblicua, al
parecer para evitar la inclinación del fuego de la puerta . El disparo del
hermano José hizo que nuestros atacantes se detienen por un momento;
muy poco después, sin embargo, que empujó la puerta abierta a cierta
distancia, y sobresalían y dispararon sus armas de fuego en la habitación,
cuando les paré con mi bastón, dando otra dirección a las bolas. . . . "Cada
momento la multitud en la puerta se hizo más densa, ya que fueron
presionados, sin duda, por los que están en la parte trasera de ascender por
la escalera, hasta que toda la entrada de la puerta era literalmente llena de
fusiles y rifles. . . . "Después de parando las armas desde hace algún
tiempo, que ahora sobresalía más grueso y más en la habitación, y no
viendo ninguna esperanza de escapar o de protección allí, ya que estábamos
ahora desarmado, se me ocurrió que podríamos tener algunos amigos fuera,
y que hay podría haber alguna posibilidad de escapar en esa dirección, pero
aquí no parecía haber ninguna. Mientras los esperaba cada momento para
precipitarse en la sala-nada más que cobardía extrema que tiene hasta el
momento los mantuvo fuera como el tumulto y la presión aumentó, sin
ninguna otra esperanza, hice un resorte de la ventana, que estaba justo en
frente de la cárcel puerta, donde la multitud estaba de pie, y también se
exponen al fuego de la Cartago grises, que estaban estacionados unos diez
o doce varas fuera. El clima estaba caliente, que todos teníamos nuestros
abrigos, y se elevó la ventana para dejar que entre aire. Al llegar a la
ventana, y estaba a punto de saltar fuera, me llamó la atención un balón
desde la puerta hasta la mitad del muslo, que se produjo el hueso y luego se
mantuvo casi hasta el tamaño de una moneda de un dólar, y luego se pasa a
través de la parte carnosa hasta dentro de aproximadamente media pulgada
de la parte exterior. Creo que algunos nervios prominentes debe haber sido
separada o lesionado para, tan pronto como la pelota me golpeó, me quedé
como un pájaro cuando se les dispara, o su buey cuando es golpeado por un
carnicero, y perdido por completo y de forma instantánea todo el poder de
la acción o de la locomoción. Caí sobre el alféizar de la ventana, y clamé:
"Estoy tiro! 'Estructurales sin ningún poder de mover, me sentí caer fuera
de la ventana, pero inmediatamente me quedé en el interior, de algunos, en
ese momento, causa desconocida. Cuando golpeé el suelo mi animación
parecía restaurado, como he visto a veces en ardillas y pájaros de un
disparo. Tan pronto como me sentí el poder de movimiento me arrastré
debajo de la cama, que estaba en un rincón de la habitación, no muy lejos
de la ventana donde recibí mi herida. Si bien en el modo y en la cama fui
herido en otros tres lugares; una bola entró un poco por debajo de la rodilla
izquierda, y nunca fue extraído; otro entraron en la parte delantera de mi
brazo izquierdo, un poco por encima de la muñeca, y,
Evidencia V 13Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
que pasa por la articulación, se alojó en la parte carnosa de la mano, a
mitad de camino, un poco por encima de la articulación superior del dedo
meñique; otra me llamó la atención sobre la parte carnosa de la cadera
izquierda, y arrancó la carne tan grande como mi mano, corriendo los
fragmentos destrozados de la carne y la sangre contra la pared. . . .
"Parecería que inmediatamente después de mi intento de saltar por la
ventana, José también hizo lo mismo, de cuya circunstancia no tengo
conocimiento sólo de información. La primera cosa que noté fue un grito
que había saltado por la ventana. El cese de los disparos seguido, la
multitud se precipitó escaleras abajo, y el Dr. Richards fue a la ventana.
Inmediatamente después vi el médico que va hacia la puerta de la cárcel, y
como no había una puerta de hierro en el rellano de la escalera contigua a la
puerta que conducía a las células para los delincuentes, se me ocurrió que
el médico iba allí, y dije a él, 'Stop, doctor, y me llevará a lo largo.' se
procedió a la puerta y la abrió, y luego regresó y me arrastró a lo largo de
una pequeña celda preparada para los criminales. . . . "Poco después me
llevaron a lo alto de la escalera y levantaron allí, donde tuve una visión
completa de nuestro querido hermano y ahora asesinada, Hyrum. Allí yacía
como lo había dejado; no se había movido una extremidad. "8
Características físicas de la cárcel de la escena del crimen Cartago es un
edificio de piedra de dos pisos que está orientada al sur. En la tarde del 27
de junio de 1844, José y Hyrum Smith, John Taylor y Willard Richards se
les había permitido pasar de las celdas que ocupan el extremo norte de la
segunda planta a la habitación del carcelero, que está en el lado sureste de
el segundo piso del edificio. El acceso a la segunda planta se obtiene a
través de la puerta principal de la cárcel en el extremo oeste de la pared sur,
y luego hasta una empinada, estrecha escalera (fig. 8) construido en la
pared oeste. A la cabeza de la escalera, una plataforma comienza y forma
un pasillo que da acceso a la habitación a la derecha. Nos referimos a esto
como un pasillo, aunque no tiene una pared en el norte y
8. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 102-7.
Higo. 8. escalera estrecha en la cárcel de Carthage. Fotografía por Joseph
Lynn Lyon.
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los lados oeste, pero está limitada por una barandilla en el oeste sobre el
hueco de la escalera. Se midió la distancia de la pared oeste de la cárcel a la
pared que forma la pared oeste de la habitación de al carcelero como 97
pulgadas. Hay un espacio de 3 pulgadas de la pared oeste de la cárcel a las
escaleras. Las escaleras son de 35 pulgadas de ancho, y hay un espacio de
15 pulgadas entre el borde este de la escalera y el borde oeste de la
plataforma que proporciona acceso a la habitación. La plataforma se
extiende a lo largo del borde este de la escalera para facilitar el acceso a
ambos la habitación y el ático. La apertura de la puerta del dormitorio se
inicia 26.25 pulgadas de la pared norte interior formada por la pared sur de
la mazmorra. La apertura de puerta es de 33,5 pulgadas de ancho. El pasillo
frente a la puerta de la habitación es de 44 pulgadas de ancho y está
delimitada en el lado este de la pared de la habitación y al oeste por una
barandilla. La sala sigue aproximadamente 54 pulgadas más allá de la
puerta de la habitación a una puerta que da acceso a la buhardilla. Esta
apertura de la puerta es de 25,5 pulgadas de ancho. Una plataforma de
reducido cerca de 16 pulgadas de ancho continúa más allá de esta puerta a
la pared sur, terminando en un 70 pulgadas de ancho plataforma que mira
hacia abajo sobre la stairwell.9 habitación del carcelero es de 15 pies 8.25
pulgadas de ancho medidos este a oeste por 15 pies 3.5 pulgadas de largo,
medida de norte a sur. Hay tres ventanas, uno mirando hacia el este y dos
orientadas al sur. La abertura de la ventana al este comienza 74 pulgadas de
la pared norte, y esta ventana, incluyendo su carcasa, es de 45 pulgadas de
ancho. La ventana es de 24 pulgadas de ancho. El muro que forma la pared
oeste de la habitación está hecha de listones de roble mano-split cubierto
con plaster.10
La evidencia física del asesinato La única evidencia física de los disparos
de José y Hyrum Smith que aún permanece en la cárcel de Carthage son
dos agujeros de bala a través de la puerta de la habitación del carcelero (fig.
9) .11 Había agujeros de bala adicionales en
9. Al estar de pie en la plataforma mirando al norte verá puerta de la
habitación del carcelero a su derecha, el hueco de la escalera directamente
debajo de ti, la pared norte de las células directamente por delante, y la
puerta que da acceso a las celdas de la cárcel delante de usted y a su
izquierda. A menos que se indique lo contrario, todas las medidas en este
artículo fueron tomadas por los autores. 10. Joseph A. McRae y Eunice H.
McRae, hechos históricos relativos a la libertad y Cartago Cárceles (Salt
Lake City: publicado privadamente por los McRaes, 1954), 116. Página
119 tiene una imagen de una de las paredes interiores de la cárcel (no
identificado en cuanto a que la habitación) con el yeso se quitó para
mostrar los listones. 11. Hemos considerado la posibilidad de que la puerta
de la habitación podría haber sido un sustituto de la puerta original y,
posiblemente, las mellas agujero de bala y la bala se hicieron en un
momento posterior; sin embargo, una amplia evidencia negada esto. Siete
de las ocho puertas de la cárcel (con la excepción de la puerta de entrada)
son de la misma madera, y todos son hechos a mano. La sección de la
puerta alrededor del pestillo con el parcial
Evidencia V 15Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
las paredes, marco de la ventana, y los techos de la habitación, pero éstos
ya no están presentes y deben haber sido reparado a mediados de los años
1860. En 1866, el Cartago Republicano informó de que en 1857 los
agujeros de bala eran todavía visibles en el marco de la ventana de la
ventana del este, las paredes y la puerta de la habitación, pero que en 1866
el daño, a excepción de los agujeros de bala en la puerta, había sido
reparado . Cuando el yeso fue despojado de las paredes durante la
remodelación a finales de 1930 o 1940, no hay balas de mosquete se
encontraron en el yeso y madera de roble listón. Escribiendo en 1885,
James W. Woods, uno de los abogados de Joseph Smith, afirma haber
contado treinta y cinco agujeros de bala en las paredes de la room.12
agujeros de bala se eliminó en algún momento después del martirio como
recuerdo por un residente de Cartago. Una pareja de misioneros Iglesia
enviado para ser guardianes de la cárcel en la década de 1930, los McRaes,
supo de su existencia y se impuso en los descendientes de los residentes
para devolverlo. El trozo de madera fue restaurado a la puerta, y su grano
coincidía con la de la puerta de los alrededores. McRae y McRae, hechos
históricos, 99. Otro tema de interés relacionado con la puerta de la
habitación no se mencionó en otras cuentas que encontramos. Al
inspeccionar esta puerta en junio de 1999, se encontró que una cuña de
madera había sido cortada toscamente, probablemente con una hoja de
cuchillo desde el borde superior interior de la puerta, hace mucho tiempo.
La cuña fue aproximadamente doce pulgadas de largo y una pulgada en la
parte superior y luego se estrecha hacia abajo. Tal vez un cazador de
recuerdos de hace muchos años pensó que la puerta lo suficientemente
histórica para cortar un trozo de buen tamaño fuera de él. 12. McRae y
McRae, hechos históricos, 116; James W. Woods, "El profeta Mormón:
Una verdadera versión de la historia de su martirio; Reminiscencias de un
Tiempo de edad, quien fue Procurador de Joe Smith, "Ottumwa Demócrata,
13 de Mayo de 1885, reimpreso en la revista Historia de la Iglesia, el 27 de
junio de 1844, Historia de la Iglesia Biblioteca, La Iglesia de Jesucristo de
los Santos de los Últimos Días, Salt lake City, copia de microfilm
Higo. 9. Los agujeros de bala en la puerta del dormitorio. Estos agujeros
son la única evidencia física existente de los disparos de José y Hyrum
Smith que aún permanece en la cárcel de Carthage. Observe que el segundo
agujero en el lado está en un trozo de madera que fue cortado de la puerta
por un cazador de recuerdos pero más tarde regresó por uno de sus
descendientes. Fotografía de John W. Welch.
16 v BYU Studies
Un dibujo hecho por Frederick Piercy en 1853 de la pared oeste de la
habitación tiene cinco agujeros discretos, cuatro por encima de la línea de
los marcos de las ventanas, y lo que parecen ser dos grupos de tres o cuatro
holes.13 Los agujeros por debajo del nivel de el alféizar de la ventana no
podría haber sido disparada en la habitación desde el exterior. Sólo los
cuatro bolas más arriba podría haber venido de fuera de la habitación. Los
dos grupos bajo abajo tenía que haber sido hecho por alguien de pie en la
habitación y disparando contra la pared oeste. Las cuentas por Willard
Richards y John Taylor no mencionan balas de mosquete que golpean la
pared oeste de la habitación. La puerta de la habitación del carcelero es un
panel hecho a mano cuyo estilo se conoce como la puerta Cristiano, paneles
alrededor de 0,5 pulgadas de espesor que son planas en el lado de pasillo,
pero levantado en el lado del dormitorio. La puerta está articulada en el
lado norte para hacer pivotar en la habitación como se entra desde la
plataforma. La puerta es de madera, probablemente de nogal negro. Uno de
los dos agujeros de bala está en el borde sur de la puerta, de 46,5 pulgadas
por encima del suelo. Se trata de un agujero parcial, ocupando
aproximadamente 0,5 pulgadas de espacio, donde una bala de mosquete
rozó el borde de la door.14 A pesar de que es parcial, el agujero que mide
es de aproximadamente 0,75 pulgadas de diámetro y está inclinada hacia
abajo y hacia el sur. Este agujero de bala está en un trozo de madera que
fue cortado por la puerta por un cazador de recuerdos y devuelto por una de
sus descendants.15 El recorte en la puerta empieza 42,25 pulgadas sobre el
piso y se extiende a 48 pulgadas sobre el piso. El recorte es varias pulgadas
por encima del pomo de la puerta actual. El grano y el color de la madera
en el corte coincide con el de la puerta. El pestillo de la puerta actual es
una, caja metálica de tipo enganche externo montado en el lado dormitorio
de la puerta con puerta montada en el lado de la sala de la puerta por debajo
de la pieza de corte de la madera. En 1844, la puerta probable
en la Biblioteca Harold B. Lee, Universidad Brigham Young. James Woods
afirmó haber contado treinta y cinco agujeros de bala en las paredes de la
habitación. Sin embargo, su testimonio del martirio real era poco fiable en
varios detalles. Por ejemplo, maderas confundió a los dos hermanos,
diciendo que José fue herido en la cara y el abdomen, pero en realidad esas
eran las heridas de Hyrum. Woods, fue al dormitorio y pasar algún tiempo
mirando y haciendo un recuento de los agujeros en las paredes y techos. 13.
Frederick Hawkins Piercy, la ruta de Liverpool a Great Salt Lake Valley,
reimpresión, ed. Fawn M. Brodie (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Prensa de
Belknap de Harvard University Press, 1962), la ilustración XVI. 14. John
Taylor describe una bola de un disparo en el ojo de la cerradura y la otra a
través del panel, golpeando Hyrum Smith en la cara. Historia de la Iglesia,
7: 102. 15. McRae y McRae, hechos históricos, 98, 99.
Evidencia V 17Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
se mantiene cerrada por un simple pestillo de metal cerca de la ubicación
de esta bala hole.16 No hay evidencia de agujeros de bala en el marco de la
puerta, ni hay evidencia de una placa de cierre está montado allí. Los
McRaes, una pareja de misioneros enviados por la Iglesia en la década de
1930 para ser guardianes de la cárcel, señaló que, aunque las puertas
estaban hechas de madera de nogal, los marcos de las puertas estaban
hechas de madera de roble. La pareja también informó de que todas las
puertas interiores son originales a la cárcel, pero la puerta estaba un
replacement.17 El segundo agujero en la puerta se encuentra en un panel
superior, 10 pulgadas desde el borde sur de la puerta y 51.75 pulgadas por
encima de la piso. Este agujero es circular en el lado de pasillo de la puerta
y aproximadamente 0,69 pulgadas de diámetro. Hay un agujero circular en
el lado de dormitorio de la puerta del mismo diámetro, y pedazos de
madera han sido soplado hacia fuera del panel de madera encima y debajo
del agujero de salida. El tipo de daño a la madera es compatible con la que
se hace cuando una bola de alta velocidad sale de una sustancia dura como
la madera seca y se llama el desconchado. Los dos agujeros de
aproximadamente 0,05 pulgadas más grande que el diámetro de 0,64
pulgadas de la bola disparada por el Modelo de EE.UU. Modelo 1795 y
1816 fusil calibre 69 (las armas más probable es usado en el ataque). Las
bolas de plomo blandos probable aplanan ligeramente al chocar con madera
seca, o tal vez los dedos y cuchillos de muchos visitantes en los últimos
años se han ampliado los agujeros ligeramente. La vía de la bala de
mosquete que hace el agujero en el panel de la puerta fue reconstruida
usando un puntero láser encajada en el orificio de bala en la puerta (figs.
10a y 10b). El balón estaba viajando en una dirección hacia abajo y estaba
dirigida ligeramente hacia la derecha (o hacia el lado sur de la habitación
cuando la puerta se cerró). Si la puerta estaba cerrada cuando se disparó el
fusil, la pelota hubiera rebotado en la pared este justo debajo de la ventana
del este, entre 17 y 23 pulgadas sobre el piso de la habitación. Teniendo en
cuenta la trayectoria de la bala y la longitud del fusil Modelo 1816, la
culata del mosquete habría sido de unos 65,5 pulgadas por encima del
suelo, si la boca del cañón estaba presionada contra la puerta cuando se
dispara.
Las armas de fuego los informes de John Taylor y Willard Richards, ambos
presentes en la sala con José y Hyrum Smith, afirman que los atacantes
(miembros de la Varsovia Milicia) estaban armados con fusiles, aunque
John Taylor menciona que mosquetes y fusiles fueron disparados a través
de la puerta de la bedroom.18 a principios del siglo XIX y mediados de, el
gobierno federal proporcionó cada estado de Estados Unidos con armas de
fuego militares para ser utilizadas por las milicias locales. El Modelo 1816
EE.UU. fusil de chispa-ignición (higos. 11 y 12) era el arma de fuego más
probable es emitida a las milicias de Hancock County, incluidos los de
Cartago, Varsovia, y Nauvoo, 19 aunque era posible que algunos EE.UU.
18. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 616-22; 7: 102-7. El comentario de John Taylor
aparece en 7: 103. Por desgracia, no se amplifican aún más esta afirmación.
19. Cuando el gobernador Ford llegó a Nauvoo el día José y Hyrum Smith
fueron martirizados, Ford dijo a los ciudadanos reunidos que el gran
número de armas de fuego de propiedad privada en poder de los Santos fue
una de las causas de los prejuicios entre sus vecinos contra ellos (véase la
historia de la Iglesia , 6: 623). Creemos que la presencia de estos fusiles de
propiedad privada era un factor decisivo para mantener a los hombres en
los alrededores
Figs. 11 y 12. Un Modelo 1816 EE.UU. fusil de chispa y de ignición por un
detalle del mecanismo de disparo (arriba). Fotografías de José Lynn Lyon.
20 v BYU Studies
Modelo 1795 mosquetes eran también issued.20 El mosquete 1816 se
realizó en un número mucho más grande que el mosquete 1795, 1795 y la
mayoría de los mosquetes no sobrevivieron a la Guerra de 1812.21 El
Modelo de EE.UU. 1795 y 1816 fueron fusiles de chispa-encendieron,
armas de ánima lisa con un calibre diámetro de 0,69 pulgadas o 69
caliber.22 Willard Richards dice que durante el ataque de la Cartago grises,
la unidad de la milicia Cartago que se suponía que la defensa de los presos,
"elevó sus escopetas." 23 a "fusil" es otro nombre para un fusil de chispa .
El fusil Modelo 1795 tenía una longitud total de 59,5 pulgadas, y el
mosquete Modelo 1816 era de 57,5 pulgadas de largo. La bayoneta emitida
con las dos fusiles añadió otros 16 pulgadas adicionales a la longitud total.
Por improbable que parezca, dado el espacio limitado dentro de la cárcel,
Willard Richards menciona fusiles con bayonetas adjuntos que se empuje a
través de la puerta de entrada a la habitación donde ocurrieron los
asesinatos. Después de que José Smith saltó del este de la cárcel
comunidades de atacar a Nauvoo en el momento de los asesinatos de los
Smith y en las semanas siguientes. Ver Leonard, Nauvoo, 114-15, 377. 20.
Una explicación alternativa es que una pistola de calibre 69 se utilizó para
disparar a través de la puerta. Esta fue también una posibilidad, pero era
muy poco probable. Los Estados Unidos hicieron sólo un millar Modelo
1816 pistolas de chispa en el 69 calibre, pero cambió a 54 pistolas calibre,
y para 1830 había producido cerca de treinta mil pistolas en este calibre.
Los mil pistolas calibre 69 fueron vendidos como excedentes con la
adopción de la pistola calibre 54, puesto que las municiones de fusil no era
adecuado para su uso en una pistola. Norma Flayderman, Guía del
Flayderman de armas de fuego americano antigüedad y sus valores, 9ª ed.
(Iola, Wisconsin: Gun Digest Books, 2007), 328-29. Ni Willard Richards ni
John Taylor menciona la mafia siendo armado con pistolas o descarga. 21.
El modelo de EE.UU. 1795 y 1816 fusiles fueron hechas en los dos
arsenales de Estados Unidos en Springfield, Massachusetts, y Harpers
Ferry, Virginia, así como por una serie de fabricantes de armas
independientes que recibieron contratos del gobierno. Alrededor de
150.000 modelos 1795 y 675.000 fusiles Modelo 1816 fusiles fueron
fabricados entre 1795 y 1840 en los dos arsenales federales; un adicional de
100.000 fusiles Modelo 1816 fueron hechas por los contratistas del
gobierno. Flayderman, Guía del Flayderman, 538-40, 553-54. unidades de
la milicia del Medio Oeste estaban utilizando el Modelo de ánima lisa de
percusión convertidos, 1816 fusiles tan tardía como 1863. general Ulises S.
Grant informó el intercambio de unos 60.000 fusiles milicianos de ánima
lisa para los nuevos, estriado, fusiles Britishmanufactured importados por
la Confederación después de la caída de Vicksburg en julio de 1863 . la
mayor parte de las tropas del general Grant en Vicksburg fueron criados en
el Medio Oeste, incluyendo Illinois, y estaban armados con mosquetes
suministrados a las unidades de la milicia de cada estado. Ulises S. Grant,
Memorias personales, ed. Caleb Carr (New York: The Modern Library,
1999), 306. 22. Calibre es una medición del diámetro del ánima de un arma
de fuego se mide en centésimas de pulgada; por ejemplo, un mosquete 69
de calibre tiene un cañón con un diámetro interno de 0,69 pulgadas. 23.
Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 617.
Evidencia V 21Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
ventana, esta testigo "se retiró de la ventana, pensando que de ninguna
utilidad para saltar sobre un centenar de bayonetas, a continuación,
alrededor del cuerpo del general Joseph Smith." 24 Debido a que las armas
de fuego comerciales no proporcionan una fijación para una bayoneta, la
cuenta de Willard Richards establece que la hombres que mataron a José
Smith estaban armados con fusiles militares y que parte de la Milicia
Varsovia habían montado sus bayonetas en sus fusiles preparatorias para
atacar a la cárcel. El diámetro de los modelos 1795 y 1816 fusiles tenía un
tubo de metal con una superficie lisa, 0,69 pulgadas de diámetro interior
similar a la encontrada en escopetas modernas. Un mosquete de ánima lisa
era más rápido en cargar que un fusil con un cañón de ánima rayada porque
la bala no tiene por qué ser golpeado por el cañón para que la pelota se
enfrentó a los riflings al salir del cañón. La pelota utilizada con los 1795 y
1816 fusiles tenía un diámetro de 0,05 pulgadas menor que 0,69 pulgadas.
Tanto los fusiles fueron cargados desde un recipiente de papel enrollado
llamado un cartucho. El cartucho llevó a cabo la correcta cantidad de
pólvora y una bala de plomo 0,64-inchdiameter un peso de 397,5 granos (o
aproximadamente nueve décimas partes de una onza). El papel del cartucho
también cubrió la pelota y fue diseñado para compensar la diferencia de
0,05 pulgadas de diámetro entre el cañón y el balón, ya que fue embestido
por el cañón. La munición puede haber sido suministrado por el gobierno
federal o de fabricación local de plomo y pólvora. Para cargar el arma de
fuego, el soldado niveló el mosquete y tiró la llave (un dispositivo en el
lado derecho directamente sobre el gatillo que contenía un trozo de
pedernal en sus mandíbulas) a la posición media de tres picos. El próximo
retira un cartucho de papel de una caja forrada de cuero de su cinturón,
arrancó la parte inferior con los dientes, vertió parte del polvo en un molde
en el lado derecho del mosquete, y se cierra una tapa de resorte llamado
frizzen encima de eso. Él levantó el mosquete verticalmente, vierte el resto
del polvo (alrededor de 100 granos o cerca de un cuarto de onza) por el
cañón, y se coloca la bala de mosquete que aún estaba envuelto y atado en
el extremo del papel de cartucho en la boca del fusil (probablemente dando
al papel un pequeño empujón para evitar que se caiga fuera de la final del
barril). El soldado retiró entonces la baqueta almacenado bajo el cañón y
apisonado del cartucho de bala de plomo-cubierta de papel hasta que se
detuvo en la parte superior de la carga de pólvora. El fusil se niveló de
nuevo, y el gallo se retiró todo el camino de vuelta. A continuación, el fusil
fue llevado al hombro y el gatillo apretado. Esto libera el gallo, que se
balanceaba hacia adelante impulsado por la tensión del muelle, golpeando
el pedernal en una proyección de metal en posición vertical, curvado en la
frizzen, empujando el frizzen, y ducharse chispas en la pólvora. La pólvora
en el pan fue encendida por las chispas, y la llama viajó a través de un
agujero en el lado del cañón a la
24. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 620-21.
22 v BYU Studies
carga principal de la pólvora. El polvo luego encendió, y el gas generado a
partir de su ignición propulsó la bala de plomo por el cañón. Debido al
cañón de ánima lisa y el uso de una bola redonda, el alcance efectivo de
tales fusiles fue de alrededor de 100 yardas. Tanto los 1795 y 1816 fusiles
tenían una vista sobre sólo la banda barril frente, y, típico de todos los
mosquetes de ánima lisa del día, que no eran muy precisos. (Para lograr
fuego precisa de cualquier arma de fuego de mano, una vista en la parte
delantera y trasera del arma es necesaria para garantizar la alineación
correcta del cañón cuando se descarga el arma. Con sólo un punto de mira,
el cañón solamente se señala en la dirección general del objetivo.) los
militares aceptada esta limitación, la visualización de fuego de mosquete
que cubre un área ocupada por las tropas enemigas con bolas de plomo
mortales, y así no se molestó con el gasto de agregar una vista trasera. Un
mosquete de ánima lisa mejor se puede comparar con un moderno escopeta
de caza calibre 12 (diámetro del agujero 0,73 pulgadas), pero el fusil
disparó una bala de plomo grande en lugar de muchas pequeñas bolas
(perdigones) .25
El Asalto inicial con una comprensión de las armas de fuego, ahora
podemos analizar los acontecimientos del asesinato. Los miembros de la
Milicia Varsovia corrieron la cárcel poco después de 17:00 de la tarde del
jueves, 27 de junio de 1844. Un equipo de ocho hombres grises de la
Cartago había sido acusado de la defensa de la cárcel. Eran para
proporcionar la protección inicial para los prisioneros contra un ataque, y,
si se dio, la escuadra se unió por el resto de su compañía que estaban
acampados en la plaza de la ciudad, cerca de 600 yardas de distancia. Se
informó de los milicianos de Cartago que custodiaban la cárcel de haber
estado al tanto de la conspiración de asesinato y de tener
25. En 1843 y 1844, se llevaron a cabo experimentos para probar la pólvora
que se producen en el Washington Arsenal utilizando un fusil 1816 cargado
con 80 granos de polvo negro. El uso de un péndulo balístico, la velocidad
de una bala de plomo 0,64 pulgadas en el hocico del fusil se estimó en
1.500 pies por segundo y la energía en la boca del cañón de 2.060 libras-
pie. Capitán Alfred Mardoqueo, "Los experimentos con la pólvora Hecho
en el Washington Arsenal en 1843 y 1844." Copia en posesión de John
Spangler, de Salt Lake City. manuales modernos de carga de polvo negro
no pudieron confirmar esto y velocidades iniciales sugeridas en el orden de
1.000 a 1.200 pies por segundo con una carga de pólvora de 80 granos. C.
Kenneth Ramage, ed., Lyman Negro Manual polvo, 12 ed. (Middletown,
Connecticut: Lyman Publications, 1997), 142. Puesto que no había valores
dados para una pelota de 69 calibre, hemos interpolado entre el 75 los datos
de calibre 58 calibre y. También se emitieron cartuchos que contenía una
bola 0,64 pulgadas y tres bolas de 0,33 pulgadas. Estos cartuchos se
utilizan principalmente para la guardia y se denominan "dinero y la bola."
No hay ninguna evidencia de que tales fueron utilizados por aquellos que
mataron a los hermanos Smith.
Evidencia V 23Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
acordado para disparar espacios en blanco (fusiles cargados de polvo que se
mantiene en su lugar con papel de cartucho, pero sin una bola de plomo) en
la Varsovia de la milicia para que parezca como si hubieran puesto hasta
resistance.26 Las cuentas de John Taylor y Willard Richards estado que los
guardias hizo fuego contra los atacantes, pero sin ningún efecto. Además de
intentar ahuyentar a los atacantes, los disparos de los guardias de la cárcel
eran para alertar al resto de los grises a un ataque para que pudieran llegar a
la cárcel. John Taylor afirma que la Milicia Cartago se quedó fuera de 10 a
12 barras (55 a 66 yardas) y disparó contra las ventanas de la cárcel, lo que
sugiere los grises estaban tratando de matarlo y los otros hombres en los
room.27 vez que el cuerpo principal de la Cartago milicia se dio cuenta del
ataque, los atacantes habrían tenido sólo unos pocos minutos para asesinar
a Joseph Smith y hacer su escape. Los milicianos Varsovia cargadas a
través de la puerta principal de la cárcel, corrieron por las escaleras, y
dispararon contra la puerta que conduce a las celdas de la prisión a la
cabeza inmediata de la stairs.28 La escalera era estrecha (35 pulgadas) y
empinada (los pasos suben 8 pulgadas), por lo que es probable que los
atacantes tuvieron que montarlo en fila india. Los atacantes se enfrentaron
un problema imprevisto. Los presos no estaban en las celdas con barras de
metal, donde los hombres habrían sido un blanco fácil, pero en un
dormitorio, que era accesible a través de una única puerta de madera. Al
darse cuenta de que José Smith no estaba en la celda de la prisión en el
rellano de la escalera, los atacantes se volvieron a su derecha. José y sus
compañeros habían cerrado la puerta de la habitación del carcelero cuando
escucharon por primera vez gritos y shots.29 Tanto Hyrum Smith y Willard
Richards celebrada la puerta cerrada. John Taylor dijo que el pestillo de la
puerta no tenía ningún valor y que él y otros habían intentado repararlo
antes de la assassination.30 En las manos de las tropas sin experiencia, o
bajo la presión de un conflicto, los fusiles de la época podrían tomar hasta
un minuto en cargar. Los hombres en la parte superior de la escalera,
después de haber disparado en la celda de la prisión a la cabeza de las
escaleras, ahora tenía fusiles vacías, por lo que no era posible disparar de
inmediato a través de la puerta de la habitación. Esta pausa le dio a los
hombres en el momento dormitorio para posicionarse mejor frente a la
puerta.
26. maderas, "profeta mormón"; B. H. Roberts, una historia completa de La
Iglesia de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días (Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 2: 279-81 (en adelante, la historia
completa). 27. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 104. 28. Historia de la Iglesia, 6:
619. La puerta de entrada a la cárcel había sido reemplazado en algún
momento en el pasado. McRae y McRae, hechos históricos, 120. 29.
Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 616; 7: 102. 30. Historia Integral, 2: 284.
24 v BYU Studies
Los dos agujeros de bala a través de la puerta de la habitación eran
evidencia de que dos fusiles fueron disparados en la puerta por los
atacantes. Willard Richards y John Taylor tanto mencionan dos disparos a
través de la puerta. El primer disparo a través de la keyhole31 y el segundo
a través del panel de la puerta superior en el lado sur. Sobre la base de los
agujeros, los cañones de fusil estaban apuntando a un ángulo hacia abajo y
hacia la derecha (o sur), cuando se hicieron dos agujeros. El ángulo hacia el
sur sugiere que los disparos fueron realizados por hombres de pie
ligeramente hacia el norte de la abertura de la puerta. Las culatas de los
fusiles al hacer estos agujeros habrían sido superior a la altura de los
hombros del hombre medio de ese día (alrededor de 5 pies y 6 pulgadas) y
la culata es de unas 5 pies 5 pulgadas por encima del suelo. Para reconstruir
cómo esto podría haber sucedido, se midió un espacio de 44 pulgadas
horizontalmente de una puerta de 33 pulgadas de ancho y utilizamos un
banco para simular la barandilla del pasillo cárcel. Debido a la longitud de
los 1795 y 1816 fusiles y la estrechez del pasillo, un hombre no podría
haber hombros su mosquete en la forma normal (con el cañón paralelo al
suelo) y disparó contra la puerta cerrada cuando él estaba de pie en el
pasillo en el rellano de la escalera. Sin embargo, como se discutirá en la
presente memoria, la falta de espacio no era un obstáculo insalvable. Dos o
tres atacantes probablemente comenzaron a empujar en la puerta de la
habitación; el espacio estrecho en el frente de la puerta y la anchura de la
puerta (33,5 pulgadas) hacen que sea poco probable que más de tres
hombres podrían haber resistido y empujó. Dentro de la habitación, dos o
tres de los cuatro hombres que sujetaban la puerta, 32 sabiendo que sus
vidas dependían de mantenerla cerrada. No habría habido un concurso de
fuerza entre los atacantes y sus víctimas. Algunos de los hombres más
abajo en la escalera probable que comenzó a pasar hasta fusiles cargados a
cambio de los que ya están dados de alta. Uno de los milicianos,
probablemente, decidió expulsar a los presos lejos de la puerta por el
disparo de la escopeta en el pestillo de la puerta. La puerta estaba
ligeramente abierta, porque el agujero pasa por la parte pasillo de la puerta
y no puede ser visto desde el lado dormitorio de la puerta, ni hay evidencia
de daño a la jamba de la puerta de roble. Para disparar en el espacio en la
parte superior de la escalera, un miliciano tenía que sostener el fusil por
encima de su hombro y absorber el retroceso con la mano y los brazos. El
retroceso de un fusil realizada de esta manera habría sido incómodo, pero
un disparo en una posición tal que era posible. Un segundo mosquete
probablemente fue aprobada por las escaleras y un segundo disparo
efectuado a través del panel de la puerta. Debido a la altura del agujero de
bala y su ángulo hacia abajo, el tirador de este tiro también debe haber
permanecido en el
31. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 102. 32. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 102.
Evidencia V 25Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
pasillo, sosteniendo el fusil con la protección del gatillo por encima de su
hombro, y se absorbe el retroceso con las manos y las muñecas. Dos
factores ayudan a determinar el número de hombres que podrían empujar a
la puerta y el fuego en el dormitorio. En primer lugar es el rebufo, y la
segunda es la explosión lado de los fusiles. La bala de mosquete 69 calibre
es de 0,05 pulgadas más pequeño que el diámetro del agujero de 0,69
pulgadas para que pueda ser embestido por el cañón del fusil y todavía
estar rodeado con una lámina delgada de papel para actuar como un bloque
y captar mejor la fuerza de la la expansión de gases. Cuando se dispara un
mosquete de ánima lisa de chispa, una nube de partículas de polvo en
llamas se lanza hacia fuera en un patrón circular alrededor de la bala de
mosquete. Estas partículas se mueven a más de 1.000 pies por segundo y
pueden penetrar la ropa o la piel. Durante nuestras pruebas, disparamos en
una pieza de madera de nogal se secó con un mosquete de calibre 69 desde
quemarropa (fig. 13). También Disparamos a los relojes de bolsillo,
celebrada en bolsillos cosidos a mano, y la llama del gas caliente generado
por la quema de polvo Coloque la tela de algodón en el fuego con cada
disparo (fig. 14). Si un hombre empujara a la puerta y un segundo hombre
junto a él disparó su fusil con el cañón cerca de la puerta, el primer hombre
se roció con la quema de las partículas de polvo lanzadas por la descarga
del fusil. El segundo factor es el riesgo de dañar los ojos de un vecino o
dejando su ropa en el fuego a partir del polvo ardiente en el molde del lado
del fusil y la descarga de touchhole del fusil cuando la carga principal en
polvo es fired.33 Cuando se enciende el polvo en la sartén , partículas de
polvo de la quema son expulsados de la sartén varias pulgadas. Cuando el
polvo en el recipiente se enciende la carga de pólvora en el cañón, hay una
descarga lateral sobre la sartén, a una distancia de cinco pies o más, de un
pequeño chorro, a alta presión de gas equivalente caliente a la presión que
conduce la bola por el cañón. Este chorro de gas caliente puede dañar la
piel y los ojos. El chorro de polvo y gas que se quema desde el lado del
mosquete significaba que los atacantes no podrían haber permanecido
demasiado cerca unos de otros sin correr el riesgo ropas quemadas o daños
en los ojos. Un punto que no ha sido abordado en estudios anteriores del
martirio es la cantidad de humo blanco que se genera cuando se dispara en
polvo negro. La cantidad de humo blanco es sustancial y esto fue un factor
importante en todas las batallas de combate con armas de polvo negro;
probablemente fue la razón de la frase "la niebla de guerra." La parte
superior de la escalera y el dormitorio se habría convertido en
extremadamente humo una vez iniciada la descarga repetitiva. Esta
33. Mientras que dispararon a uno día José Lyon fue golpeado en el lado
izquierdo de la cara con la quema de las partículas de polvo de una pistola
de chispa 54 calibre que fue despedido de unos cinco pies a su izquierda.
Fue bastante doloroso a pesar de que los granos de polvo no se rompió la
piel.
Higo. 13. Una pieza de madera de nogal se secó con un mosquete de
calibre 69 disparó a quemarropa
Disparos a través de la Puerta de los dos primeros disparos en la habitación,
estados de cuenta de Willard Richards, "Tan pronto como hemos escuchado
los pies a la cabeza escaleras, una pelota se envían a través de la puerta, lo
que pasó entre nosotros", haciendo que los hombres a rebotar desde la
puerta. Dice un segundo "pelota fue enviada a través de la puerta que
golpeó Hyrum en el lado de la nariz." 34 John Taylor cree que la primera
bola en realidad vino a través del ojo de la cerradura de la puerta, mientras
que el segundo entrado a través del panel de la puerta itself.35 El cuentas
de Willard Richards y John Taylor declaran que el segundo balón golpeó
Hyrum Smith. Ambos testigos dicen que Hyrum Smith había dado un paso
fuera de la puerta después de que la primera bala de mosquete fue
despedido y luego se disparó a través de la puerta por la segunda bola. John
Taylor explica, "Dr. Richards y el hermano Hyrum saltaron detrás de la
puerta, con el rostro hacia ella; casi al instante otra bola pasa a través del
panel de la puerta, y golpeó el hermano Hyrum en el lado izquierdo de la
nariz, entrando en su cara y la cabeza. "36 Si Hyrum Smith estaban de pie
totalmente erecto a su height37 74 pulgadas como la gente tiende a ser
cuando saltan hacia atrás, la pelota por la puerta a la altura de 51.75
pulgadas lo habría golpeado en la parte superior del abdomen, no la cara.
Dado que la pelota viajaba hacia abajo, cuanto más se apartó de la puerta,
la más baja en el torso habría sido la herida de entrada. Creemos que la
segunda bala de mosquete, un disparo en el panel superior de la puerta, era
la pelota que golpeó a Hyrum Smith en el lado izquierdo de la cara, pero
creemos que esto ocurrió cuando aún estaba apoyado contra la puerta, y su
salto fue al revés una reacción al recibir un disparo. Las discrepancias entre
los relatos de los testigos y las pruebas físicas requieren un comentario
adicional. el hombro izquierdo de Hyrum Smith probablemente fue
apoyado contra la puerta cuando la segunda bola se disparó a través de la
panel.38 Eso significa que la cabeza debe haber sido doblada hacia delante,
con la mejilla izquierda se volvió hacia la puerta y la cara paralela al piso.
La bala de mosquete golpeó el lado izquierdo de la cara, justo
34. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 619. 35. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 102. 36.
Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 617, 619; 7: 102. 37. Pearson H. Corbett, Hyrum
Smith: Patriarca (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1963), 86. 38. Historia de
la Iglesia, 7: 102.
28 v BYU Studies
medial al ojo izquierdo, a continuación, salió de debajo de la mandíbula a
la derecha de la línea media. Otros han identificado erróneamente la herida
hasta el piso de la boca, como una herida de entrada en lugar de una salida
wound.39 tiene la herida en el cuello o en el piso de la boca sido una herida
de entrada, la pelota hubiera hecho grandes daños a la parte superior del
cráneo. Las fotografías de los cráneos Joseph Smith de Hyrum Smith y de
hecho en 1928 no muestran daños en la parte superior de cualquiera de
skull.40 También, la identificación de esta herida como un orificio de salida
que explicaría las manchas de sangre en el lado derecho de la ropa de
Hyrum Smith. Una revisión realizada por Richard Neil Ord y Gayle G. Ord
de la ropa de Hyrum Smith llevaba puesto en el momento del asesinato se
encontró que la mayoría de las manchas de sangre en la parte frontal
derecha de la camisa, con una pequeña cantidad de sangre en la pechera de
la camisa y una salpicadura de sangre a la izquierda shoulder.41 el
propietario actual del chaleco, Eldred G. Smith, dijo chaleco de Hyrum
Smith estaba tan empapado en el lado superior derecho de la sangre, de que
una pieza de tela triangular de la parte superior e inferior de la sisa se
extiende hasta la forma de la solapa derecha fue cortada. Es nuestra
hipótesis de que este tejido también fue cortada de retirar la ropa del
cuerpo, porque el rigor mortis, y la tela empapada de sangre era probable,
al igual que la camisa it.42 debajo de la solapa derecha de su chaleco era de
aproximadamente 2 pulgadas más corto que la solapa izquierda a causa de
la eliminación de esta cuña (fig. 15). La camisa de Hyrum Smith (un
jersey) se dividió el frente y hacia abajo
39. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 617; Shannon M. Tracy, En busca de José
(Orem, Utah: Kenninghouse, 1995), 57. Ver también, "Apreciación del
Jurado del forense sobre la tragedia Cartago," Deseret Evening News, 12
de septiembre de 1890. 40. Richard Neil Ord y Gayle G. Ord, "Artefactos
del Martirio," inédito manuscrito proyecto en posesión de los autores;
Tracy, En busca de José, 41-43, 52-53. 41. Ord y Ord, "Artefactos del
martirio." Las fotografías de la ropa se imprimen en Tracy, En busca de
José, 75-77. 42. No habíamos dado cuenta de que el chaleco tenía un gran
trozo de tela retirado del lado derecho hasta Eldred Smith lo señaló y nos
dijo que había cosido la tela juntos para ocultar el defecto.
Higo. 15. chaleco de Hyrum Smith. Observe que una cuña del material fue
cortada, haciendo que la solapa derecha de aproximadamente 2 pulgadas
más corto. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection. Fotografía por Joseph Lynn
Lyon.
Evidencia V 29Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
el brazo derecho para sacarlo de su cuerpo. Este recorte en la tela se cosen
juntos cuando inspeccionamos la camisa. Las manchas de sangre en la
parte delantera derecha de la camisa utilizaron probablemente por la sangre
de la herida de salida en el suelo de la boca empapando a través de la parte
delantera del chaleco y sobre la camisa (véanse las Fig. 16 y 17). Después
de Hyrum Smith recibió un disparo en la cara, él también recibió un
disparo en la espalda inferior y en ambas piernas. Su ropa no muestra
evidencia de manchas de sangre alrededor de estas heridas, pero la ropa
puede haber sido lavado, eliminación o reducción de algunos de los
stains.43 Desde Hyrum Smith cayó de espaldas y no se movió después de
ser baleado, 44 las extensas manchas de sangre en su manga derecha sólo
podía provenir de una herida en el lado derecho de su cuello o en el piso de
la boca. Las heridas en cualquiera de estos lugares probablemente habrían
roto los vasos sanguíneos, causando la pérdida masiva de sangre y que
resulta en un menor sangrado de las otras heridas. También en apoyo de un
disparo en ángulo hacia abajo atravesando la cara de Hyrum Smith y que
sale de la parte derecha de su cuello ofrecemos las siguientes pruebas. Los
hombres que volvieron a enterrar el cuerpo de Hyrum Smith en el otoño de
1844 informó: "Se encontró en este momento que dos de los dientes de
Hyrum Smith había caído en el interior de la boca, se supone que se han
hecho por una pelota en el momento del martirio, pero que no fue
descubierto en el momento en que fue presentado, como consecuencia de
las mandíbulas de ser atado. "45 Una bala de mosquete que golpeó el lado
izquierdo de la cara y viajó a la baja habría noqueado
43. Joseph L. Lyon, "Ropa de Hyrum Smith y reloj de bolsillo," Notas
sobre una visita con Eldred G. Smith, Salt Lake City, el 26 de abril de
1999, en posesión de los autores. 44. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 619; 7: 102,
107. 45. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 629. Una bola de mosquete disparo a
través del suelo de la boca habría pasado hacia arriba a través del paladar
duro, a través de la parte inferior del cráneo, y en el cerebro. La corta
distancia entre el pasillo y el cuerpo de Hyrum Smith significa que la pelota
hubiera pasado, aunque la parte superior del cráneo, rompiéndolo. En las
imágenes de los cráneos de los hermanos Smith 'tomadas en enero de 1928
en el momento de su entierro, que no había evidencia de fracturas en la
parte superior o parte posterior de una calavera. Comparar con Tracy, En
busca de José, 52, 53.
Figs. 16 y 17. La camisa y los pantalones Hyrum Smith llevaba el día de su
asesinato. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection. Fotografía por Joseph Lynn
Lyon.
30 v BYU Studies
a cabo dos o más de los molares superiores izquierdos. Estos molares, sin
duda, estaban siendo mantenidos en su lugar por el revestimiento de la
membrana mucosa de la boca y unidos en un extremo con el fragmento de
la mandíbula superior cuando fue enterrado en primer lugar. En el
momento en que su cuerpo fue visto de nuevo tres meses después de su
muerte, la membrana mucosa habría descompuesto, y los dos molares
superiores izquierdos habría dejado caer en su boca. Se inspeccionaron una
copia de la máscara de la muerte de Hyrum Smith en el Museo de Historia
de la Iglesia y el Arte en Salt Lake City (fig. 18). La máscara mostró que
pómulo izquierdo de Hyrum Smith estaba deprimido alrededor de 2
milímetros en comparación con el pómulo derecho. Esta depresión apareció
sólo en el lado izquierdo de la cara y se extiende sobre el área de la parte
izquierda de la nariz hacia el lado izquierdo de la máscara. La causa más
probable de tal depresión es una fractura del hueso maxilar izquierdo.
También obtuvimos acceso a una copia de la máscara de la muerte de
Hyrum Smith propiedad de subvención Fairbanks, un plástico de Salt Lake
City surgeon.46 La herida en el lado izquierdo de la cara de Hyrum Smith
fue 1 pulgada a la izquierda de la línea media de la cara y estaba enchufado
con algodón cuando se hizo la máscara, que se extiende por lo tanto la piel
alrededor de la herida. El algodón había sido empujado hacia la punta de
Hyrum Smith, cuando era la máscara
46. Joseph L. Lyon, "Cast of Death Mask de Hyrum Smith," notas de una
reunión con Grant Fairbanks, M. D., 25 de abril de 1999, copia en posesión
de los autores.
Higo. 18. Deathmasks de Hyrum Smith (izquierda) y Joseph Smith
(derecha). Cortesía del Museo de Historia de la Iglesia y el Arte.
Evidencia V 31Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
Efecto de un mosquete de bola 1816 en un cráneo humano simulado John
Spangler, un coleccionista de armas de fuego militares históricas, y Joseph
L. Lyon, uno de los autores, lleva a cabo un experimento para estimar el
daño causado a un cráneo por una bala de mosquete de calibre 69 cuando
se dispara a través de un trozo de madera dura similar a la puerta en
Cartago Jail.1 obtuvimos un cráneo artificial hecho de un material sintético
y se utiliza en los residentes de la formación de neurocirugía para cortar
secciones de hueso de la skull.2 humano Se utilizó una caja rectangular
hecho de 0,75 pulgadas tablas de pino para mantener una tabla de madera
dura y el cráneo. El cráneo se sentó en un periódico arrugado en la parte
trasera de la caja detrás de un pedazo de bien seca 0,8 pulgadas de espesor
placa de madera de nogal, negro, sostenida por listones de madera de media
pulgada en la parte inferior y medio. La madera de nogal negro era
probablemente similar a la madera utilizada en la puerta de la habitación de
al carcelero. Nuestro objetivo era reproducir la cantidad de resistencia a
una bala de mosquete que la puerta de la habitación habría ofrecido. El
cráneo fue colocado en su lado con la parte trasera levantada de modo que
la pelota pasara a través de la nuez, golpear el cráneo sobre el maxilar
izquierdo justo debajo del ojo izquierdo, y la salida sin chocar con los
huesos que forman el suelo del cráneo. Se utilizó un 397-grano, bala de
mosquete 0,64 pulgadas. Nos impulsó a la pelota, con 75 granos de polvo
negro disponible comercialmente de grado rifle, del mismo tipo utilizado
en el Modelo 1795 y 1816 fusiles militares. Esta carga fue inferior a la
carga 80 a 100 de grano típicamente utilizado en fusiles de Estados Unidos
debido a la edad del arma de fuego nos hizo reacios a utilizar la carga de
pólvora completo. Sin embargo, nuestro objetivo fue determinar si una bala
de mosquete disparado a través de un trozo de madera dura tenido la
suficiente energía para fracturar los huesos maxilares del cráneo humano.
La pelota fue disparado en un 69 calibre Modelo 1816 mosquete, se
convirtió al de pistones de ignición para su uso en la guerra.3 Civil
(continuación)
1. Observa que describen la prueba de la potencia de fuego de un Modelo
1816 de mosquete, llevado a cabo por John Spangler y autores 12 de mayo
de 2001, copiar en posesión de los autores. 2. A pesar de que duplica la
dureza del cráneo humano, incluyendo el grosor y la resistencia a la rotura,
esta imitación no se replicó algunos de los detalles más finos de un cráneo
humano. 3. Un fusil de chispa-ignición no estaba disponible para los
autores de este experimento. Un fusil de pistones a encender, el siguiente
32 v BYU Studies
El fusil fue dado de alta cerca de 2 pulgadas de la tabla de madera de nogal.
La fuerza de la bola golpeando el cráneo golpeó el maxilar superior
izquierdo y la base del maxilar superior derecha del cráneo y los arrojó a
unos 15 pies de la caja. Si esto hubiera sido el cráneo de una persona viva,
el tejido blando suprayacente (piel, músculos, fascia) habría impedido el
maxilar sea arrastrado fuera del cráneo. Sin embargo, hemos llegado a la
conclusión de que después de ser despedido a través de un pedazo de nuez
seca una bala de mosquete aún tenía la fuerza suficiente para fracturar los
huesos maxilares. También quisimos determinar cuál sería el efecto si la
bala de mosquete había estado moviendo paralelo al suelo y golpeó la nuca
de Hyrum Smith como el testigo cuentas sugieren. Reposicionamos el
cráneo por lo que daba a otro panel de madera de nogal y era paralela a la
parte inferior de la caja. Utilizando la misma carga de pólvora, disparamos
otra bola a través de la placa de madera de nogal en el maxilar derecho,
medial y ligeramente por debajo de la órbita del ojo derecho. El cañón de
fusil era paralelo al piso de la caja cuando se descarga y estaba cerca de 1
pulgada del tablero de nogal. La bala de mosquete creado una fractura del
cráneo que se extendía desde el punto de entrada en diagonal a través del
puente de la nariz y luego hacia arriba 7 pulgadas en el hueso frontal
izquierdo. Gran parte del lado derecho de la cara, incluyendo la toma de ojo
derecho, maxilar, hueso temporal, la mitad del hueso parietal derecho, y
todo el hueso occipital se fracturaron, pulverizado, o del viento de la
calavera. todo el hueso occipital, que forma la parte posterior del cráneo,
alrededor de 4 pulgadas de largo por 3,5 pulgadas de ancho, se sopló a
fragmentos pequeños, dejando un orificio de salida masiva. Llegamos a la
conclusión de que si Hyrum Smith había sido golpeado por una bola de un
fusil calibre 69 disparó a través de la puerta que luego atravesó el cráneo
paralelo al suelo, habría dejado una herida de salida masiva en la parte
trasera de su cráneo. Sin embargo, ni relato de un testigo menciona tal
herida ni se presentaron tampoco una herida evidente cuando su cráneo fue
exhumado y se fotografió en 1928.
mejor alternativa, se utilizó en su lugar. La diferencia de energía inicial
entre un fusil de chispa de ignición por un mosquete y encendido-de
pistones era insignificante, por lo que los resultados del experimento habría
sido similar, con independencia de qué arma se utilizó.
Evidencia V 33Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
hecho, exponiendo el borde exterior del agujero de bala. El diámetro del
agujero fue de 0,7 pulgadas, en consonancia con una herida causada por
una bala de mosquete 69-calibre. También confirmó esta dimensión con la
máscara en el museo. Las imágenes del cráneo de Hyrum Smith tomada en
enero de 1928, justo antes de su entierro final, mostraron que las
mandíbulas superiores izquierdo y derecho y los huesos nasales que
faltaban de su cráneo y que los bordes óseos fueron detenidos, lo que
sugiere que habían sido expuestos a la intemperie durante un largo time.47
Estos huesos que faltan de la calavera de Hyrum Smith, sin duda, se
fracturó por la fuerza de la bala de mosquete que le golpeó justo debajo de
su ojo izquierdo. A medida que decaía el tejido que recubre los huesos
cayeron y fueron perdidos cuando se exhumaron los restos óseos. Las
fotografías de su cráneo también mostraron evidencia de daño a la zona
occipital (parte posterior) de la skull.48 Esta fue la zona donde una bala de
mosquete que viaja paralelo (o casi paralelo) al eje largo de su cuerpo
habría alcanzado si fueron asesinados, mientras que la posición erecta. Una
herida hacia abajo en ángulo a través del cráneo también resolvió un
aspecto físicamente imposible de los relatos de los testigos de la muerte de
Hyrum Smith. Tanto el informe de Hyrum Smith diciendo que
inmediatamente después de que recibió un disparo en la cara, "Soy un
hombre muerto!", Y luego caer hacia atrás en el floor.49 Si estuviera de pie
erguido (6 pies 2 pulgadas) con su cara vertical al piso cuando es golpeado
por la bala de mosquete, como las cuentas de Willard Richards y John
Taylor sugieren, la pelota hubiera golpeado a su tronco cerebral (bulbo
raquídeo) en la base de su cerebro. El discurso de los controles del tronco
encefálico, la respiración, y todos los movimientos musculares. Cualquier
daño a esta parte vital habría hecho él al instante sin palabras y paralizado
todos los músculos, hacer una declaración verbal imposible. Pero si su
rostro se inclinó hacia delante, paralelo al suelo, la bala de mosquete
hubiera cortado las arterias en el piso de la boca y salió en el lado derecho
del cuello, debajo de la quijada. Él habría tenido dificultad para hablar de la
lesión en su
47. Tracy, En busca de José, 41-43. 48. El cráneo que hemos identificado
como Hyrum Smith fue originalmente identificado como Joseph Smith.
Shannon Tracy afirmó que los cráneos de los hermanos Smith fueron
identificados erróneamente cuando fueron enterrados de nuevo en 1928 por
la Iglesia Reorganizada de Jesucristo de los Santos de los Últimos Días
(ahora la Comunidad de Cristo). Estamos de acuerdo con esta afirmación.
El cráneo identificados por los excavadores como Hyrum Smith tenía
ningún agujero en el maxilar superior izquierdo, pero un pequeño defecto
en el maxilar derecho. El cráneo identificado como Joseph Smith había
desaparecido de los huesos de la nariz, el piso de la boca, los senos
frontales y maxilares superior. Esto sería consistente con una fractura
traumática a estas estructuras como la causada por una bola de mosquete 69
de calibre de golpear el maxilar izquierdo. Tracy, En busca de José, 48-60.
49. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 102; 6: 620.
34 v BYU Studies
lengua, pero habría sido posible antes de la pérdida de sangre condujo a la
inconsciencia y la muerte. Para probar si un hombre de 6 pies y 2 pulgadas
de arriostramiento contra una puerta habría sido golpeado en la cara por un
disparo efectuado 51.75 pulgadas por encima del suelo, que consiguió la
ayuda de un hombre de esa altura y lo hizo pegando a sí mismo contra una
apertura de la puerta a su derecha. Si se preparó con el hombro izquierdo y
volvió la cabeza hacia la derecha, su cara estaba entre 49 y 54 pulgadas
sobre el piso.
Cuando represalia Hyrum Smith cayó al suelo, los atacantes empujó la
puerta parcialmente abierta. Después de ver a su hermano herido de muerte,
Joseph Smith respondió a los asesinos. Debido a las continuas amenazas de
muerte que había recibido por las diversas unidades de la milicia en
Cartago y escuchadas por muchos mormones presentes, se le había dado un
revólver de seis cañones-percusión-capignited, Allen "pimienta caja" al
principio del día por Ciro H. Wheelock para protection.50 Diseñado para
ser llevado en un bolsillo, estas pistolas fueron producidas en tres calibres:
28, 31, 36,51 y sentido común dicta que Joseph Smith probablemente
esperó hasta que los atacantes habían disparado un tiro en la habitación. A
continuación, se coloca en el lado derecho de la puerta entreabierta para
protegerse a sí mismo y que sostiene el revólver alrededor de la puerta,
habría apretado el gatillo seis times.52 Tres de los seis barriles fueron
despedidos. Las bolas de la pistola golpeó tres hombres, dos en la parte
superior del brazo y una tercera en la cara. Ninguna de estas heridas fue
inmediatamente fatal, aunque uno de los hombres se decía que había
muerto después de las injuries.53 Los hombres heridos habrían tenido que
caminar o han sido realizadas por las escaleras. Debido al estrecho pasillo y
las escaleras, esto probablemente causó un momento de calma en el
disparo. Durante este breve período de calma, los hombres de la habitación,
probablemente, trataron de solucionar el problema que causó tres barriles
de fallos de encendido, pero no hay evidencia sugiere que tuvieron éxito.
50. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 617, 620; 7: 102-3. Al escribir sobre el
asesinato de Joseph Smith por Atlantic Monthly en 1869, John Hay, que
conocía a muchos de los atacantes personalmente, refleja su ira que las
víctimas estaban armados y culpó al sheriff "Jack Mormón" del condado de
Hancock, Miner Deming, para permitir que los presos a tener armas de
fuego. John Hay, "La tragedia del profeta mormón," Atlantic Monthly 24
(diciembre de 1869): 676. 51. Flayderman, Guía del Flayderman, 56-57.
52. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 620; 7: 103. 53. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 103.
B. H. Roberts citó a John Hay, que dijeron que cuatro hombres fueron
heridos y que tres de las heridas estaban en la parte superior del brazo y
uno en la cara. Un hombre se dijo que había muerto en un momento
posterior de una herida del brazo. Ver la historia completa, 2: 285 n. 19.
Evidencia V 35Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
Sin embargo, este despido por Joseph Smith produjo suficiente miedo para
impedir que los atacantes corriendo inmediatamente a través de la puerta y
matar a todos en la sala. Los registros muestran que Hyrum Smith también
estaba armado con una pistola de un solo tiro dado a los prisioneros para su
defensa por John S. Fullmer.54 Esta pistola no se disparó durante el ataque,
pero ahora está en posesión de la Iglesia Museo de Historia Arte y junto
con el José Smith disparó (ver fig. 19). Cuando la pistola de Joseph Smith
estaba vacía, la única defensa en manos de los hombres en la habitación era
sus bastones. Sin lugar a dudas, tanto John Taylor y Willard Richards
ejercer presión sobre la puerta para evitar que se abrió por completo, y
tanto informe de golpear a los barriles de mosquete con sus bastones para
desviar las balas downward.55 Desde Willard Richards, John Taylor, y
Joseph Smith todavía estaban tratando de empujar la puerta cerrada
después de que fue parcialmente abierta a la fuerza, al menos uno de los
atacantes habrían tenido que seguir empujando la puerta, mientras que otros
dispararon a su alrededor. Ese hombre podría haber resistido a los esfuerzos
de los prisioneros mediante la celebración de la culata de un fusil en el
espacio entre el marco de la puerta y la puerta.
54. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 607-8. 55. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 103-4.
Higo. 19. Pistolas dadas a José y Hyrum Smith, mientras estaban en la
cárcel de Carthage. Cortesía de Richard Neitzel Holzapfel.
36 v BYU Studies
Los atacantes no golpear a nadie en la esquina noroeste de la habitación.
Esto sugiere que la puerta y el pasillo estrecho bloquearon los que tratan de
disparar en este rincón de la habitación. A medida que aumenta la
frecuencia de fuego de mosquete, John Taylor dejó la seguridad temporal
de la puerta y corrió a una ventana; él dice que él hizo esto para buscar
amigos y para escape.56 Quizás también esperaba para dibujar los
atacantes lejos de Joseph Smith y confundirse con él. John Taylor, sin duda,
esperó a que inmediatamente después se disparó una ráfaga, lo que le
habría dado unos segundos preciosos antes de fuego de mosquete reanudó-
de lo contrario nunca habría llegado a la ventana sin recibir un disparo.
Esta acción requiere mucho valor debido a que la puerta había sido forzada
parcialmente abierta y las ventanas sur y este fueron visibles a los hombres
que disparaban desde el pasillo. John Taylor llegó a la ventana, y luego se
volvió el lado izquierdo de su cuerpo a la puerta de la habitación antes de
montar el alféizar de la ventana. Si bien en esta posición, le dispararon
desde la puerta en el muslo izquierdo y cayó al suelo. Se perdió todo el
control sobre sus músculos y cayó inerte durante un breve period.57
Aunque John Taylor cree que empezó a lanzar de cabeza por la ventana y
se salvó sólo cuando una bala de mosquete golpeó su reloj (fig. 20), Neil y
Gayle Ord tienen -basada establecida en las abolladuras lineales en la parte
posterior del músculo-reloj que su reloj no fue alcanzado por una bala de
mosquete, en lugar del reloj se rompió al caer a través del borde de la
ventana antes de caer al floor.58 John Taylor luego recuperó el control y se
arrastró o enrollada debajo de la cama en la esquina sureste de las room.59
mientras que hace su camino hacia la cama, le dispararon desde la puerta
tres veces más. El hecho de que recibió un disparo en el muslo, cayó al
suelo y permaneció inmóvil durante unos segundos sin recibir un disparo
de nuevo inmediatamente, y luego se arrastró hacia la cama antes de ser
56. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 104. 57. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 104-5. 58.
Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47; Ord y Ord, "Artefactos del martirio". 59. La
historia de la Iglesia, 6: 620.
Higo. reloj de bolsillo de 20. John Taylor, lo que probablemente se rompió
al caer sobre el alféizar de la ventana. Cortesía del Museo de Historia de la
Iglesia y el Arte.
Evidencia V 37Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
disparó tres veces más sugieren que los atacantes estaban disparando salvas
de entre dos y tres fusiles cada veinte a treinta seconds.60 Los hombres en
la puerta probablemente sabía lo que Joseph Smith parecía y que el hombre
que acababan de heridos no era el hombre que buscaban. Joseph Smith
debió darse cuenta de que el miedo de otra arma de fuego en la habitación
de los atacantes pronto disminuirá, y que no tardaría en estallar en la
habitación y él y Willard Richards matar. Joseph Smith, probablemente, a
continuación, decidió que él podría ser capaz de salvar la vida de Willard
Richards moviendo en la línea de fuego y tratar de saltar de la ventana del
este, que era la ventana más próxima al refugio de José Smith en la esquina
noroeste de la habitación. Esta acción atraería a los atacantes fuera. El
hubiera programado su carrera a la ventana del este inmediatamente
después de una descarga de fusiles de la puerta, sabiendo que tardó varios
segundos para reemplazar los fusiles disparados. Esta pausa le habría dado
unos segundos libres de fuego de mosquete. Llegó a la ventana del este y
debe haber tenido su camino piernas parte cuando, según lo informado por
Willard Richards, le dispararon dos veces en la puerta y una vez por
alguien fuera de la cárcel.
60. En nuestra mente, el relato de Juan Taylor está sujeto a dos
interpretaciones relativas a la ventana a la que corría. Su cuenta de 1856
dijo: "Hice un resorte de la ventana, que estaba justo en frente de la puerta
de la cárcel, donde la multitud estaba de pie." La historia de la Iglesia, 7:
104. La ventana del sur en el dormitorio mira hacia abajo en la puerta
principal de la cárcel, y había gente de pie delante de esa puerta. el uso de
John Taylor, de la palabra "puerta de la cárcel" también puede referirse a la
puerta de la habitación del carcelero, sino que se refiere a la puerta de la
habitación simplemente como "la puerta", y añadió ningún modificador en
las otras partes de su cuenta. Se hace uso de las palabras "puerta de la
cárcel" una vez más en su cuenta: "Inmediatamente después vi el médico va
hacia la puerta de la cárcel, y como no había una puerta de hierro en el
rellano de la escalera contigua a la puerta que conducía a las células para
criminales, se me ocurrió que el médico iba allí, y yo le dijo, 'Stop, doctor,
y me lleve a lo largo.' se procedió a la puerta y la abrió, y luego regresó y
me arrastró a lo largo de una pequeña célula preparado para los criminales.
"Aquí, John Taylor utiliza la" puerta de la cárcel "en el sentido de la
entrada en las células con barrotes de hierro en el extremo norte del
segundo piso. B. H. Roberts escribió: "[John Taylor] rodó debajo de la
cama, que estaba a la derecha de la ventana en la esquina sureste de la
habitación." La historia de la Iglesia, 6: 618. Willard Richards añade: "José
intentó, como último recurso, a saltar la misma ventana desde donde el Sr.
Taylor cayó." Cuenta de Willard Richards fue escrito cerca del evento, por
lo que es muy probable que la ventana del este, pero presenta un problema.
Para llegar a la relativa seguridad debajo de la cama, John Taylor habría
tenido que arrastrarse hacia atrás, mirando hacia la puerta y arrastrando su
pierna izquierda ya herido. Esto habría sido mucho más difícil de lo que se
arrastra hacia adelante si él fue herido por la ventana sur. Sabemos esto
porque él fue herido de nuevo en su brazo izquierdo, la cadera y la pierna
antes de llegar a la cama, por lo que su lado izquierdo tuvo que ser frente a
la puerta de la habitación.
38 v BYU Studies
Los hombres que prepararon el cuerpo de Joseph Smith para el entierro
informaron de una herida en el abdomen inferior y otra herida en la cadera
derecha. (Esta herida puede haber sido un orificio de salida de la herida
abdominal, pero es imposible saber a partir de su descripción.) Los
hombres también informaron de una herida en el pecho derecho, una herida
bajo el corazón, y una herida en el hombro derecho cerca el cuello. El
jurado del médico forense menciona dos heridas, una en el lado derecho del
pecho y uno en la parte derecha del cuello cerca del hombro, pero el jurado
ha reconocido sólo algunas de las heridas que tanto bodies.61 cuenta de
Willard Richards dice Joseph Smith recibió dos disparos desde la puerta y
una vez desde abajo. Creemos que es más probable que José Smith había
convertido el lado derecho de su cuerpo hacia la puerta y estaba tratando de
conseguir su pierna izquierda por la ventana cuando él era primer tiro y que
estos disparos provenían de la puerta. Cuando John Taylor recibió un
disparo, cayó de nuevo en la habitación, pero parte superior del cuerpo de
Joseph Smith debe haber sido muy cerca de la abertura de la ventana, y los
tiros de la puerta probablemente le hizo caer por la ventana en vez de
nuevo en la habitación. Creemos que la herida en su costado izquierdo, en
su corazón vino de alguien que se coloca debajo de la ventana del este. El
disparo se habría disparado en un ángulo ascendente. La pelota hubiera
estado viajando hacia arriba y es probable atravesado la cavidad pectoral,
saliendo en la zona por encima de la clavícula derecha, cerca del hombro
derecho. El camino de una bala de mosquete disparado en este ángulo se
habría golpeado a su corazón y / o los grandes vasos asociados a ella. un
disparo habría sido inmediatamente fatal. A continuación, se cayó por la
ventana abierta hasta el suelo. No pudo haber tomado Joseph Smith más de
veinte segundos para cruzar la habitación, montar el alféizar de ancho, y
obtener su parte la pierna izquierda saliendo por la ventana. De nuevo, esto
nos da una estimación del tiempo que llevó a los atacantes a pasar fusiles
cargados a los que disparar a través de la puerta. El acto final de Joseph
Smith de sacrificio se aseguró de que había dos testigos amigables a los
homicidios.
Situación en el pasillo de recarga sus armas habría sido una tarea difícil
para los hombres en el pasillo. Para volver a cargar un fusil de chispa
requiere aproximadamente 62 a 64 pulgadas de espacio. El mosquete
nivelado ocupado 42 a 44 pulgadas de espacio en frente del cargador,
mientras que la persona ocupada las 20 pulgadas restantes. Los soldados
llevaron a cabo ejercicios para cargar y disparar sus fusiles rápidamente
con la afirmación de que
61. "Constataciones del Jurado del forense". Por ejemplo, se mencionan
sólo dos de seis heridas de Hyrum Smith.
Evidencia V 39Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
tropas bien perforados podían disparar tres disparos por minuto, 62 pero el
pasillo estrecho en el frente de la puerta de la habitación tendrían
restricción de movimientos y ralentizado este proceso. La longitud del
suelo delante de la puerta era de 3 pies y 8 pulgadas de ancho delante de la
puerta; la distancia desde la pared de bloque de celdas al sur de la puerta
era de 2 pies 2,5 pulgadas, con la puerta de añadir otros 2 pies 9,5 pulgadas
y el ancho de la barandilla de la escalera 3 pies y 8 pulgadas. John Taylor
informó que más y más fusiles siendo presionados en la habitación y lo
atribuyeron a los hombres en la escalera que empujan los de delante de
ellos en el room.63 Dadas las limitaciones de espacio del pasillo y el
peligro de pie cerca de la cara de un fusil de chispa mosquete, creemos que
una explicación más probable era que los hombres de pie en las escaleras y
fuera de la puerta principal de la cárcel pasaron sus fusiles cargados por las
escaleras hasta el pequeño número de los hombres más cercanos a la puerta
de la habitación, que se disparó en la habitación. Después, los fusiles
disparados fueron pasados por las escaleras a cambio de fusiles cargados.
Este tipo de recarga era común cuando fusiles fueron cargados hocico en
campos de batalla. El proceso habría acortado el intervalo de tiempo entre
las descargas de fusil y dado la impresión de que más hombres estaban de
pie delante de la puerta. Una bola de mosquete 69 calibre disparado a
través de la puerta habría tenido suficiente energía para herir gravemente o
matar a cualquier persona en el otro lado de la puerta; sin embargo, sólo
dos disparos fueron hechos a través de la puerta. Ya que la puerta estaba
retenido firmemente cerrada, el supuesto más simple de acción para los
atacantes habría sido para disparar varias veces a través de la puerta,
matando o hiriendo a cualquiera que trate de mantenerla cerrada. El hecho
de que sólo dos bolas fueron disparados a través de la parte sólida de la
puerta confirmar representa el testigo que los atacantes fueron capaces de
forzar la puerta parcialmente abierta de forma rápida y luego comenzar a
disparar contra los room.64 la esquina sureste, donde estaba situada la
cama tendría sido la primera se expone, a continuación, la zona en la pared
sur sobre el
62. Richard Bruce Winders, Ejército del señor Polk (College Station: Texas
A & M University Press, 1997), 92-94; Ernest F. Fisher Jr., "Armas y
equipo evolución y su influencia sobre la Organización y Tácticas en el
ejército estadounidense, 1775-1963", manuscrito inédito, Oficina del Jefe
de Historia Militar de 1963, File 2-3,7, AB. Z, Centro del Ejército de
Estados Unidos de Historia Militar (CMH), Washington, DC Un resumen
se puede encontrar en http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/ Antietam /
Small_Arms.htm. 63. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 103.

30.

Higo.
Fotografía por Joseph Lynn Lyon.

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Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals about the


Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith Joseph L. Lyon and David W.
Lyon Thursday, June 27, 1844, was a hot summer day in Carthage, Illinois.
Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, John Taylor, and Willard Richards
sat in a bedroom in Carthage Jail (fig. 1). Illinois Governor Thomas Ford
(fig. 2) had promised them protection while they voluntarily awaited trial
on charges of civil disturbance. About ten miles south of Nauvoo was
another river town named Warsaw. The editor of the Warsaw Signal,
Thomas Sharp, had been advocating extrajudicial violence against the
Mormons and the destruction of Nauvoo for some time. The Nauvoo City
Council’s decision to interfere with the opposition newspaper, the Nauvoo
Expositor, in early June 1844 was the impetus that Sharp and other anti-
Mormons used to have key Church leaders arrested.1 The neighboring
town of Warsaw had a local militia that was created and armed by the state
of Illinois. In late June 1844, during the crisis caused by the destruction of
the Expositor, the Warsaw Militia was called to active duty by Governor
Ford and marched to Carthage, the county seat of Hancock County. On the
morning of June 27, before he left Carthage for Nauvoo, Governor Ford
discharged the Warsaw Militia from service.2 1. Glen M. Leonard, Nauvoo:
A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book;
Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2002), 362–68, 380–98. 2.
Joseph Smith Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed., rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret
Book, 1971), 6:565, 605–7 (hereafter cited as History of the Church). 6 v
BYU Studies The Lyon brothers first gained an interest in Nauvoo’s history
from their father, the late T. Edgar Lyon. Joseph recalls, “When I was eight
or nine years old my father read Mark Twain’s The Innocents Abroad, or
The New Pilgrim’s Progress to my twin brother, Ted, and me. In it, Twain
makes fun of the various religious relics he saw on his journey to Europe
and the Holy Land. I can still remember Twain’s comment that he had seen
enough wood from the ‘true cross’ to build a large church, and that in one
church he had seen two skulls of Adam, the first his skull as a child and the
second his skull when he reached adulthood. When we queried Dad about
how such absurdities could happen, he told us well-meaning people may
embellish historical facts to increase the faith of others, but such
embellishment ultimately discredits the religion. “When I visited Carthage
for the first time in 1965, I was awestruck by seeing the holes through the
jailer’s bedroom door, but I also wondered whether the door was actually
from 1844 and if the holes might have been made later. When I learned in
my medical training of the effects of damage to the base of the brain on
speech, I realized that if Willard Richards’s and John Taylor’s accounts of
Hyrum Smith’s facial wound were true, it was not consistent with his being
able to speak any last words. Both of these thoughts troubled me. “During a
1995 visit to Carthage, I measured the diameter of the holes in the bedroom
door and then set out to determine what type of firearm could have made
such holes. My brother David and his wife MarGene served a mission to
Nauvoo in 1996 and 1997, and he came up with the idea of inserting a laser
pointer into the hole in the bedroom door to determine the pathway of the
musket ball. He also measured the jailer’s bedroom and the hallway in front
of it, and he made the schematic included in this article. Later, I spoke with
Glen Leonard, the former director of the Museum of Church History and
Art, to obtain the diameter of the musket ball that stuck John Taylor’s
watch. In that conversation, I discovered there was no evidence that a
musket ball struck the back of the watch. At this point I realized a much
more detailed and thorough account was needed.” Joseph L. Lyon and
David W. Lyon V 7Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail The discharged
militia members marched out of Carthage but returned later in the day. At
least sixty men3 stormed the jail, killing the Smith brothers and wounding
John Taylor and Willard Richards.4 Even though LDS witnesses described
the attackers as a group of Missourians and a mob,5 the murderers
belonged to a military organization, and evidence suggests they retained
their government-issued weapons when they returned to Carthage. Much
has been written of the assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,6 but
little attention has been paid to the crime scene in Carthage Jail. In this
article, we examine eyewitness accounts of the assault, the layout of the
crime scene, the physical evidence left in the jail, and the types of weapons
used and the wounds they inflicted. We hope to shed new light on this
tragic event and address previous misconceptions about what happened on
that fateful day. The Eyewitness Accounts John Taylor and Willard
Richards (figs. 3 and 4) both left written accounts of the events of the
martyrdom. Although there are many similarities, each account differs
slightly in the details (see table of similarities and differences on pages 46
and 47). 3. History of the Church, 7:143–45. 4. E. Cecil McGavin, Nauvoo
the Beautiful (Salt Lake City: Stevens and Wallis, 1946), 138–42. 5. Both
John Taylor and Willard Richards refer to the attackers as a mob and as
Missourians. Those who drove the Mormons from Far West, Missouri, in
1838 were state militia acting under the direction of their officers and the
governor. In the twenty-first century, the word mob is viewed as a
leaderless group acting on negative emotions. 6. For an examination of
early accounts, see Dean C. Jessee, “Return to Carthage: Writing the
History of Joseph Smith’s Martyrdom,” Journal of Mormon History 8
(1981): 3–19; Davis Bitton, “The Martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Early
Mormon Writings,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 3 (1983):
29–39; and Davis Bitton, The Martyrdom Remembered: A One-Hundred-
Fifty-Year Perspective on the Assassination of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake
City: Aspen Books, 1994). Fig. 2. Thomas Ford. Courtesy Church History
Library. 8 v BYU Studies Willard Richards. Written soon after the event,
Willard Richards’s account was published in the Times and Seasons on
August 1, 1844. “Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Taylor, and
myself, who were in the front chamber, closed the door of our room against
the entry at the head of the stairs, and placed ourselves against it, there
being no lock on the door, and no catch that was usable. “The door is a
common panel, and as soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball
was sent through the door, which passed between us, and showed that our
enemies were desperadoes, and we must change our position. “General
Joseph Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself sprang back to the front part of the
room, and General Hyrum Smith retreated two-thirds across the chamber
directly in front of and facing the door [figs. 5 & 6]. “A ball was sent
through the door which hit Hyrum on the side of his nose, when he fell
backwards, extended at length, without moving his feet. “From the holes in
his vest (the day was warm, and no one had his coat on but myself),
pantaloons, drawers, and shirt, it appears evident that a ball must have been
thrown from without, through the window, which entered Figs. 3 & 4.
Engraving of John Taylor and daguerreotype of Willard Richards. Both
men were in Carthage Jail with Joseph and Hyrum Smith on June 27, 1844.
Taylor, pictured here in an 1852 engraving, recorded his account in the late
1850s. Pictured here from a detail of a photograph by Charles R. Savage on
October 9, 1868, Richards wrote and published his eyewitness account
seven weeks after the Martyrdom. Courtesy Church History Library. V
9Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail his back on the right side, and passing
through, lodged against his watch, which was in his right vest pocket,
completely pulverizing the crystal and face, tearing off the hands and
mashing the whole body of the watch. At the same instant the ball from the
door entered his nose. “As he struck the floor he exclaimed emphatically, ‘I
am a dead man.’ Joseph looked towards him and responded, ‘Oh, dear
brother Hyrum!’ and opening the door two or three inches with his left
hand, discharged one barrel of a six shooter (pistol) at random in the entry,
from whence a ball grazed Hyrum’s breast, and entering his throat passed
into his head, while other muskets were aimed at him and some balls hit
him. “Joseph continued snapping his revolver round the casing of the door
into the space as before, three barrels of which missed fire, while Mr.
Taylor with a walking stick stood by his side and knocked down the
bayonets and muskets which were constantly discharging through the
doorway, while I stood by him, ready to lend any assistance, with another
stick, but could not come within striking distance without going directly
before the muzzle of the guns. “When the revolver failed, we had no more
firearms, and expected an immediate rush of the mob, and the doorway full
of muskets, half way in the room, and no hope but instant death from
within. “Mr. Taylor rushed into the window, which is some fifteen or
twenty feet from the ground. When his body was nearly on a balance, a ball
from the door within entered his leg, and a ball from without struck his
watch, a patent lever, in his vest pocket near the left breast, and smashed it
into ‘pie,’ leaving the hands standing at 5 o’clock, 16 minutes, and 26
seconds, the force of which ball threw him back on the floor, and he rolled
under the bed which stood by his side, where he lay motionless, the mob
from Figs. 5 & 6. Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Courtesy Church History
Library. 10 v BYU Studies the door continuing to fire upon him, cutting
away a piece of flesh from his left hip as large as a man’s hand, and were
hindered only by my knocking down their muzzles with a stick; while they
continued to reach their guns into the room, probably left handed, and
aimed their discharge so far round as almost to reach us in the corner of the
room to where we retreated and dodged, and then I recommenced the attack
with my stick. “Joseph attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same
window from whence Mr. Taylor fell, when two balls pierced him from the
door, and one entered his right breast from without, and he fell outward,
exclaiming, ‘Oh Lord, my God!’ As his feet went out of the window my
head went in, the balls whistling all around. He fell on his left side a dead
man. “At this instant the cry was raised, ‘He’s leaped the window!’ and the
mob on the stairs and in the entry ran out. “I withdrew from the window,
thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets, then around
General Joseph Smith’s body. “Not satisfied with this I again reached my
head out of the window, and watched some seconds to see if there were any
signs of life, regardless of my own, determined to see the end of him I
loved. Being fully satisfied that he was dead, with a hundred men near the
body and more coming round the corner of the jail, and expecting a return
to our room, I rushed towards the prison door, at the head of the stairs, and
through the entry from whence the firing had proceeded, to learn if the
doors into the prison were open. “When near the entry, Mr. Taylor called
out, ‘Take me.’ I pressed my way until I found all doors unbarred, returning
instantly, caught Mr. Taylor under my arm and rushed by the stairs into the
dungeon, or inner prison, stretched him on the floor and covered him with a
bed in such a manner as not likely to be perceived, expecting an immediate
return of the mob. “I said to Mr. Taylor, ‘This is a hard case to lay you on
the floor, but if your wounds are not fatal, I want you to live to tell the
story.’ I expected to be shot the next moment, and stood before the door
awaiting the onset.” 7 John Taylor. John Taylor’s account was written in the
late 1850s, over a decade after the martyrdom. He began, “I was sitting at
one of the front windows of the jail, when I saw a number of men, with
painted faces, coming around the corner of the jail, and aiming towards the
stairs. The other 7. History of the Church, 6:616–22. This source contains
two accounts, one written by the editor and the other by Willard Richards
titled “Two Minutes in Jail,” taken from Times and Seasons 5 (August 1,
1844): 598–99, a reprint from the Nauvoo Neighbor. V 11Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail brethren had seen the same, for, as I went to the
door, I found Brother Hyrum Smith and Dr. [Willard] Richards already
leaning against it. They both pressed against the door with their shoulders
to prevent its being opened, as the lock and latch were comparatively
useless. While in this position, the mob, who had come upstairs, and tried
to open the door, probably thought it was locked, and fired a ball through
the keyhole; at this Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head. At the same instant, another ball from
the outside entered his back, passing through his body and striking his
watch. The ball came from the back, through the jail window, opposite the
door, and must, from its range, have been fired from the Carthage Greys,
who were placed there ostensibly for our protection, as the balls from the
firearms, shot close by the jail, would have entered the ceiling, we being in
the second story, and there never was a time after that when Hyrum could
have received the latter wound. Immediately, when the ball struck him, he
fell flat on his back, crying as he fell, ‘I am a dead man!’ He never moved
afterwards. “I shall never forget the deep feeling of sympathy and regard
manifested in the countenance of Brother Joseph as he drew nigh to
Hyrum, and, leaning over him, exclaimed, ‘Oh! my poor, dear brother
Hyrum!’ [Joseph], however, instantly arose, and with a firm, quick step,
and a determined expression of countenance, approached the door, and
pulling the six-shooter left by Brother [Cyrus H.] Wheelock [fig. 7] from
his pocket, opened the door slightly, and snapped the pistol six successive
times; only three of the barrels, however, were discharged. I afterwards
understood that two or three were wounded by these discharges, two of
whom, I am informed, died. I had in my hands a large, strong hickory stick,
brought there by Brother [Stephen] Markham, and left by him, which I had
seized as soon as I saw the mob approach; and while Brother Joseph was
firing the pistol, I stood close behind him. As Fig. 7. Cyrus Wheelock.
Brother Wheelock loaned his pistol to Joseph Smith during a visit in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Church History Library. 12 v BYU Studies soon as
he had discharged it he stepped back, and I immediately took his place next
to the door, while he occupied the one I had done while he was shooting.
Brother Richards, at this time, had a knotty walking-stick in his hands
belonging to me, and stood next to Brother Joseph, a little farther from the
door, in an oblique direction, apparently to avoid the rake of the fire from
the door. The firing of Brother Joseph made our assailants pause for a
moment; very soon after, however, they pushed the door some distance
open, and protruded and discharged their guns into the room, when I
parried them off with my stick, giving another direction to the balls. . . .
“Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they were
unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs, until
the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles. . . . “After parrying the guns for some time, which now protruded
thicker and farther into the room, and seeing no hope of escape or
protection there, as we were now unarmed, it occurred to me that we might
have some friends outside, and that there might be some chance of escape
in that direction, but here there seemed to be none. As I expected them
every moment to rush into the room—nothing but extreme cowardice
having thus far kept them out—as the tumult and pressure increased,
without any other hope, I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing, and also exposed to the
fire of the Carthage Greys, who were stationed some ten or twelve rods off.
The weather was hot, we all of us had our coats off, and the window was
raised to admit air. As I reached the window, and was on the point of
leaping out, I was struck by a ball from the door about midway of my thigh,
which struck the bone, and flattened out almost to the size of a quarter of a
dollar, and then passed on through the fleshy part to within about half an
inch of the outside. I think some prominent nerve must have been severed
or injured for, as soon as the ball struck me, I fell like a bird when shot, or
an ox when struck by a butcher, and lost entirely and instantaneously all
power of action or locomotion. I fell upon the window-sill, and cried out, ‘I
am shot!’ Not possessing any power to move, I felt myself falling outside
of the window, but immediately I fell inside, from some, at that time,
unknown cause. When I struck the floor my animation seemed restored, as
I have seen it sometimes in squirrels and birds after being shot. As soon as I
felt the power of motion I crawled under the bed, which was in a corner of
the room, not far from the window where I received my wound. While on
my way and under the bed I was wounded in three other places; one ball
entered a little below the left knee, and never was extracted; another
entered the forepart of my left arm, a little above the wrist, and, V
13Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail passing down by the joint, lodged in
the fleshy part of my hand, about midway, a little above the upper joint of
my little finger; another struck me on the fleshy part of my left hip, and
tore away the flesh as large as my hand, dashing the mangled fragments of
flesh and blood against the wall. . . . “It would seem that immediately after
my attempt to leap out of the window, Joseph also did the same thing, of
which circumstance I have no knowledge only from information. The first
thing that I noticed was a cry that he had leaped out the window. A
cessation of firing followed, the mob rushed downstairs, and Dr. Richards
went to the window. Immediately afterward I saw the doctor going towards
the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals. . . . “Soon
afterwards I was taken to the head of the stairs and laid there, where I had a
full view of our beloved and now murdered brother, Hyrum. There he lay
as I had left him; he had not moved a limb.”8 Physical Features of the
Crime Scene Carthage Jail is a two-story stone building that faces south.
On the afternoon of June 27, 1844, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards had been allowed to move from the jail cells that
occupy the north end of the second floor to the jailer’s bedroom, which is
on the southeast side of the second floor of the building. Access to the
second floor is obtained through the jail’s front door on the west end of the
south wall, then up a steep, narrow staircase (fig. 8) built against the west
wall. At the head of the stairs, a platform begins and forms a hallway that
provides access to the bedroom on the right. We refer to this as a hallway,
although it has no wall on the north and 8. History of the Church, 7:102–7.
Fig. 8. Narrow stairway in the Carthage Jail. Photograph by Joseph Lynn
Lyon. 14 v BYU Studies west sides, but is bounded by a railing on the west
over the stairwell. We measured the distance from the jail’s west wall to the
wall that forms the west wall of the jailer’s bedroom as 97 inches. There is
a 3-inch space from the jail’s west wall to the stairs. The stairs are 35
inches wide, and there is a 15-inch space between the east edge of the stairs
and west edge of the platform that provides access to the bedroom. The
platform then runs along the east edge of the stairs to provide access to
both the bedroom and the attic. The bedroom door opening begins 26.25
inches from the inner north wall formed by the south wall of the dungeon.
The doorway opening is 33.5 inches wide. The hallway in front of the
bedroom door is 44 inches wide and is bounded on the east side by the
bedroom wall and on the west by a railing. The hall continues about 54
inches past the bedroom door to a door that provides access to the attic.
This door opening is 25.5 inches wide. A narrowed platform about 16
inches wide continues past this door to the south wall, ending in a 70-inch-
wide platform that looks down over the stairwell.9 The jailer’s bedroom is
15 feet 8.25 inches wide measured east to west by 15 feet 3.5 inches long
measured north to south. There are three windows, one facing east and two
facing south. The east window opening starts 74 inches from the north wall,
and this window, including its casing, is 45 inches wide. The windowsill is
24 inches wide. The wall that forms the west wall of the bedroom is made
of hand-split oak lath covered with plaster.10 Physical Evidence of the
Assassination The only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and
Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through
the door of the jailer’s bedroom (fig. 9).11 There were additional bullet
holes in 9. When standing on the platform looking north you will see the
jailer’s bedroom door to your right, the stairwell directly beneath you, the
north wall of the cells directly ahead, and the door that provides access to
the jail cells in front of you and to your left. Unless otherwise noted, all
measurements in this article were taken by the authors. 10. Joseph A.
McRae and Eunice H. McRae, Historical Facts regarding the Liberty and
Carthage Jails (Salt Lake City: privately published by the McRaes, 1954),
116. Page 119 has a picture of one of the interior walls of the jail
(unidentified as to which room) with the plaster stripped off to show the
laths. 11. We considered the possibility that the bedroom door may have
been a replacement for the original door and possibly the bullet hole and
bullet nicks were made at a later time; however, ample evidence negated
this. Seven of the eight doors in the jail (the exception being the front door)
are of the same wood, and all are handmade. The section of the door around
the latch with the partial V 15Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail the walls,
window casing, and ceilings of the bedroom, but these are no longer
present and must have been repaired by the mid-1860s. In 1866, the
Carthage Republican reported that in 1857 bullet holes were still visible in
the window casing of the east window, the walls, and the bedroom door,
but that by 1866 the damage, excepting the bullet holes in the door, had
been repaired. When the plaster was stripped from the walls during
remodeling in the late 1930s or 1940s, no musket balls were found in the
plaster and oak lath. Writing in 1885, James W. Woods, one of Joseph
Smith’s attorneys, claims to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the
walls of the room.12 bullet holes was removed sometime after the
martyrdom as a souvenir by a resident of Carthage. A Church missionary
couple sent to be caretakers of the jail in the 1930s, the McRaes, heard of
its existence and prevailed on the resident’s descendants to return it. The
piece of wood was restored to the door, and its grain matched that of the
surrounding door. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 99. Another item of
interest related to the bedroom door was not mentioned in other accounts
we found. On inspecting this door in June 1999, we found that a wedge of
wood had been crudely cut, probably with a knife blade from the inside top
edge of the door, a long time ago. The wedge was about twelve inches long
and an inch at the top then tapering downward. Perhaps a souvenir hunter
from many years ago thought the door historic enough to cut a good-sized
piece off it. 12. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 116; James W. Woods,
“The Mormon Prophet: A True Version of the Story of His Martyrdom;
Reminiscences of an Old Timer, Who Was Joe Smith’s Attorney,” Ottumwa
Democrat, May 13, 1885, reprinted in Journal History of the Church, June
27, 1844, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, Salt Lake City, microfilm copy Fig. 9. Bullet holes in bedroom door.
These holes are the only extant physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph
and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail. Notice that the second
hole on the side is in a piece of wood that was cut from the door by a
souvenir hunter but later returned by one of his descendants. Photograph by
John W. Welch. 16 v BYU Studies A drawing made by Frederick Piercy in
1853 of the west wall of the bedroom has five discrete holes, four above the
line of the window sills, and what appear to be two clusters of about three
to four holes.13 The holes below the level of the windowsill could not have
been fired into the room from outside. Only the four balls higher up could
have come from outside the room. The two clusters low down had to have
been made by someone standing in the room and firing into the west wall.
The accounts by Willard Richards and John Taylor do not mention musket
balls hitting the west wall of the bedroom. The door to the jailer’s bedroom
is a handmade panel whose style is known as the Christian door, about 0.5-
inch-thick panels that are flat on the hall side but raised on the bedroom
side. The door is hinged on the north side to swing into the room as one
enters from the platform. The door is made of hardwood, likely black
walnut. One of the two bullet holes is on the south edge of the door, 46.5
inches above the floor. This is a partial hole, occupying about 0.5 inches of
space, where a musket ball grazed the edge of the door.14 Even though it is
partial, the hole we measured is approximately 0.75 inches in diameter and
is angled downward and to the south. This bullet hole is in a piece of wood
that was cut out of the door by a souvenir hunter and returned by one of his
descendants.15 The cutout in the door starts 42.25 inches above the floor
and extends to 48 inches above the floor. The cutout is several inches above
the current doorknob. The grain and color of the wood in the cutout match
that of the door. The current door latch is an external, metal-box-type latch
mounted on the bedroom side of the door with a doorknob mounted on the
hall side of the door below the cutout piece of wood. In 1844, the door
likely in Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. James Woods
claimed to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the walls of the room.
However, his testimony of the actual martyrdom was unreliable in several
details. For example, Woods confused the two brothers, saying that Joseph
was wounded in the face and abdomen, but actually those were Hyrum’s
wounds. Woods did go to the bedroom and spend some time looking at it
and making a count of holes in the walls and ceilings. 13. Frederick
Hawkins Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, reprint,
ed. Fawn M. Brodie (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1962), illustration xvi. 14. John Taylor describes one ball
shot through the keyhole and another through the panel, striking Hyrum
Smith in the face. History of the Church, 7:102. 15. McRae and McRae,
Historical Facts, 98, 99. V 17Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail was held
shut by a simple metal latch near the location of this bullet hole.16 There is
no evidence of bullet holes in the doorjamb, nor is there evidence of a latch
plate being mounted there. The McRaes, a missionary couple sent by the
Church in the 1930s to be caretakers of the jail, noted that while the doors
were made of walnut, the door casings were made of oak. The couple also
reported that all the interior doors were original to the jail, but the front
door was a replacement.17 The second hole in the door is in an upper
panel, 10 inches from the south edge of the door and 51.75 inches above
the floor. This hole is circular on the corridor side of the door and
approximately 0.69 inches in diameter. There is a circular hole on the
bedroom side of the door of the same diameter, and pieces of wood have
been blown out of the wood panel above and below the exit hole. The type
of damage to the wood is compatible with that done when a high-velocity
ball exits from a hard substance such as dry wood and is called spalling.
Both holes are approximately 0.05 inches larger than the 0.64-inch
diameter of the ball fired by the U.S. Model 1795 and Model 1816 69-
caliber musket (the weapons most likely used in the attack). The soft lead
balls likely flattened slightly when hitting dried hardwood, or perhaps the
fingers and knives of many visitors over the years have expanded the holes
slightly. The pathway of the musket ball that made the hole in the door
panel was reconstructed using a laser pointer wedged into the bullet hole in
the door (figs. 10a and 10b). The ball was traveling in a downward
direction and was aimed slightly to the right (or toward the south side of
the room when the door was closed). If the door was closed when the
musket was fired, the ball would have struck the east wall just below the
east window, between 17 and 23 inches above the room’s floor.
Considering the bullet path and the length of the Model 1816 musket, the
butt of the musket would have been about 65.5 inches above the floor if the
muzzle was pressed against the door when fired. The Firearms The reports
of John Taylor and Willard Richards, both present in the room with Joseph
and Hyrum Smith, state that the attackers (members of the Warsaw Militia)
were armed with muskets, though John Taylor mentions that muskets and
rifles were fired through the door of the bedroom.18 In the early and mid-
nineteenth century, the federal government provided each state with U.S.
military firearms for use by local militias. The U.S. Model 1816 flintlock-
ignited musket (figs. 11 & 12) was the firearm most likely issued to the
militias of Hancock County, including those of Carthage, Warsaw, and
Nauvoo,19 though it was possible that some U.S. 18. History of the
Church, 6:616–22; 7:102–7. John Taylor’s comment appears in 7:103.
Unfortunately, he did not further amplify this statement. 19. When
Governor Ford came to Nauvoo the day Joseph and Hyrum Smith were
martyred, Ford told the assembled citizens that the large number of
privately owned firearms held by the Saints was a cause of prejudice
among their neighbors against them (see History of the Church, 6:623). We
believe the presence of these privately owned muskets was a decisive factor
in keeping the men in surrounding Figs. 11 & 12. A U.S. Model 1816
flintlock-ignited musket and a detail of the firing mechanism (top).
Photographs by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 20 v BYU Studies Model 1795 muskets
were also issued.20 The 1816 musket was made in much larger numbers
than the 1795 musket, and most 1795 muskets did not survive the War of
1812.21 The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were flintlock-ignited,
smoothbore weapons with a bore diameter of 0.69 inches or 69 caliber.22
Willard Richards says that during the attack the Carthage Greys, the
Carthage militia unit that was supposed to defend the prisoners, “elevated
their firelocks.”23 A “firelock” was another name for a flintlock musket.
The Model 1795 musket had an overall length of 59.5 inches, and the
Model 1816 musket was 57.5 inches long. The bayonet issued with both
muskets added an additional 16 inches to the overall length. As unlikely as
it seems, given the limited space within the jail, Willard Richards mentions
muskets with attached bayonets being thrust through the doorway into the
bedroom where the murders occurred. After Joseph Smith leaped from the
jail’s east communities from attacking Nauvoo at the time of the Smiths’
murders and in the weeks thereafter. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 114–15, 377.
20. An alternate explanation was that a 69-caliber pistol was used to shoot
through the door. This was also a possibility, but it was highly unlikely. The
United States made only a thousand Model 1816 flintlock pistols in 69
caliber, then changed to 54-caliber pistols, and by 1830 had produced about
thirty thousand pistols in this caliber. The thousand 69-caliber pistols were
sold as surplus with the adoption of the 54-caliber pistol, since musket
ammunition was not suitable for use in a pistol. Norm Flayderman,
Flayderman’s Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values, 9th
ed. (Iola, Wis: Gun Digest Books, 2007), 328–29. Neither Willard Richards
nor John Taylor mentions the mob being armed with or discharging pistols.
21. The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were made at the two U.S.
armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harpers Ferry, Virginia, as well
as by a number of independent gunmakers who received government
contracts. About 150,000 Model 1795 muskets and 675,000 Model 1816
muskets were manufactured between 1795 and 1840 at the two federal
arsenals; an additional 100,000 Model 1816 muskets were made by
government contractors. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide, 538–40, 553–
54. Midwest militia units were using the percussion-converted, smoothbore
Model 1816 muskets as late as 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant reported
exchanging about 60,000 smoothbore militia muskets for new, rifled,
Britishmanufactured muskets imported by the Confederacy after the fall of
Vicksburg in July 1863. Most of General Grant’s troops at Vicksburg were
raised in the Midwest, including Illinois, and were armed with muskets
supplied to the militia units of each state. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal
Memoirs, ed. Caleb Carr (New York: The Modern Library, 1999), 306. 22.
Caliber is a measurement of the diameter of the bore of a firearm measured
in hundredths of an inch; for example, a 69-caliber musket has a barrel with
an internal diameter of 0.69 inches. 23. History of the Church, 6:617. V
21Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail window, this eyewitness “withdrew
from the window, thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets,
then around General Joseph Smith’s body.”24 Because commercial
firearms did not provide an attachment for a bayonet, Willard Richards’s
account establishes that the men who killed Joseph Smith were armed with
military muskets and that some of the Warsaw Militia had mounted their
bayonets on their muskets preparatory to attacking the jail. The bore of the
Model 1795 and 1816 muskets had a metal tube with a smooth, 0.69-inch
inside diameter similar to that found on modern shotguns. A smoothbore
musket was faster to load than a musket with a rifled barrel because the
bullet did not have to be hammered down the barrel so the ball engaged the
riflings when exiting the barrel. The ball used with the 1795 and 1816
muskets had a diameter 0.05 inches smaller than 0.69 inches. Both muskets
were loaded from a rolled paper container called a cartridge. The cartridge
held the correct amount of gunpowder and a 0.64-inchdiameter lead ball
weighing 397.5 grains (or about nine-tenths of an ounce). The paper of the
cartridge also covered the ball and was designed to make up the 0.05-inch
difference in diameter between the barrel and the ball as it was rammed
down the barrel. Ammunition may have been supplied by the federal
government or manufactured locally from lead and gunpowder. To load the
firearm, the soldier leveled the musket and pulled the cock (a device on the
right side directly above the trigger that held a piece of flint in its jaws) to
the half-cocked position. He next removed a paper cartridge from a leather-
covered box on his belt, tore the bottom off with his teeth, poured part of
the powder into a pan on the right side of the musket, and closed a spring-
loaded lid called a frizzen over it. He raised the musket vertically, poured
the remainder of the powder (about 100 grains or about a quarter of an
ounce) down the barrel, and placed the musket ball that was still wrapped
and tied in the end of the cartridge paper in the musket’s muzzle (probably
giving the paper a little push to keep it from falling off the end of the
barrel). The soldier then withdrew the ramrod stored under the barrel and
rammed down the cartridge-paper-covered lead ball until it rested on top of
the powder charge. The musket was leveled again, and the cock was pulled
all the way back. Next, the musket was brought to the shoulder and the
trigger pulled. This released the cock, which swung forward driven by
spring tension, striking the flint on an upright, curved metal projection on
the frizzen, pushing the frizzen up, and showering sparks into the
gunpowder. The gunpowder in the pan was ignited by the sparks, and the
flame traveled via a hole on the side of the barrel to the 24. History of the
Church, 6:620–21. 22 v BYU Studies main charge of gunpowder. The
powder then ignited, and the gas generated from its ignition propelled the
lead ball down the barrel. Due to the smoothbore barrel and the use of a
round ball, the effective range of such muskets was about 100 yards. Both
the 1795 and 1816 muskets had a sight on the front barrel band only, and,
typical of all smoothbore muskets of the day, they were not very accurate.
(To achieve accurate fire from any handheld firearm, a sight at the front and
rear of the weapon is necessary to guarantee proper alignment of the barrel
when the weapon is discharged. With only a front sight, the barrel is only
pointed in the general direction of the target.) The military accepted this
limitation, viewing musket fire as covering an area occupied by enemy
troops with deadly lead balls, and so did not bother with the expense of
adding a rear sight. A smoothbore musket can best be compared to a
modern 12-gauge hunting shotgun (bore diameter 0.73 inches), but the
musket fired a large lead ball rather than many tiny balls (birdshot).25 The
Initial Assault With an understanding of the firearms, we can now analyze
the events of the assassination. The members of the Warsaw Militia rushed
the jail shortly after 5:00 p.m. on the afternoon of Thursday, June 27, 1844.
An eight-man squad from the Carthage Greys had been charged with the
defense of the jail. They were to provide the initial protection for the
prisoners against an attack, and, if one occurred, the squad would be joined
by the remainder of their company who were camped in the town square,
about 600 yards away. The Carthage militiamen who were guarding the jail
were reported to have been aware of the assassination plot and to have 25.
In 1843 and 1844, experiments were conducted to test the gunpowder being
produced at the Washington Arsenal using an 1816 musket loaded with 80
grains of black powder. Using a ballistic pendulum, the velocity of a 0.64-
inch lead ball at the musket’s muzzle was estimated at 1,500 feet per
second and the energy at the muzzle of 2,060 foot-pounds. Captain Alfred
Mordecai, “Experiments on Gunpowder Made at the Washington Arsenal in
1843 and 1844.” Copy in possession of John Spangler, Salt Lake City.
Modern black-powder loading manuals could not confirm this and
suggested muzzle velocities on the order of 1,000 to 1,200 feet per second
with an 80-grain powder charge. C. Kenneth Ramage, ed., Lyman Black
Powder Handbook, 12th ed. (Middletown, Conn: Lyman Publications,
1997), 142. Since there were no values given for a 69-caliber ball, we have
interpolated between the 58-caliber and the 75-caliber data. Cartridges
were also issued that contained a 0.64-inch ball and three 0.33-inch balls.
These cartridges were used primarily for guard duty and referred to as
“buck and ball.” There is no evidence that such were used by those who
killed the Smith brothers. V 23Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail agreed to
fire blanks (muskets loaded with powder held in place with cartridge paper
but without a lead ball) at the Warsaw Militia to make it appear as if they
had put up resistance.26 The accounts of John Taylor and Willard Richards
state that the guards did fire at the attackers, but without any effect. Besides
attempting to drive off the attackers, the shots from the guards at the jail
were to alert the remainder of the Greys to an attack so they could come to
the jail. John Taylor states that the Carthage Militia stood off 10 to 12 rods
(55 to 66 yards) and fired at the jail windows, suggesting the Greys were
trying to kill him and the other men in the room.27 Once the main body of
the Carthage Militia became aware of the attack, the attackers would have
had only a few minutes to murder Joseph Smith and make their escape. The
Warsaw militiamen charged through the front door of the jail, ran up the
stairs, and fired into the door leading to the prison cells at the immediate
head of the stairs.28 The staircase was narrow (35 inches) and steep (the
steps rise 8 inches), so the attackers likely had to mount it single file. The
attackers then confronted an unanticipated problem. The prisoners were not
in the cells with metal bars, where the men would have been easy targets,
but in a bedroom, which was accessible through a single wooden door.
Realizing that Joseph Smith was not in the prison cell at the head of the
stairs, the attackers turned to their right. Joseph and his companions had
closed the door to the jailer’s bedroom when they first heard shouts and
shots.29 Both Hyrum Smith and Willard Richards held the door shut. John
Taylor said the latch on the door was worthless and that he and others had
tried to repair it before the assassination.30 In the hands of inexperienced
troops, or under the pressure of a conflict, the muskets of the day could
take up to a minute to load. The men at the top of the stairs, having fired
into the prison cell at the head of the stairs, now had empty muskets, so it
was not possible to immediately fire through the bedroom door. This pause
gave the men in the bedroom time to better position themselves against the
door. 26. Woods, “Mormon Prophet”; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 2:279–81 (hereafter cited as
Comprehensive History). 27. History of the Church, 7:104. 28. History of
the Church, 6:619. The front door to the jail had been replaced sometime in
the past. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 120. 29. History of the
Church, 6:616; 7:102. 30. Comprehensive History, 2:284. 24 v BYU
Studies The two bullet holes through the bedroom door were evidence that
two muskets were fired into the door by the attackers. Willard Richards and
John Taylor both mention two shots being fired through the door. The first
shot was fired through the keyhole31 and the second through the upper
door panel on the south side. Based on the holes, the musket muzzles were
pointing at a downward angle and to the right (or south) when both holes
were made. The angle toward the south suggests the shots were fired by
men standing slightly to the north of the door opening. The buttstocks of
the muskets when making these holes would have been higher than the
shoulder height of the average man of that day (about 5 feet 6 inches) and
the butt being about 5 feet 5 inches above the floor. To reconstruct how this
might have happened, we measured a 44-inch space horizontally from a 33-
inch-wide door and used a bench to simulate the railing of the jail hallway.
Because of the length of the 1795 and 1816 muskets and the narrowness of
the hallway, a man could not have shouldered his musket in the normal way
(with the barrel parallel to the floor) and fired into the closed door when he
was standing in the hallway at the head of the stairs. However, as will be
discussed herein, lack of space was not an insurmountable obstacle. Two or
three attackers probably began pushing on the bedroom door; the narrow
space in front of the door and the width of the door (33.5 inches) made it
unlikely that more than three men could have stood and pushed. Inside the
room, two or three of the four men were holding the door,32 knowing their
lives depended on keeping it shut. There would have been a contest of
strength between the attackers and their intended victims. Some of the men
lower down on the stairs likely began passing up loaded muskets in
exchange for those already discharged. One of the militiamen probably
decided to drive the prisoners away from the door by firing his musket at
the door latch. The door was slightly open because the hole goes through
the hallway part of the door and cannot be seen from the bedroom side of
the door, nor is there evidence of damage to the oak doorjamb. To fire in
the space at the top of the stairs, a militiaman had to hold the musket above
his shoulder and absorb the recoil with his hand and arms. The recoil from
a musket held in this fashion would have been uncomfortable, but a shot at
such a position was possible. A second musket was probably passed up the
stairs and a second shot fired through the door panel. Because of the height
of the bullet hole and its downward angle, the firer of this shot must also
have stood in the 31. History of the Church, 7:102. 32. History of the
Church, 7:102. V 25Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail hallway, holding the
musket with the trigger guard above his shoulder, and absorbed the recoil
with his hands and wrists. Two factors help determine the number of men
who could push on the door and fire into the bedroom. First is the muzzle
blast, and second is the side blast from the muskets. The 69-caliber musket
ball is 0.05 inches smaller than the 0.69-inch bore diameter so it can be
rammed down the barrel of the musket and still be surrounded with a thin
sheet of paper to act as a block and better capture the force of the
expanding gases. When a smoothbore flintlock musket is fired, a cloud of
burning powder particles is thrown out in a circular pattern around the
musket ball. These particles move at over 1,000 feet per second and can
penetrate clothing or skin. During our tests, we fired into a piece of dried
walnut wood with a 69-caliber musket from point-blank range (fig. 13). We
also fired at pocket watches held in hand-sewn pockets, and the flame from
the hot gas generated by the burning powder set the cotton fabric on fire
with every shot (fig. 14). If one man were pushing on the door and a second
man next to him fired his musket with the muzzle near the door, the first
man would be sprayed with burning powder particles thrown out by the
discharge of the musket. The second factor is the risk of damaging a
neighbor’s eyes or setting his clothing on fire from the burning powder in
the musket’s side pan and the discharge from the musket’s touchhole when
the main powder charge is fired.33 When the powder in the pan is ignited,
burning powder particles are thrown out from the pan several inches. When
the powder in the pan ignites the powder charge in the barrel, there is a
lateral discharge over the pan, to a distance of five feet or more, of a tiny,
high-pressure jet of hot gas equivalent to the pressure driving the ball down
the barrel. This jet of hot gas can damage skin and eyes. The burning
powder and gas jet from the side of the musket meant the attackers could
not have stood too close to each other without risking burned clothes or eye
damage. One point that has not been addressed in previous studies of the
martyrdom is the amount of white smoke generated when black powder is
fired. The amount of white smoke is substantial and this was a major factor
in all battles fought with black-powder weapons; it probably was the reason
for the phrase “the fog of war.” The top of the stairs and the bedroom
would have become extremely smoky once repeated firing started. This 33.
While shooting one day Joseph Lyon was hit on left side of his face with
burning powder particles from a 54-caliber flintlock pistol that was fired
from about five feet to his left. It was quite painful even though the grains
of powder did not break the skin. Fig. 13. A piece of dried walnut with a
69-caliber musket fired from point blank range Shots through the Door Of
the first two shots fired into the room, Willard Richards’s account states,
“As soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the
door, which passed between us,” causing the men to spring back from the
door. He says a second “ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose.”34 John Taylor believes the first ball actually came
through the keyhole of the door, while the second entered through the door
panel itself.35 The accounts of Willard Richards and John Taylor declare
that the second ball struck Hyrum Smith. Both eyewitnesses say that
Hyrum Smith had stepped away from the door after the first musket ball
was fired and was then shot through the door by the second ball. John
Taylor explains, “Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head.”36 If Hyrum Smith were standing
fully erect to his 74-inch height37 as people tend to be when they leap
backward, the ball through the door at 51.75 inches height would have
struck him in the upper abdomen, not the face. Since the ball was traveling
downward, the farther he stepped back from the door, the lower on his torso
would have been the entrance wound. We believe the second musket ball,
shot through the upper panel of the door, was the ball that struck Hyrum
Smith on the left side of his face, but we believe this occurred while he was
still braced against the door, and his leap backward was a reaction to being
shot. Discrepancies between the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence necessitate additional commentary. Hyrum Smith’s left shoulder
likely was braced against the door when the second ball was fired through
the panel.38 That means his head must have been bent forward, with his
left cheek turned toward the door and his face parallel to the floor. The
musket ball struck the left side of his face, just 34. History of the Church,
6:619. 35. History of the Church, 7:102. 36. History of the Church, 6:617,
619; 7:102. 37. Pearson H. Corbett, Hyrum Smith: Patriarch (Salt Lake
City: Deseret Book, 1963), 86. 38. History of the Church, 7:102. 28 v BYU
Studies medial to the left eye, then exited from underneath his jaw to the
right of the midline. Others have misidentified the wound to the floor of his
mouth as an entrance wound rather than an exit wound.39 Had the wound
in his neck or in the floor of his mouth been an entrance wound, the ball
would have done extensive damage to the top of the skull. The photographs
of Hyrum Smith’s and Joseph Smith’s skulls made in 1928 show no
damage to the top of either skull.40 Also, identifying this wound as an exit
wound would explain the bloodstains on the right side of Hyrum Smith’s
clothes. A review by Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord of the clothing
Hyrum Smith was wearing at the time of the assassination found the
majority of bloodstains on the right front of the shirt, with a small amount
of blood on the shirtfront and a blood splatter on the left shoulder.41 The
current owner of the vest, Eldred G. Smith, said Hyrum Smith’s vest was so
blood soaked on the upper right side, that a triangular shaped piece of
fabric from the top and bottom of the right armhole extending to the right
lapel was cut out. It is our assumption that this fabric was also cut out to
remove the clothes from the body because rigor mortis had set in, and the
fabric was likely blood soaked, as was the shirt underneath it.42 The right
lapel of his vest was about 2 inches shorter than the left lapel because of the
removal of this wedge (fig. 15). Hyrum Smith’s shirt (a pullover) was split
up the front and down 39. History of the Church, 6:617; Shannon M. Tracy,
In Search of Joseph (Orem, Utah: Kenninghouse, 1995), 57. See also,
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury on the Carthage Tragedy,” Deseret Evening
News, September 12, 1890. 40. Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom,” unpublished draft manuscript in authors’
possession; Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43, 52–53. 41. Ord and Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” Photographs of the clothing are printed in
Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42. We had not noticed that the vest had
a large piece of fabric removed from the right side until Eldred Smith
pointed it out and told us he had stitched the fabric together to hide the
defect. Fig. 15. Hyrum Smith’s vest. Notice that a wedge of the material
was cut out, making the right lapel about 2 inches shorter. Eldred G. Smith
Family Collection. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V 29Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail the right arm to remove it from his body. This cut
in the fabric was sewn together when we inspected the shirt. The
bloodstains on the right front of the shirt were likely made by blood from
the exit wound on the floor of his mouth soaking through the front of the
vest and onto the shirt (see figs. 16 & 17). After Hyrum Smith was shot in
the face, he was also shot in his lower back and in both legs. His clothing
shows no evidence of bloodstains around these wounds, but the clothing
may have been washed, removing or reducing some of the stains.43 Since
Hyrum Smith fell on his back and did not move after he was shot,44 the
extensive bloodstains on his right sleeve could only have come from a
wound on the right side of his neck or the floor of his mouth. Wounds in
either of these places likely would have severed major blood vessels,
causing massive blood loss and resulting in less bleeding from the other
wounds. In further support of a downward-angled gunshot traversing
Hyrum Smith’s face and exiting from the right side of his neck we offer the
following evidence. The men who reburied Hyrum Smith’s body in fall
1844 reported, “It was found at this time that two of Hyrum Smith’s teeth
had fallen into the inside of his mouth, supposed to have been done by a
ball at the time of the martyrdom, but which was not discovered at the time
he was laid out, in consequence of his jaws being tied up.”45 A musket ball
that struck the left side of his face and traveled downward would have
knocked 43. Joseph L. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket Watch,”
notes on a visit with Eldred G. Smith, Salt Lake City, April 26, 1999, in
authors’ possession. 44. History of the Church, 6:619; 7:102, 107. 45.
History of the Church, 6:629. A musket ball shot through the floor of the
mouth would have passed upward through the hard palate, through the
bottom of the skull, and into the brain. The short distance between the
hallway and Hyrum Smith’s body means the ball would have passed though
the top of the skull, shattering it. In the pictures of the Smith brothers’
skulls taken in January 1928 at the time of their reburial, there was no
evidence of fractures to the top or back of either skull. Compare with Tracy,
In Search of Joseph, 52, 53. Figs. 16 & 17. The shirt and trousers Hyrum
Smith wore the day he was murdered. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection.
Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 30 v BYU Studies out two or more of
the left upper molars. These molars were undoubtedly being held in place
by the mucous membrane lining of his mouth and attached at one end to the
fragment of his upper jaw when he was first buried. By the time his body
was viewed again three months after his death, the mucous membrane
would have decomposed, and the two left upper molars would have
dropped into his mouth. We inspected a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask
at the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City (fig. 18). The
mask showed that Hyrum Smith’s left cheekbone was depressed about 2
millimeters compared to the right cheekbone. This depression appeared
only on the left side of his face and extended over that area from the left
side of his nose to the left side of the mask. The most likely cause of such a
depression is a fracture of the left maxillary bone. We also obtained access
to a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask owned by Grant Fairbanks, a Salt
Lake City plastic surgeon.46 The wound to the left side of Hyrum Smith’s
face was 1 inch to the left of the midline of his face and was plugged with
cotton when the mask was made, thus stretching the skin around the
wound. The cotton had been pushed toward Hyrum Smith’s nose when the
mask was 46. Joseph L. Lyon, “Cast of Hyrum Smith’s Death Mask,” notes
of a meeting with Grant Fairbanks, M.D., April 25, 1999, copy in authors’
possession. Fig. 18. Deathmasks of Hyrum Smith (left) and Joseph Smith
(right). Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V 31Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail Effect of an 1816 Musket Ball on a Simulated
Human Skull John Spangler, a collector of historic military firearms, and
Joseph L. Lyon, one of the authors, performed an experiment to estimate
the damage done to a skull by a 69-caliber musket ball when fired through
a piece of hardwood similar to the door at Carthage Jail.1 We obtained an
artificial skull made of a synthetic material and used in training
neurosurgery residents to cut out sections of bone from the human skull.2
We used a rectangular box made of 0.75-inch pine boards to hold a
hardwood board and the skull. The skull sat on a wadded newspaper at the
back of the box behind a piece of well-dried, 0.8-inch-thick black walnut
board, held in place by half-inch wood cleats at the bottom and the middle.
The black walnut wood was likely similar to the wood used in the door of
the jailer’s bedroom. Our goal was to replicate the amount of resistance to a
musket ball that the bedroom door would have offered. The skull was
positioned on its side with the back lifted up so the ball would pass through
the walnut, strike the skull over the left maxilla just under the left eye, and
exit without striking the bones forming the floor of the cranium. We used a
397-grain, 0.64-inch musket ball. We propelled the ball with 75 grains of
commercially available rifle grade black powder, the same type used in
Model 1795 and 1816 military muskets. This load was less than the 80- to
100-grain load typically used in U.S. muskets because the age of the
firearm made us reluctant to use the full powder charge. But our purpose
was to determine if a musket ball fired through a piece of hardwood had
sufficient energy to fracture the maxillary bones of the human skull. The
ball was fired in a 69-caliber Model 1816 musket, converted to percussion-
cap ignition for use in the Civil War.3 (continued) 1. Notes describing test
of firepower of a Model 1816 musket, conducted by John Spangler and
authors, May 12, 2001, copy in authors’ possession. 2. Even though it
duplicated the hardness of the human skull, including the thickness and
resistance to breaking, this imitation did not replicate some of the finer
details of a human skull. 3. A flintlock-ignited musket was not available to
the authors for this experiment. A percussion-cap-ignited musket, the next
32 v BYU Studies The musket was discharged about 2 inches from the
walnut board. The force of the ball striking the skull knocked the left
maxilla and the base of the right maxilla off the skull and threw them about
15 feet from the box. Had this been the skull of a living person, the
overlying soft tissue (skin, muscles, fascia) would have prevented the
maxillae from being blown off the skull. However, we concluded that after
being fired through a piece of dried walnut a musket ball still had sufficient
force to fracture the maxillary bones. We also wanted to determine what the
effect would be if the musket ball had been moving parallel to the floor and
struck the back of Hyrum Smith’s skull as the eyewitness accounts suggest.
We repositioned the skull so it faced another walnut panel and was parallel
to the bottom of the box. Using the same powder charge, we fired another
ball through the walnut board into the right maxilla, medial and slightly
below the right eye socket. The musket barrel was parallel to the floor of
the box when discharged and was about 1 inch from the walnut board. The
musket ball created a fracture of the skull that extended from the point of
entry diagonally across the bridge of the nose and then upward 7 inches
into the left frontal bone. Much of the right side of the face, including the
right eye socket, maxilla, temporal bone, half the right parietal bone, and
the entire occipital bone were fractured, pulverized, or blown off the skull.
The entire occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull, about 4 inches
long by 3.5 inches wide, was blown to small fragments, leaving a massive
exit wound. We concluded that if Hyrum Smith had been struck by a ball
from a 69-caliber musket fired through the door that then traversed his
skull parallel to the floor, it would have left a massive exit wound at the
back of his skull. However, neither eyewitness account mentions such a
wound nor was such a wound evident when his skull was exhumed and
photographed in 1928. best alternative, was used instead. The difference in
muzzle energy between a flintlock-ignited musket and a percussion-cap-
ignited musket was negligible, so the results of the experiment would have
been similar regardless of which weapon was used. V 33Physical Evidence
at Carthage Jail made, exposing the outer edge of the bullet hole. The
diameter of the hole was 0.7 inches, consistent with a wound inflicted by a
69-caliber musket ball. We also confirmed this dimension with the mask at
the museum. The pictures of Hyrum Smith’s skull taken in January 1928,
just before his final interment, showed that the left and right upper
jawbones and nasal bones were missing from his skull and that the bone
edges were rounded, suggesting they had been exposed to the elements for
a long time.47 These missing bones from Hyrum Smith’s skull undoubtedly
were fractured by the force of the musket ball that struck him just below his
left eye. As the overlying tissue decayed, the bones fell away and were lost
when the skeletal remains were exhumed. The photographs of his skull also
showed no evidence of damage to the occipital (back) area of the skull.48
This was the area where a musket ball traveling parallel (or almost parallel)
to the long axis of his body would have struck if he were shot while
standing erect. A downward-angled wound through the skull also resolved
one physically impossible aspect of the eyewitness accounts of Hyrum
Smith’s death. Both report Hyrum Smith as saying immediately after he
was shot in the face, “I am a dead man!” and then falling backward on the
floor.49 If he were standing erect (6 feet 2 inches) with his face vertical to
the floor when struck by the musket ball, as the accounts of Willard
Richards and John Taylor suggest, the ball would have struck his brain
stem (medulla oblongata) at the base of his brain. The brain stem controls
speech, respiration, and all muscular movements. Any damage to this vital
part would have rendered him instantly speechless and paralyzed all
muscles, making a verbal statement impossible. But if his face were tilted
forward, parallel to the floor, the musket ball would have severed the
arteries in the floor of his mouth and exited on the right side of the neck,
under the jawbone. He would have had difficulty speaking from the injury
to his 47. Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43. 48. The skull we have
identified as Hyrum Smith’s was originally identified as Joseph Smith’s.
Shannon Tracy asserted that the skulls of the Smith brothers were
misidentified when they were reburied in 1928 by the Reorganized Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ). We
concur with this assertion. The skull identified by the excavators as Hyrum
Smith’s had no hole in the left maxilla, but a small defect to the right
maxilla. The skull identified as Joseph Smith’s was missing the bones of
the nose, the floor of the mouth, the frontal sinuses and upper jaws. This
would be consistent with a traumatic fracture to these structures such as
that caused by a 69-caliber musket ball striking the left maxilla. Tracy, In
Search of Joseph, 48–60. 49. History of the Church, 7:102; 6:620. 34 v
BYU Studies tongue, but it would have been possible before blood loss led
to unconsciousness and death. To test whether a 6-foot-2-inch man bracing
against a door would have been hit in the face by a shot fired 51.75 inches
above the floor, we enlisted the aid of a man of that height and had him
brace himself against a door opening to his right. If he braced with his left
shoulder and turned his head to the right, his face was between 49 and 54
inches above the floor. Retaliation When Hyrum Smith fell to the floor, the
attackers pushed the door partly open. After seeing his brother mortally
wounded, Joseph Smith responded to the murderers. Because of the
continual death threats he had received by the various militia units in
Carthage and overheard by many Mormons present, he had been given a
six-barreled, percussion-capignited, Allen “pepper box” revolver earlier in
the day by Cyrus H. Wheelock for protection.50 Designed to be carried in a
pocket, these pistols were produced in three calibers: 28, 31, and 36.51
Common sense dictates that Joseph Smith probably waited until the
attackers had fired a volley into the room. Then standing on the right side
of the partly open door to protect himself and holding the revolver around
the door, he would have pulled the trigger six times.52 Three of the six
barrels were fired. The balls from the pistol struck three men, two in the
upper arm and a third in the face. None of these wounds was immediately
fatal, though one of the men was said to have died later from the injuries.53
The wounded men would have had to walk or have been carried down the
stairs. Because of the narrow hallway and stairs, this likely caused a lull in
the firing. During this short lull, the men in the room probably tried to
rectify the problem that caused three barrels to misfire, but no evidence
suggests they were successful. 50. History of the Church, 6:617, 620;
7:102–3. Writing about Joseph Smith’s assassination for Atlantic Monthly
in 1869, John Hay, who knew many of the attackers personally, reflected
their anger that the victims were armed and blamed the “Jack Mormon”
sheriff of Hancock County, Miner Deming, for allowing the prisoners to
have firearms. John Hay, “The Mormon Prophet’s Tragedy,” Atlantic
Monthly 24 (December 1869): 676. 51. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide,
56–57. 52. History of the Church, 6:620; 7:103. 53. History of the Church,
7:103. B. H. Roberts quoted John Hay, who said that four men were
wounded and that three of the wounds were in the upper arms and one in
the face. One man was said to have died at a later time from an arm wound.
See Comprehensive History, 2:285 n. 19. V 35Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail However, this firing by Joseph Smith produced enough fear
to restrain the attackers from immediately rushing through the door and
killing everyone in the room. Records show that Hyrum Smith was also
armed with a single-shot pistol given to the prisoners for their defense by
John S. Fullmer.54 This pistol was not fired during the attack, but it is now
in the possession of the Church Museum of History and Art along with the
one Joseph Smith fired (see fig. 19). When Joseph Smith’s pistol was
empty, the only defense left to the men in the room was their walking
sticks. Undoubtedly, both John Taylor and Willard Richards put pressure on
the door to prevent it from being pushed open completely, and both report
striking at the musket barrels with their canes to deflect the bullets
downward.55 Since Willard Richards, John Taylor, and Joseph Smith were
still trying to push the door shut after it was partially forced open, at least
one of the attackers would have had to continue pushing on the door, while
others fired around him. That man might have resisted the prisoners’ efforts
by holding a musket butt in the space between the doorjamb and the door.
54. History of the Church, 6:607–8. 55. History of the Church, 7:103–4.
Fig. 19. Pistols given to Joseph and Hyrum Smith while they were in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Richard Neitzel Holzapfel. 36 v BYU Studies The
attackers did not hit anyone in the northwest corner of the room. This
suggests that the door and the narrow hallway blocked those trying to shoot
into this corner of the room. As the frequency of musket fire increased,
John Taylor left the temporary safety of the door and ran to a window; he
says he did this to look for friends and to escape.56 Perhaps he also hoped
to draw the attackers away from Joseph Smith and be mistaken for him.
John Taylor undoubtedly waited until immediately after a volley was fired,
which would have given him a few precious seconds before musket fire
resumed—otherwise he never would have reached the window without
being shot. This action required considerable courage because the door had
been forced partly open and the south and east windows were visible to the
men firing from the hallway. John Taylor reached the window, then turned
the left side of his body to the bedroom door before mounting the
windowsill. While in this position, he was shot from the doorway in the left
thigh and fell to the floor. He lost all control over his muscles and fell limp
for a brief period.57 Although John Taylor believed he started to pitch
headfirst out the window and was saved only when a musket ball struck his
watch (fig. 20), Neil and Gayle Ord have established—based on the linear
dents in the back of the watch—that his watch was not hit by a musket ball,
rather the watch broke as he fell across the edge of the windowsill before
falling to the floor.58 John Taylor then regained muscle control and
crawled or rolled under the bed in the southeast corner of the room.59
While making his way toward the bed, he was shot from the door three
more times. The fact that he was shot once in the thigh, fell to the floor, lay
still for a few seconds without being shot again immediately, and then
started crawling toward the bed before being 56. History of the Church,
7:104. 57. History of the Church, 7:104–5. 58. Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” 59. History of the Church,
6:620. Fig. 20. John Taylor’s pocket watch, which probably broke as he fell
on the window sill. Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V
37Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail shot three more times suggest that the
attackers were firing volleys of two to three muskets every twenty to thirty
seconds.60 The men at the door probably knew what Joseph Smith looked
like and that the man they had just wounded was not the man they sought.
Joseph Smith must have realized that the attackers’ fear of another firearm
in the room would soon diminish, and they would shortly burst into the
room and kill him and Willard Richards. Joseph Smith probably then
decided he might be able to save Willard Richards’s life by moving into the
line of fire and attempting to jump from the east window, which was the
nearest window to Joseph Smith’s haven in the northwest corner of the
room. This action would draw the attackers outside. He would have timed
his run to the east window immediately after a discharge of muskets from
the door, knowing it took several seconds to replace the fired muskets. This
pause would have given him a few seconds free from musket fire. He
reached the east window and must have had his legs part way out when, as
reported by Willard Richards, he was shot two times from the door and
once by someone outside the jail. 60. In our minds, John Taylor’s account
is subject to two interpretations concerning the window to which he ran.
His 1856 account said, “I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing.” History of the Church,
7:104. The south window in the bedroom looks down on the front door of
the jail, and there were people standing in front of that door. John Taylor’s
use of the words “jail door” could also refer to the door to the jailer’s
bedroom, but he refers to the bedroom door simply as “the door” adding no
modifier in the other parts of his account. He does use the words “jail door”
once again in his account: “Immediately afterwards I saw the doctor going
toward the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals.” Here, John Taylor
uses “jail door” to mean the entrance into the iron-barred cells on the north
end of the second floor. B. H. Roberts wrote, “[John Taylor] rolled under
the bed, which was at the right of the window in the south-east corner of
the room.” History of the Church, 6:618. Willard Richards adds, “Joseph
attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence Mr.
Taylor fell.” Willard Richards’s account was written closer to the event, so
the east window is most likely, but it presents a problem. To reach the
relative safety under the bed, John Taylor would have had to crawl
backward, facing the door and dragging his already wounded left leg. This
would have been much more difficult than crawling forward if he was
wounded by the south window. We know this because he was again
wounded in his left arm, hip, and leg before reaching the bed, so his left
side had to be facing the bedroom door. 38 v BYU Studies The men who
prepared Joseph Smith’s body for burial reported a wound to the lower
abdomen and another wound to the right hip. (This wound may have been
an exit wound from the abdominal wound, but it is impossible to tell from
their description.) The men also reported a wound to the right breast, a
wound under the heart, and a wound in the right shoulder near the neck.
The coroner’s jury mentions two wounds, one to the right side of the chest
and one in the right neck near the shoulder, but the jury mentioned only
some of the wounds to both bodies.61 Willard Richards’s account says
Joseph Smith was shot twice from the door and once from below. We think
it most likely that Joseph Smith had turned the right side of his body
toward the door and was trying to get his left leg out the window when he
was first shot and that these shots came from the doorway. When John
Taylor was shot, he fell back into the room, but Joseph Smith’s upper body
must have been very near the window opening, and the shots from the door
likely caused him to fall out the window rather than back into the room. We
think the wound on his left side under his heart came from someone
standing below the east window. The shot would have been fired at an
upward angle. The ball would have been traveling upward and likely
traversed his chest cavity, exiting in the area above the right collarbone
near the right shoulder. The pathway of a musket ball fired at this angle
would have struck his heart and/or the great vessels associated with it. Such
a shot would have been immediately fatal. He then fell through the open
window to the ground below. It could not have taken Joseph Smith more
than twenty seconds to cross the room, mount the wide windowsill, and get
his left leg part way out the window. This again gives us an estimate of the
time it took the attackers to pass loaded muskets to those firing through the
door. Joseph Smith’s final act of self-sacrifice ensured that there were two
friendly eyewitnesses to the murders. Situation in the Hallway Reloading
their weapons would have been a difficult task for the men in the hallway.
To reload a flintlock musket required about 62 to 64 inches of space. The
leveled musket occupied 42 to 44 inches of space in front of the loader,
while the person occupied the remaining 20 inches. Soldiers performed
drills to load and fire their muskets rapidly with the claim that 61.
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury.” For example, only two of Hyrum Smith’s
six wounds are mentioned. V 39Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail well-
drilled troops could fire three shots per minute,62 but the narrow hallway in
front of the bedroom door would have restricted movement and slowed
down this process. The length of the floor in front of the door was 3 feet 8
inches wide in front of the door; the distance from the cellblock south wall
to the door was 2 feet 2.5 inches, with the door adding another 2 feet 9.5
inches and the width to the stair railing 3 feet 8 inches. John Taylor
reported more and more muskets being pressed into the room and attributed
this to men on the stairs pushing those in front of them into the room.63
Given the space limitations of the hallway and the danger of standing close
to the side of a flintlock musket, we think a more likely explanation was
that the men standing on the stairs and outside the front door of the jail
passed their loaded muskets up the stairs to the small number of men
closest to the bedroom door, who then fired into the room. Afterward, the
fired muskets were passed down the stairs in exchange for loaded muskets.
This type of reloading was common when muskets were muzzle loaded on
battlefields. The process would have shortened the time interval between
the musket volleys and given the impression that more men were standing
in front of the door. A 69-caliber musket ball fired through the door would
have had sufficient energy to severely wound or kill anyone on the other
side of the door; yet only two shots were fired through the door. Since the
door was being held firmly shut, the simplest course of action for the
attackers would have been to fire multiple times through the door, killing or
wounding anyone attempting to hold it closed. The fact that only two balls
were fired through the solid part of the door confirm the eyewitness
accounts that the attackers were able to force the door partly open quickly
and then begin firing into the room.64 The southeast corner where the bed
was located would have been the one first exposed, then the area on the
south wall over the 62. Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army (College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 92–94; Ernest F. Fisher Jr.,
“Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence upon the
Organization and Tactics in the American Army, 1775–1963,” unpublished
manuscript, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1963, File 2-3.7, AB.Z,
U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH), Washington, D.C. A
summary can be found at http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/
Antietam/Small_Arms.htm. 63. History of the Church, 7:103. John Taylor
states, “Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they
were unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs,
until the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles.” He did not further define the use of the word rifle. 64. History of the
Church, 6:619–20; 7:102–4. 40 v BYU Studies front door to the jail. As the
door was forced further open, the east wall would have been exposed. Once
committed to this course of action, the attackers continued firing into the
room, pushing the door farther and farther open, trying to reach the
northwest corner where they knew Joseph Smith was. The unpleasant
surprise of finding the prisoners armed undoubtedly caused the attackers to
remain in the hallway and try to kill those in the room without exposing
themselves. We believe three men were the maximum that could have fired
into the room with any degree of personal safety. This assertion is based on
the space at the head of the stairs and the hazards to those standing nearby
when a flintlock was fired. Our belief is supported by the number of men
Joseph Smith is said to have wounded and by the wounds to John Taylor
and Joseph Smith. John Taylor received a wound in the thigh, fell to the
floor and lay there briefly, then crawled toward the bed in the southeast
corner of the room, where he received three more wounds. Joseph Smith’s
wounds suggest that he was shot two or three times from men at the
bedroom door, while one shot was believed to have been fired by someone
standing under the window. This suggests that shots were coming from the
door in twos and threes with a pause of several seconds between them.
Some of the attackers may have positioned themselves in the short space to
the south of the door. These men would have had the best angle to shoot
toward the northwest corner of the room, but the width of the platform
would have made it impossible to aim their muskets into the room without
thrusting the muzzles partway through the doorway and running the risk of
having the barrels knocked down. Willard Richards comments that as the
door was pushed farther open, musket barrels protruded into the room
about half their length (roughly 2.4 feet).65 Based on the evidence from the
wounds received by those in the room, the accuracy of those firing into the
room was poor, despite the 15-foot maximum range. The initial wounds
John Taylor and Joseph Smith received were not immediately fatal and in
John Taylor’s case not fatal at all. John Taylor’s initial wound was in his
thigh. Joseph Smith’s initial wounds were in his upper thigh/lower
abdomen.66 This suggests problems in aiming the muskets, difficulty with
visibility, and an inability to hold the muskets steady in the cramped space
at the top of the stairs. 65. History of the Church, 6:620. 66. History of the
Church, 6:620, 627; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147–48; Jessee, “Return to Carthage,” 17 n. 30. V
41Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail In addition, the musket barrels were
being vigorously deflected downward by the canes of John Taylor and
Willard Richards. Wounds Received Willard Richards made three reports
about the Smiths’ wounds. The first was in his June 27, 1844, recital for the
Times and Seasons, “Two Minutes in Jail.” The second was in a letter to
Brigham Young three days later, on June 30.67 The third was in a letter to
the Saints in England, dated July 9, 1844.68 Willard Richards reported six
wounds in Hyrum Smith’s body. These were as follows: (1) a wound to left
of his nose; (2) a wound under his chin to the right of the midline (which
we believe was an exit wound for the ball that struck the left side of his
face); (3) a wound through his lower back without an exit wound at the
front of his abdomen, but with sufficient force to shatter the watch in his
vest pocket; (4) a graze wound to his breast bone; (5) a wound just below
the left knee; and (6) a wound to the back of the right thigh. Four of these
wounds were confirmed by defects found in Hyrum Smith’s clothing.69
Joseph Smith was shot through the right upper thigh, right lower abdomen,
right breast, right shoulder near the neck, and under his heart— with a
likely exit wound behind the right clavicle. The wound in his right hip and
shoulder may have been exit wounds. Unfortunately, none of his clothes
have survived. Several accounts claim that Joseph Smith’s body was
propped against the well and that he was shot in the chest by four of the
militia acting under 67. History of the Church, 6:619–20, 627; Willard
Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in History of the Church,
7:147. 68. Willard Richards and John Taylor to Elder Reuben Hedlock and
the Saints in the British Empire, July 9, 1844, in Journal History. 69.
History of the Church, 6:619–20. The clothes Hyrum Smith was wearing
when he was shot are in the possession of his great-grandson Eldred G.
Smith. There was an entrance hole through the left trouser leg, another hole
through the back of the right trouser leg, and a hole through the back of the
right side of his vest, pants, and shirt. The right edge of the front of the vest
had also lost an irregular section of fabric approximately two inches wide
by three inches long. The defect in the vest was larger at the top and came
to a point at the bottom. It had been stated that this defect was made by a
musket ball that struck Hyrum Smith’s chest and then continued into the
floor of his mouth. But the defect in the fabric was broad at the top, coming
to a point at the bottom, instead suggesting it was made by a musket ball
exiting the skull and tearing the fabric from the top downward. The lack of
damage to the top of the skull also suggested the damage to the fabric was
made by an exiting musket ball. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket
Watch.” See also Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42 v BYU Studies the
direction of Colonel Levi Williams.70 Another account claims one of the
Warsaw militiamen drove a bayonet through his body and left him
transfixed to the well casing.71 None of the wounds reported by Willard
Richards to Brigham Young supports these stories.72 John Taylor was shot
first through his left thigh, then, several seconds later while making his way
to the bed, he was hit in his left leg below the knee, in his left forearm, and
in his left hip.73 He also believed he had been hit in the abdomen by a ball
from outside the window that shattered his watch, but Neil and Gayle Ord
have established that the watch was not hit by a musket ball but rather was
shattered when John Taylor fell against the windowsill after being shot
from the door.74 Willard Richards’s left earlobe was grazed by a musket
ball.75 The musket balls fired from the hallway—and that struck the four
occupants of the room—total at least thirteen: Hyrum Smith, five; John
Taylor, four; Willard Richards, one; Joseph Smith, three or possibly four.
One account written forty-one years after the martyrdom claims there were
thirty-five holes in the walls.76 Given the number of wounds received by
those in the room and the account by Wood, we think it likely that
somewhere between forty-five and fifty-five musket balls were fired into
the room. Since it was probable that no more than three men were able to
fire into the room at any given time, they would have had to reload or
receive loaded muskets up to eighteen times to inflict the damage
catalogued here. Willard Richards titled one of his reports of the
martyrdom “Two Minutes in Jail.” We think the actual time was longer,
perhaps as long as nine minutes. First, it would have taken twenty to thirty
seconds to exchange muskets with those firing, and with only three men
able to fire 70. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 50. 71. Woods, “Mormon
Prophet.” 72. Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147. The wounds reported by Willard Richards in
Joseph Smith’s body do not support the story that he was propped up
against the well and shot by a firing party of four men after he fell to the
ground. Willard Richards counted four wounds in Joseph Smith’s body, two
of them in the chest. Both of the chest wounds are believed to have
occurred when Joseph Smith was trying to jump from the window. The
wound Willard Richards mentioned above Joseph Smith’s clavicle probably
was an exit wound; had he been shot after falling to the ground, we would
expect Richards to have found three or four more chest wounds. 73.
History of the Church, 6:618; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30,
1844, in History of the Church, 7:147. 74. History of the Church, 7:104;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom”; Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47.
75. History of the Church, 6:619. 76. Woods, “Mormon Prophet.” V
43Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail into the room and between forty-five
and fifty-five shots fired into the room at an interval of between twenty and
thirty seconds, it would have taken between five and nine minutes to fire
into the bedroom that many times. Second, the attackers were also
confronted with two unexpected developments: the intended victims were
not in the jail cells and they were armed. Remember, the men in the room
wounded at least three of the attackers. All of this increased the time it took
to complete their murder of Joseph Smith. Wound to Hyrum Smith’s Lower
Back The most perplexing physical aspect of the assassinations was the
wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back. We can reconstruct the wound from
his clothes. The ball entered the lower part of his back on the right side,
about 47 inches from his trouser cuff. The ball then traversed his abdomen,
striking the pocket watch in his right vest pocket with sufficient energy to
smash the crystal and the ceramic face of his watch, but the ball did not
penetrate the skin of the abdominal wall. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards claim the ball that produced this wound came through the open
east window.77 John Taylor believes a member of the Carthage Greys fired
the shot. This was possible, yet it was just as likely that a member of the
Warsaw Militia fired the shot. We explored the possibility the shot came in
through the window from two perspectives: a shot from a tree and a shot
from the ground. A drawing made by Frederick Piercy on site in 1853 and
published in 1855, eleven years after the martyrdom, shows a tree on the
southeast corner of the jail lot. However, this tree was too far to the
southeast to provide a pathway to the bedroom where Hyrum Smith was
standing. A second tree was in line with the east window but was too small
to support the weight of a man.78 This left the possibility of a shot from the
ground. We calculated the distance from the jail a shooter would have
required to hit Hyrum Smith in the lower back. If the bullet pathway
increased 1 inch from the back to the front of his body, assuming a standard
10-inch-body thickness, then a musket would have to have been fired from
32 yards away. If the rise on the 77. History of the Church, 7:102; History
of the Church, 6:617, 619–20. 78. Comprehensive History, 2:256; Piercy,
Route from Liverpool, illustration xv. No trees are evident in a woodcut
published in William M. Daniels, A Correct Account of the Murder of
Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith at Carthage, on the 7th Day of June;
18 by Wm. M. Daniels, an Eye Witness (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor,
1845), nor in an engraved version of the image in a later publication. See
the illustration in Leonard, Nauvoo, 393. 44 v BYU Studies bullet is
reduced to half an inch, the distance would increase to 64 yards, and if
dropped to 0.25 inches, the distance would lengthen to 128 yards. We stood
outside Carthage Jail about 25 yards from the jailer’s bedroom door on
June 16, 1999, at about 4:20 p.m. (CDT or 5:20 p.m. CST), approximately
the same time as the assassinations likely occurred and eleven days earlier
in the year. The day was sunny, as it was in 1844. The sun shone above the
roofline of the jail, and the east window was in shadow. We could not see
individuals in white shirts standing in the jailer’s bedroom unless they
stood at the windowsill. Considering these circumstances and the poor
accuracy of a smoothbore military musket, we concluded that if a shot from
the ground hit Hyrum Smith, then it was not an aimed shot, rather one that
found its mark by chance. We also concluded that either the ball came from
some distance away or that Hyrum Smith’s skin absorbed a substantial
amount of energy. The skin is the most elastic organ in the body and when
struck from within will stretch outward considerably. Even a bullet from
modern firearms will stretch the skin outward several inches. The damage
to Hyrum Smith’s watch was sufficient to break the crystal, knock off the
hands, knock off most of the enamel finish from the watch face, split the
front of the watch case, and indent the watch face about 0.125 inches. Yet
the damage to the watch was substantially less than that expected from a
69-caliber musket ball fired with a powder charge equivalent to a pistol
(see figs. 21 and 22, pictures of Hyrum Smith’s watch and a watch struck
by a 69-caliber Fig. 22. Face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket watch hit by a 69-
caliber musket ball on June 27, 1844. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Fig.21. Damage to a twentieth-century pocket watch with a metal face
protector. The watch was hit with a 69-caliber musket ball driven by a
black-powder charge of 20 grains, equivalent to that fired by a smoothbore
musket about 100 yards away. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V
45Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail musket ball fired with a velocity
equivalent to a shot fired from about 75 yards away). However, the
diameter of the depression the ball left in the face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket
watch was consistent with what we expected from the impact of a 69-
caliber musket soft-lead ball.79 There was a circular depression on the face
of the watch between the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions. The depression
was asymmetrical, being 0.75 inches at its longest diameter and 0.70 inches
at its shortest. When we fired musket balls into eight different pocket
watches, the balls made irregular holes through the watchcases, varying in
width from 0.535 inches to 0.85 inches and in height from 0.30 inches to
0.92 inches. Although the wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back may have
occurred after he was dead, the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence do not support this option. Both Willard Richards and John Taylor
agree that Hyrum Smith fell to the floor on his back and did not move
again, and neither eyewitness mentions Hyrum Smith being shot again after
Joseph Smith was killed. John Taylor could see Hyrum Smith’s body from
the head of the stairs, where he was waiting to be moved after Joseph
Smith’s death, and declared the body had not moved.80 Willard Richards
says that after the attackers ran outside the jail, some returned while he was
hiding John Taylor in the iron prison cell. However, the men turned and ran
as soon as the cry “The Mormons are coming” was heard.81 This and the
fact that the attackers knew their shots would summon the main company
of the Carthage Greys, encamped on the town square about 600 yards
away, precluded any lingering at the jail. The Greys were said to have
arrived within a few minutes of the start of the attack, just in time to see the
attackers running into the woods.82 The suggestion that the wound on
Hyrum Smith’s lower back was made after his death also was not supported
by the clothing he was wearing at the time of the martyrdom. Such a
wound, if made after death, would have been made by someone firing at
very close range into his body after turning the body over. There is no
evidence of powder burns, or their residue, on the light-colored fabric of
the vest where the ball entered his back.83 If Hyrum Smith were shot after
death, it would have been at very 79ˈbēiNG

Definiciones de Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals


about the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith Joseph L. Lyon and
David W. Lyon Thursday, June 27, 1844, was a hot summer day in
Carthage, Illinois. Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards sat in a bedroom in Carthage Jail (fig. 1). Illinois
Governor Thomas Ford (fig. 2) had promised them protection while they
voluntarily awaited trial on charges of civil disturbance. About ten miles
south of Nauvoo was another river town named Warsaw. The editor of the
Warsaw Signal, Thomas Sharp, had been advocating extrajudicial violence
against the Mormons and the destruction of Nauvoo for some time. The
Nauvoo City Council’s decision to interfere with the opposition newspaper,
the Nauvoo Expositor, in early June 1844 was the impetus that Sharp and
other anti-Mormons used to have key Church leaders arrested.1 The
neighboring town of Warsaw had a local militia that was created and armed
by the state of Illinois. In late June 1844, during the crisis caused by the
destruction of the Expositor, the Warsaw Militia was called to active duty
by Governor Ford and marched to Carthage, the county seat of Hancock
County. On the morning of June 27, before he left Carthage for Nauvoo,
Governor Ford discharged the Warsaw Militia from service.2 1. Glen M.
Leonard, Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book; Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2002), 362–
68, 380–98. 2. Joseph Smith Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed., rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book, 1971), 6:565, 605–7 (hereafter cited as History of the
Church). 6 v BYU Studies The Lyon brothers first gained an interest in
Nauvoo’s history from their father, the late T. Edgar Lyon. Joseph recalls,
“When I was eight or nine years old my father read Mark Twain’s The
Innocents Abroad, or The New Pilgrim’s Progress to my twin brother, Ted,
and me. In it, Twain makes fun of the various religious relics he saw on his
journey to Europe and the Holy Land. I can still remember Twain’s
comment that he had seen enough wood from the ‘true cross’ to build a
large church, and that in one church he had seen two skulls of Adam, the
first his skull as a child and the second his skull when he reached
adulthood. When we queried Dad about how such absurdities could
happen, he told us well-meaning people may embellish historical facts to
increase the faith of others, but such embellishment ultimately discredits
the religion. “When I visited Carthage for the first time in 1965, I was
awestruck by seeing the holes through the jailer’s bedroom door, but I also
wondered whether the door was actually from 1844 and if the holes might
have been made later. When I learned in my medical training of the effects
of damage to the base of the brain on speech, I realized that if Willard
Richards’s and John Taylor’s accounts of Hyrum Smith’s facial wound
were true, it was not consistent with his being able to speak any last words.
Both of these thoughts troubled me. “During a 1995 visit to Carthage, I
measured the diameter of the holes in the bedroom door and then set out to
determine what type of firearm could have made such holes. My brother
David and his wife MarGene served a mission to Nauvoo in 1996 and
1997, and he came up with the idea of inserting a laser pointer into the hole
in the bedroom door to determine the pathway of the musket ball. He also
measured the jailer’s bedroom and the hallway in front of it, and he made
the schematic included in this article. Later, I spoke with Glen Leonard, the
former director of the Museum of Church History and Art, to obtain the
diameter of the musket ball that stuck John Taylor’s watch. In that
conversation, I discovered there was no evidence that a musket ball struck
the back of the watch. At this point I realized a much more detailed and
thorough account was needed.” Joseph L. Lyon and David W. Lyon V
7Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail The discharged militia members
marched out of Carthage but returned later in the day. At least sixty men3
stormed the jail, killing the Smith brothers and wounding John Taylor and
Willard Richards.4 Even though LDS witnesses described the attackers as a
group of Missourians and a mob,5 the murderers belonged to a military
organization, and evidence suggests they retained their government-issued
weapons when they returned to Carthage. Much has been written of the
assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,6 but little attention has been
paid to the crime scene in Carthage Jail. In this article, we examine
eyewitness accounts of the assault, the layout of the crime scene, the
physical evidence left in the jail, and the types of weapons used and the
wounds they inflicted. We hope to shed new light on this tragic event and
address previous misconceptions about what happened on that fateful day.
The Eyewitness Accounts John Taylor and Willard Richards (figs. 3 and 4)
both left written accounts of the events of the martyrdom. Although there
are many similarities, each account differs slightly in the details (see table
of similarities and differences on pages 46 and 47). 3. History of the
Church, 7:143–45. 4. E. Cecil McGavin, Nauvoo the Beautiful (Salt Lake
City: Stevens and Wallis, 1946), 138–42. 5. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards refer to the attackers as a mob and as Missourians. Those who
drove the Mormons from Far West, Missouri, in 1838 were state militia
acting under the direction of their officers and the governor. In the twenty-
first century, the word mob is viewed as a leaderless group acting on
negative emotions. 6. For an examination of early accounts, see Dean C.
Jessee, “Return to Carthage: Writing the History of Joseph Smith’s
Martyrdom,” Journal of Mormon History 8 (1981): 3–19; Davis Bitton,
“The Martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Early Mormon Writings,” John
Whitmer Historical Association Journal 3 (1983): 29–39; and Davis Bitton,
The Martyrdom Remembered: A One-Hundred-Fifty-Year Perspective on
the Assassination of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Aspen Books, 1994).
Fig. 2. Thomas Ford. Courtesy Church History Library. 8 v BYU Studies
Willard Richards. Written soon after the event, Willard Richards’s account
was published in the Times and Seasons on August 1, 1844. “Generals
Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Taylor, and myself, who were in the front
chamber, closed the door of our room against the entry at the head of the
stairs, and placed ourselves against it, there being no lock on the door, and
no catch that was usable. “The door is a common panel, and as soon as we
heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the door, which
passed between us, and showed that our enemies were desperadoes, and we
must change our position. “General Joseph Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself
sprang back to the front part of the room, and General Hyrum Smith
retreated two-thirds across the chamber directly in front of and facing the
door [figs. 5 & 6]. “A ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose, when he fell backwards, extended at length, without
moving his feet. “From the holes in his vest (the day was warm, and no one
had his coat on but myself), pantaloons, drawers, and shirt, it appears
evident that a ball must have been thrown from without, through the
window, which entered Figs. 3 & 4. Engraving of John Taylor and
daguerreotype of Willard Richards. Both men were in Carthage Jail with
Joseph and Hyrum Smith on June 27, 1844. Taylor, pictured here in an
1852 engraving, recorded his account in the late 1850s. Pictured here from
a detail of a photograph by Charles R. Savage on October 9, 1868,
Richards wrote and published his eyewitness account seven weeks after the
Martyrdom. Courtesy Church History Library. V 9Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail his back on the right side, and passing through, lodged
against his watch, which was in his right vest pocket, completely
pulverizing the crystal and face, tearing off the hands and mashing the
whole body of the watch. At the same instant the ball from the door entered
his nose. “As he struck the floor he exclaimed emphatically, ‘I am a dead
man.’ Joseph looked towards him and responded, ‘Oh, dear brother
Hyrum!’ and opening the door two or three inches with his left hand,
discharged one barrel of a six shooter (pistol) at random in the entry, from
whence a ball grazed Hyrum’s breast, and entering his throat passed into
his head, while other muskets were aimed at him and some balls hit him.
“Joseph continued snapping his revolver round the casing of the door into
the space as before, three barrels of which missed fire, while Mr. Taylor
with a walking stick stood by his side and knocked down the bayonets and
muskets which were constantly discharging through the doorway, while I
stood by him, ready to lend any assistance, with another stick, but could not
come within striking distance without going directly before the muzzle of
the guns. “When the revolver failed, we had no more firearms, and
expected an immediate rush of the mob, and the doorway full of muskets,
half way in the room, and no hope but instant death from within. “Mr.
Taylor rushed into the window, which is some fifteen or twenty feet from
the ground. When his body was nearly on a balance, a ball from the door
within entered his leg, and a ball from without struck his watch, a patent
lever, in his vest pocket near the left breast, and smashed it into ‘pie,’
leaving the hands standing at 5 o’clock, 16 minutes, and 26 seconds, the
force of which ball threw him back on the floor, and he rolled under the bed
which stood by his side, where he lay motionless, the mob from Figs. 5 &
6. Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Courtesy Church History Library. 10 v BYU
Studies the door continuing to fire upon him, cutting away a piece of flesh
from his left hip as large as a man’s hand, and were hindered only by my
knocking down their muzzles with a stick; while they continued to reach
their guns into the room, probably left handed, and aimed their discharge so
far round as almost to reach us in the corner of the room to where we
retreated and dodged, and then I recommenced the attack with my stick.
“Joseph attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence
Mr. Taylor fell, when two balls pierced him from the door, and one entered
his right breast from without, and he fell outward, exclaiming, ‘Oh Lord,
my God!’ As his feet went out of the window my head went in, the balls
whistling all around. He fell on his left side a dead man. “At this instant the
cry was raised, ‘He’s leaped the window!’ and the mob on the stairs and in
the entry ran out. “I withdrew from the window, thinking it of no use to
leap out on a hundred bayonets, then around General Joseph Smith’s body.
“Not satisfied with this I again reached my head out of the window, and
watched some seconds to see if there were any signs of life, regardless of
my own, determined to see the end of him I loved. Being fully satisfied that
he was dead, with a hundred men near the body and more coming round the
corner of the jail, and expecting a return to our room, I rushed towards the
prison door, at the head of the stairs, and through the entry from whence the
firing had proceeded, to learn if the doors into the prison were open. “When
near the entry, Mr. Taylor called out, ‘Take me.’ I pressed my way until I
found all doors unbarred, returning instantly, caught Mr. Taylor under my
arm and rushed by the stairs into the dungeon, or inner prison, stretched
him on the floor and covered him with a bed in such a manner as not likely
to be perceived, expecting an immediate return of the mob. “I said to Mr.
Taylor, ‘This is a hard case to lay you on the floor, but if your wounds are
not fatal, I want you to live to tell the story.’ I expected to be shot the next
moment, and stood before the door awaiting the onset.” 7 John Taylor. John
Taylor’s account was written in the late 1850s, over a decade after the
martyrdom. He began, “I was sitting at one of the front windows of the jail,
when I saw a number of men, with painted faces, coming around the corner
of the jail, and aiming towards the stairs. The other 7. History of the
Church, 6:616–22. This source contains two accounts, one written by the
editor and the other by Willard Richards titled “Two Minutes in Jail,” taken
from Times and Seasons 5 (August 1, 1844): 598–99, a reprint from the
Nauvoo Neighbor. V 11Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail brethren had
seen the same, for, as I went to the door, I found Brother Hyrum Smith and
Dr. [Willard] Richards already leaning against it. They both pressed against
the door with their shoulders to prevent its being opened, as the lock and
latch were comparatively useless. While in this position, the mob, who had
come upstairs, and tried to open the door, probably thought it was locked,
and fired a ball through the keyhole; at this Dr. Richards and Brother
Hyrum leaped back from the door, with their faces towards it; almost
instantly another ball passed through the panel of the door, and struck
Brother Hyrum on the left side of the nose, entering his face and head. At
the same instant, another ball from the outside entered his back, passing
through his body and striking his watch. The ball came from the back,
through the jail window, opposite the door, and must, from its range, have
been fired from the Carthage Greys, who were placed there ostensibly for
our protection, as the balls from the firearms, shot close by the jail, would
have entered the ceiling, we being in the second story, and there never was
a time after that when Hyrum could have received the latter wound.
Immediately, when the ball struck him, he fell flat on his back, crying as he
fell, ‘I am a dead man!’ He never moved afterwards. “I shall never forget
the deep feeling of sympathy and regard manifested in the countenance of
Brother Joseph as he drew nigh to Hyrum, and, leaning over him,
exclaimed, ‘Oh! my poor, dear brother Hyrum!’ [Joseph], however,
instantly arose, and with a firm, quick step, and a determined expression of
countenance, approached the door, and pulling the six-shooter left by
Brother [Cyrus H.] Wheelock [fig. 7] from his pocket, opened the door
slightly, and snapped the pistol six successive times; only three of the
barrels, however, were discharged. I afterwards understood that two or
three were wounded by these discharges, two of whom, I am informed,
died. I had in my hands a large, strong hickory stick, brought there by
Brother [Stephen] Markham, and left by him, which I had seized as soon as
I saw the mob approach; and while Brother Joseph was firing the pistol, I
stood close behind him. As Fig. 7. Cyrus Wheelock. Brother Wheelock
loaned his pistol to Joseph Smith during a visit in Carthage Jail. Courtesy
Church History Library. 12 v BYU Studies soon as he had discharged it he
stepped back, and I immediately took his place next to the door, while he
occupied the one I had done while he was shooting. Brother Richards, at
this time, had a knotty walking-stick in his hands belonging to me, and
stood next to Brother Joseph, a little farther from the door, in an oblique
direction, apparently to avoid the rake of the fire from the door. The firing
of Brother Joseph made our assailants pause for a moment; very soon after,
however, they pushed the door some distance open, and protruded and
discharged their guns into the room, when I parried them off with my stick,
giving another direction to the balls. . . . “Every moment the crowd at the
door became more dense, as they were unquestionably pressed on by those
in the rear ascending the stairs, until the whole entrance at the door was
literally crowded with muskets and rifles. . . . “After parrying the guns for
some time, which now protruded thicker and farther into the room, and
seeing no hope of escape or protection there, as we were now unarmed, it
occurred to me that we might have some friends outside, and that there
might be some chance of escape in that direction, but here there seemed to
be none. As I expected them every moment to rush into the room—nothing
but extreme cowardice having thus far kept them out—as the tumult and
pressure increased, without any other hope, I made a spring for the window
which was right in front of the jail door, where the mob was standing, and
also exposed to the fire of the Carthage Greys, who were stationed some
ten or twelve rods off. The weather was hot, we all of us had our coats off,
and the window was raised to admit air. As I reached the window, and was
on the point of leaping out, I was struck by a ball from the door about
midway of my thigh, which struck the bone, and flattened out almost to the
size of a quarter of a dollar, and then passed on through the fleshy part to
within about half an inch of the outside. I think some prominent nerve must
have been severed or injured for, as soon as the ball struck me, I fell like a
bird when shot, or an ox when struck by a butcher, and lost entirely and
instantaneously all power of action or locomotion. I fell upon the window-
sill, and cried out, ‘I am shot!’ Not possessing any power to move, I felt
myself falling outside of the window, but immediately I fell inside, from
some, at that time, unknown cause. When I struck the floor my animation
seemed restored, as I have seen it sometimes in squirrels and birds after
being shot. As soon as I felt the power of motion I crawled under the bed,
which was in a corner of the room, not far from the window where I
received my wound. While on my way and under the bed I was wounded in
three other places; one ball entered a little below the left knee, and never
was extracted; another entered the forepart of my left arm, a little above the
wrist, and, V 13Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail passing down by the
joint, lodged in the fleshy part of my hand, about midway, a little above the
upper joint of my little finger; another struck me on the fleshy part of my
left hip, and tore away the flesh as large as my hand, dashing the mangled
fragments of flesh and blood against the wall. . . . “It would seem that
immediately after my attempt to leap out of the window, Joseph also did
the same thing, of which circumstance I have no knowledge only from
information. The first thing that I noticed was a cry that he had leaped out
the window. A cessation of firing followed, the mob rushed downstairs, and
Dr. Richards went to the window. Immediately afterward I saw the doctor
going towards the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the
stairs adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me
that the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and
take me along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned
and dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals. . . . “Soon
afterwards I was taken to the head of the stairs and laid there, where I had a
full view of our beloved and now murdered brother, Hyrum. There he lay
as I had left him; he had not moved a limb.”8 Physical Features of the
Crime Scene Carthage Jail is a two-story stone building that faces south.
On the afternoon of June 27, 1844, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards had been allowed to move from the jail cells that
occupy the north end of the second floor to the jailer’s bedroom, which is
on the southeast side of the second floor of the building. Access to the
second floor is obtained through the jail’s front door on the west end of the
south wall, then up a steep, narrow staircase (fig. 8) built against the west
wall. At the head of the stairs, a platform begins and forms a hallway that
provides access to the bedroom on the right. We refer to this as a hallway,
although it has no wall on the north and 8. History of the Church, 7:102–7.
Fig. 8. Narrow stairway in the Carthage Jail. Photograph by Joseph Lynn
Lyon. 14 v BYU Studies west sides, but is bounded by a railing on the west
over the stairwell. We measured the distance from the jail’s west wall to the
wall that forms the west wall of the jailer’s bedroom as 97 inches. There is
a 3-inch space from the jail’s west wall to the stairs. The stairs are 35
inches wide, and there is a 15-inch space between the east edge of the stairs
and west edge of the platform that provides access to the bedroom. The
platform then runs along the east edge of the stairs to provide access to
both the bedroom and the attic. The bedroom door opening begins 26.25
inches from the inner north wall formed by the south wall of the dungeon.
The doorway opening is 33.5 inches wide. The hallway in front of the
bedroom door is 44 inches wide and is bounded on the east side by the
bedroom wall and on the west by a railing. The hall continues about 54
inches past the bedroom door to a door that provides access to the attic.
This door opening is 25.5 inches wide. A narrowed platform about 16
inches wide continues past this door to the south wall, ending in a 70-inch-
wide platform that looks down over the stairwell.9 The jailer’s bedroom is
15 feet 8.25 inches wide measured east to west by 15 feet 3.5 inches long
measured north to south. There are three windows, one facing east and two
facing south. The east window opening starts 74 inches from the north wall,
and this window, including its casing, is 45 inches wide. The windowsill is
24 inches wide. The wall that forms the west wall of the bedroom is made
of hand-split oak lath covered with plaster.10 Physical Evidence of the
Assassination The only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and
Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through
the door of the jailer’s bedroom (fig. 9).11 There were additional bullet
holes in 9. When standing on the platform looking north you will see the
jailer’s bedroom door to your right, the stairwell directly beneath you, the
north wall of the cells directly ahead, and the door that provides access to
the jail cells in front of you and to your left. Unless otherwise noted, all
measurements in this article were taken by the authors. 10. Joseph A.
McRae and Eunice H. McRae, Historical Facts regarding the Liberty and
Carthage Jails (Salt Lake City: privately published by the McRaes, 1954),
116. Page 119 has a picture of one of the interior walls of the jail
(unidentified as to which room) with the plaster stripped off to show the
laths. 11. We considered the possibility that the bedroom door may have
been a replacement for the original door and possibly the bullet hole and
bullet nicks were made at a later time; however, ample evidence negated
this. Seven of the eight doors in the jail (the exception being the front door)
are of the same wood, and all are handmade. The section of the door around
the latch with the partial V 15Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail the walls,
window casing, and ceilings of the bedroom, but these are no longer
present and must have been repaired by the mid-1860s. In 1866, the
Carthage Republican reported that in 1857 bullet holes were still visible in
the window casing of the east window, the walls, and the bedroom door,
but that by 1866 the damage, excepting the bullet holes in the door, had
been repaired. When the plaster was stripped from the walls during
remodeling in the late 1930s or 1940s, no musket balls were found in the
plaster and oak lath. Writing in 1885, James W. Woods, one of Joseph
Smith’s attorneys, claims to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the
walls of the room.12 bullet holes was removed sometime after the
martyrdom as a souvenir by a resident of Carthage. A Church missionary
couple sent to be caretakers of the jail in the 1930s, the McRaes, heard of
its existence and prevailed on the resident’s descendants to return it. The
piece of wood was restored to the door, and its grain matched that of the
surrounding door. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 99. Another item of
interest related to the bedroom door was not mentioned in other accounts
we found. On inspecting this door in June 1999, we found that a wedge of
wood had been crudely cut, probably with a knife blade from the inside top
edge of the door, a long time ago. The wedge was about twelve inches long
and an inch at the top then tapering downward. Perhaps a souvenir hunter
from many years ago thought the door historic enough to cut a good-sized
piece off it. 12. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 116; James W. Woods,
“The Mormon Prophet: A True Version of the Story of His Martyrdom;
Reminiscences of an Old Timer, Who Was Joe Smith’s Attorney,” Ottumwa
Democrat, May 13, 1885, reprinted in Journal History of the Church, June
27, 1844, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, Salt Lake City, microfilm copy Fig. 9. Bullet holes in bedroom door.
These holes are the only extant physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph
and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail. Notice that the second
hole on the side is in a piece of wood that was cut from the door by a
souvenir hunter but later returned by one of his descendants. Photograph by
John W. Welch. 16 v BYU Studies A drawing made by Frederick Piercy in
1853 of the west wall of the bedroom has five discrete holes, four above the
line of the window sills, and what appear to be two clusters of about three
to four holes.13 The holes below the level of the windowsill could not have
been fired into the room from outside. Only the four balls higher up could
have come from outside the room. The two clusters low down had to have
been made by someone standing in the room and firing into the west wall.
The accounts by Willard Richards and John Taylor do not mention musket
balls hitting the west wall of the bedroom. The door to the jailer’s bedroom
is a handmade panel whose style is known as the Christian door, about 0.5-
inch-thick panels that are flat on the hall side but raised on the bedroom
side. The door is hinged on the north side to swing into the room as one
enters from the platform. The door is made of hardwood, likely black
walnut. One of the two bullet holes is on the south edge of the door, 46.5
inches above the floor. This is a partial hole, occupying about 0.5 inches of
space, where a musket ball grazed the edge of the door.14 Even though it is
partial, the hole we measured is approximately 0.75 inches in diameter and
is angled downward and to the south. This bullet hole is in a piece of wood
that was cut out of the door by a souvenir hunter and returned by one of his
descendants.15 The cutout in the door starts 42.25 inches above the floor
and extends to 48 inches above the floor. The cutout is several inches above
the current doorknob. The grain and color of the wood in the cutout match
that of the door. The current door latch is an external, metal-box-type latch
mounted on the bedroom side of the door with a doorknob mounted on the
hall side of the door below the cutout piece of wood. In 1844, the door
likely in Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. James Woods
claimed to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the walls of the room.
However, his testimony of the actual martyrdom was unreliable in several
details. For example, Woods confused the two brothers, saying that Joseph
was wounded in the face and abdomen, but actually those were Hyrum’s
wounds. Woods did go to the bedroom and spend some time looking at it
and making a count of holes in the walls and ceilings. 13. Frederick
Hawkins Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, reprint,
ed. Fawn M. Brodie (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1962), illustration xvi. 14. John Taylor describes one ball
shot through the keyhole and another through the panel, striking Hyrum
Smith in the face. History of the Church, 7:102. 15. McRae and McRae,
Historical Facts, 98, 99. V 17Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail was held
shut by a simple metal latch near the location of this bullet hole.16 There is
no evidence of bullet holes in the doorjamb, nor is there evidence of a latch
plate being mounted there. The McRaes, a missionary couple sent by the
Church in the 1930s to be caretakers of the jail, noted that while the doors
were made of walnut, the door casings were made of oak. The couple also
reported that all the interior doors were original to the jail, but the front
door was a replacement.17 The second hole in the door is in an upper
panel, 10 inches from the south edge of the door and 51.75 inches above
the floor. This hole is circular on the corridor side of the door and
approximately 0.69 inches in diameter. There is a circular hole on the
bedroom side of the door of the same diameter, and pieces of wood have
been blown out of the wood panel above and below the exit hole. The type
of damage to the wood is compatible with that done when a high-velocity
ball exits from a hard substance such as dry wood and is called spalling.
Both holes are approximately 0.05 inches larger than the 0.64-inch
diameter of the ball fired by the U.S. Model 1795 and Model 1816 69-
caliber musket (the weapons most likely used in the attack). The soft lead
balls likely flattened slightly when hitting dried hardwood, or perhaps the
fingers and knives of many visitors over the years have expanded the holes
slightly. The pathway of the musket ball that made the hole in the door
panel was reconstructed using a laser pointer wedged into the bullet hole in
the door (figs. 10a and 10b). The ball was traveling in a downward
direction and was aimed slightly to the right (or toward the south side of
the room when the door was closed). If the door was closed when the
musket was fired, the ball would have struck the east wall just below the
east window, between 17 and 23 inches above the room’s floor.
Considering the bullet path and the length of the Model 1816 musket, the
butt of the musket would have been about 65.5 inches above the floor if the
muzzle was pressed against the door when fired. The Firearms The reports
of John Taylor and Willard Richards, both present in the room with Joseph
and Hyrum Smith, state that the attackers (members of the Warsaw Militia)
were armed with muskets, though John Taylor mentions that muskets and
rifles were fired through the door of the bedroom.18 In the early and mid-
nineteenth century, the federal government provided each state with U.S.
military firearms for use by local militias. The U.S. Model 1816 flintlock-
ignited musket (figs. 11 & 12) was the firearm most likely issued to the
militias of Hancock County, including those of Carthage, Warsaw, and
Nauvoo,19 though it was possible that some U.S. 18. History of the
Church, 6:616–22; 7:102–7. John Taylor’s comment appears in 7:103.
Unfortunately, he did not further amplify this statement. 19. When
Governor Ford came to Nauvoo the day Joseph and Hyrum Smith were
martyred, Ford told the assembled citizens that the large number of
privately owned firearms held by the Saints was a cause of prejudice
among their neighbors against them (see History of the Church, 6:623). We
believe the presence of these privately owned muskets was a decisive factor
in keeping the men in surrounding Figs. 11 & 12. A U.S. Model 1816
flintlock-ignited musket and a detail of the firing mechanism (top).
Photographs by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 20 v BYU Studies Model 1795 muskets
were also issued.20 The 1816 musket was made in much larger numbers
than the 1795 musket, and most 1795 muskets did not survive the War of
1812.21 The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were flintlock-ignited,
smoothbore weapons with a bore diameter of 0.69 inches or 69 caliber.22
Willard Richards says that during the attack the Carthage Greys, the
Carthage militia unit that was supposed to defend the prisoners, “elevated
their firelocks.”23 A “firelock” was another name for a flintlock musket.
The Model 1795 musket had an overall length of 59.5 inches, and the
Model 1816 musket was 57.5 inches long. The bayonet issued with both
muskets added an additional 16 inches to the overall length. As unlikely as
it seems, given the limited space within the jail, Willard Richards mentions
muskets with attached bayonets being thrust through the doorway into the
bedroom where the murders occurred. After Joseph Smith leaped from the
jail’s east communities from attacking Nauvoo at the time of the Smiths’
murders and in the weeks thereafter. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 114–15, 377.
20. An alternate explanation was that a 69-caliber pistol was used to shoot
through the door. This was also a possibility, but it was highly unlikely. The
United States made only a thousand Model 1816 flintlock pistols in 69
caliber, then changed to 54-caliber pistols, and by 1830 had produced about
thirty thousand pistols in this caliber. The thousand 69-caliber pistols were
sold as surplus with the adoption of the 54-caliber pistol, since musket
ammunition was not suitable for use in a pistol. Norm Flayderman,
Flayderman’s Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values, 9th
ed. (Iola, Wis: Gun Digest Books, 2007), 328–29. Neither Willard Richards
nor John Taylor mentions the mob being armed with or discharging pistols.
21. The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were made at the two U.S.
armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harpers Ferry, Virginia, as well
as by a number of independent gunmakers who received government
contracts. About 150,000 Model 1795 muskets and 675,000 Model 1816
muskets were manufactured between 1795 and 1840 at the two federal
arsenals; an additional 100,000 Model 1816 muskets were made by
government contractors. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide, 538–40, 553–
54. Midwest militia units were using the percussion-converted, smoothbore
Model 1816 muskets as late as 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant reported
exchanging about 60,000 smoothbore militia muskets for new, rifled,
Britishmanufactured muskets imported by the Confederacy after the fall of
Vicksburg in July 1863. Most of General Grant’s troops at Vicksburg were
raised in the Midwest, including Illinois, and were armed with muskets
supplied to the militia units of each state. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal
Memoirs, ed. Caleb Carr (New York: The Modern Library, 1999), 306. 22.
Caliber is a measurement of the diameter of the bore of a firearm measured
in hundredths of an inch; for example, a 69-caliber musket has a barrel with
an internal diameter of 0.69 inches. 23. History of the Church, 6:617. V
21Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail window, this eyewitness “withdrew
from the window, thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets,
then around General Joseph Smith’s body.”24 Because commercial
firearms did not provide an attachment for a bayonet, Willard Richards’s
account establishes that the men who killed Joseph Smith were armed with
military muskets and that some of the Warsaw Militia had mounted their
bayonets on their muskets preparatory to attacking the jail. The bore of the
Model 1795 and 1816 muskets had a metal tube with a smooth, 0.69-inch
inside diameter similar to that found on modern shotguns. A smoothbore
musket was faster to load than a musket with a rifled barrel because the
bullet did not have to be hammered down the barrel so the ball engaged the
riflings when exiting the barrel. The ball used with the 1795 and 1816
muskets had a diameter 0.05 inches smaller than 0.69 inches. Both muskets
were loaded from a rolled paper container called a cartridge. The cartridge
held the correct amount of gunpowder and a 0.64-inchdiameter lead ball
weighing 397.5 grains (or about nine-tenths of an ounce). The paper of the
cartridge also covered the ball and was designed to make up the 0.05-inch
difference in diameter between the barrel and the ball as it was rammed
down the barrel. Ammunition may have been supplied by the federal
government or manufactured locally from lead and gunpowder. To load the
firearm, the soldier leveled the musket and pulled the cock (a device on the
right side directly above the trigger that held a piece of flint in its jaws) to
the half-cocked position. He next removed a paper cartridge from a leather-
covered box on his belt, tore the bottom off with his teeth, poured part of
the powder into a pan on the right side of the musket, and closed a spring-
loaded lid called a frizzen over it. He raised the musket vertically, poured
the remainder of the powder (about 100 grains or about a quarter of an
ounce) down the barrel, and placed the musket ball that was still wrapped
and tied in the end of the cartridge paper in the musket’s muzzle (probably
giving the paper a little push to keep it from falling off the end of the
barrel). The soldier then withdrew the ramrod stored under the barrel and
rammed down the cartridge-paper-covered lead ball until it rested on top of
the powder charge. The musket was leveled again, and the cock was pulled
all the way back. Next, the musket was brought to the shoulder and the
trigger pulled. This released the cock, which swung forward driven by
spring tension, striking the flint on an upright, curved metal projection on
the frizzen, pushing the frizzen up, and showering sparks into the
gunpowder. The gunpowder in the pan was ignited by the sparks, and the
flame traveled via a hole on the side of the barrel to the 24. History of the
Church, 6:620–21. 22 v BYU Studies main charge of gunpowder. The
powder then ignited, and the gas generated from its ignition propelled the
lead ball down the barrel. Due to the smoothbore barrel and the use of a
round ball, the effective range of such muskets was about 100 yards. Both
the 1795 and 1816 muskets had a sight on the front barrel band only, and,
typical of all smoothbore muskets of the day, they were not very accurate.
(To achieve accurate fire from any handheld firearm, a sight at the front and
rear of the weapon is necessary to guarantee proper alignment of the barrel
when the weapon is discharged. With only a front sight, the barrel is only
pointed in the general direction of the target.) The military accepted this
limitation, viewing musket fire as covering an area occupied by enemy
troops with deadly lead balls, and so did not bother with the expense of
adding a rear sight. A smoothbore musket can best be compared to a
modern 12-gauge hunting shotgun (bore diameter 0.73 inches), but the
musket fired a large lead ball rather than many tiny balls (birdshot).25 The
Initial Assault With an understanding of the firearms, we can now analyze
the events of the assassination. The members of the Warsaw Militia rushed
the jail shortly after 5:00 p.m. on the afternoon of Thursday, June 27, 1844.
An eight-man squad from the Carthage Greys had been charged with the
defense of the jail. They were to provide the initial protection for the
prisoners against an attack, and, if one occurred, the squad would be joined
by the remainder of their company who were camped in the town square,
about 600 yards away. The Carthage militiamen who were guarding the jail
were reported to have been aware of the assassination plot and to have 25.
In 1843 and 1844, experiments were conducted to test the gunpowder being
produced at the Washington Arsenal using an 1816 musket loaded with 80
grains of black powder. Using a ballistic pendulum, the velocity of a 0.64-
inch lead ball at the musket’s muzzle was estimated at 1,500 feet per
second and the energy at the muzzle of 2,060 foot-pounds. Captain Alfred
Mordecai, “Experiments on Gunpowder Made at the Washington Arsenal in
1843 and 1844.” Copy in possession of John Spangler, Salt Lake City.
Modern black-powder loading manuals could not confirm this and
suggested muzzle velocities on the order of 1,000 to 1,200 feet per second
with an 80-grain powder charge. C. Kenneth Ramage, ed., Lyman Black
Powder Handbook, 12th ed. (Middletown, Conn: Lyman Publications,
1997), 142. Since there were no values given for a 69-caliber ball, we have
interpolated between the 58-caliber and the 75-caliber data. Cartridges
were also issued that contained a 0.64-inch ball and three 0.33-inch balls.
These cartridges were used primarily for guard duty and referred to as
“buck and ball.” There is no evidence that such were used by those who
killed the Smith brothers. V 23Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail agreed to
fire blanks (muskets loaded with powder held in place with cartridge paper
but without a lead ball) at the Warsaw Militia to make it appear as if they
had put up resistance.26 The accounts of John Taylor and Willard Richards
state that the guards did fire at the attackers, but without any effect. Besides
attempting to drive off the attackers, the shots from the guards at the jail
were to alert the remainder of the Greys to an attack so they could come to
the jail. John Taylor states that the Carthage Militia stood off 10 to 12 rods
(55 to 66 yards) and fired at the jail windows, suggesting the Greys were
trying to kill him and the other men in the room.27 Once the main body of
the Carthage Militia became aware of the attack, the attackers would have
had only a few minutes to murder Joseph Smith and make their escape. The
Warsaw militiamen charged through the front door of the jail, ran up the
stairs, and fired into the door leading to the prison cells at the immediate
head of the stairs.28 The staircase was narrow (35 inches) and steep (the
steps rise 8 inches), so the attackers likely had to mount it single file. The
attackers then confronted an unanticipated problem. The prisoners were not
in the cells with metal bars, where the men would have been easy targets,
but in a bedroom, which was accessible through a single wooden door.
Realizing that Joseph Smith was not in the prison cell at the head of the
stairs, the attackers turned to their right. Joseph and his companions had
closed the door to the jailer’s bedroom when they first heard shouts and
shots.29 Both Hyrum Smith and Willard Richards held the door shut. John
Taylor said the latch on the door was worthless and that he and others had
tried to repair it before the assassination.30 In the hands of inexperienced
troops, or under the pressure of a conflict, the muskets of the day could
take up to a minute to load. The men at the top of the stairs, having fired
into the prison cell at the head of the stairs, now had empty muskets, so it
was not possible to immediately fire through the bedroom door. This pause
gave the men in the bedroom time to better position themselves against the
door. 26. Woods, “Mormon Prophet”; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 2:279–81 (hereafter cited as
Comprehensive History). 27. History of the Church, 7:104. 28. History of
the Church, 6:619. The front door to the jail had been replaced sometime in
the past. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 120. 29. History of the
Church, 6:616; 7:102. 30. Comprehensive History, 2:284. 24 v BYU
Studies The two bullet holes through the bedroom door were evidence that
two muskets were fired into the door by the attackers. Willard Richards and
John Taylor both mention two shots being fired through the door. The first
shot was fired through the keyhole31 and the second through the upper
door panel on the south side. Based on the holes, the musket muzzles were
pointing at a downward angle and to the right (or south) when both holes
were made. The angle toward the south suggests the shots were fired by
men standing slightly to the north of the door opening. The buttstocks of
the muskets when making these holes would have been higher than the
shoulder height of the average man of that day (about 5 feet 6 inches) and
the butt being about 5 feet 5 inches above the floor. To reconstruct how this
might have happened, we measured a 44-inch space horizontally from a 33-
inch-wide door and used a bench to simulate the railing of the jail hallway.
Because of the length of the 1795 and 1816 muskets and the narrowness of
the hallway, a man could not have shouldered his musket in the normal way
(with the barrel parallel to the floor) and fired into the closed door when he
was standing in the hallway at the head of the stairs. However, as will be
discussed herein, lack of space was not an insurmountable obstacle. Two or
three attackers probably began pushing on the bedroom door; the narrow
space in front of the door and the width of the door (33.5 inches) made it
unlikely that more than three men could have stood and pushed. Inside the
room, two or three of the four men were holding the door,32 knowing their
lives depended on keeping it shut. There would have been a contest of
strength between the attackers and their intended victims. Some of the men
lower down on the stairs likely began passing up loaded muskets in
exchange for those already discharged. One of the militiamen probably
decided to drive the prisoners away from the door by firing his musket at
the door latch. The door was slightly open because the hole goes through
the hallway part of the door and cannot be seen from the bedroom side of
the door, nor is there evidence of damage to the oak doorjamb. To fire in
the space at the top of the stairs, a militiaman had to hold the musket above
his shoulder and absorb the recoil with his hand and arms. The recoil from
a musket held in this fashion would have been uncomfortable, but a shot at
such a position was possible. A second musket was probably passed up the
stairs and a second shot fired through the door panel. Because of the height
of the bullet hole and its downward angle, the firer of this shot must also
have stood in the 31. History of the Church, 7:102. 32. History of the
Church, 7:102. V 25Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail hallway, holding the
musket with the trigger guard above his shoulder, and absorbed the recoil
with his hands and wrists. Two factors help determine the number of men
who could push on the door and fire into the bedroom. First is the muzzle
blast, and second is the side blast from the muskets. The 69-caliber musket
ball is 0.05 inches smaller than the 0.69-inch bore diameter so it can be
rammed down the barrel of the musket and still be surrounded with a thin
sheet of paper to act as a block and better capture the force of the
expanding gases. When a smoothbore flintlock musket is fired, a cloud of
burning powder particles is thrown out in a circular pattern around the
musket ball. These particles move at over 1,000 feet per second and can
penetrate clothing or skin. During our tests, we fired into a piece of dried
walnut wood with a 69-caliber musket from point-blank range (fig. 13). We
also fired at pocket watches held in hand-sewn pockets, and the flame from
the hot gas generated by the burning powder set the cotton fabric on fire
with every shot (fig. 14). If one man were pushing on the door and a second
man next to him fired his musket with the muzzle near the door, the first
man would be sprayed with burning powder particles thrown out by the
discharge of the musket. The second factor is the risk of damaging a
neighbor’s eyes or setting his clothing on fire from the burning powder in
the musket’s side pan and the discharge from the musket’s touchhole when
the main powder charge is fired.33 When the powder in the pan is ignited,
burning powder particles are thrown out from the pan several inches. When
the powder in the pan ignites the powder charge in the barrel, there is a
lateral discharge over the pan, to a distance of five feet or more, of a tiny,
high-pressure jet of hot gas equivalent to the pressure driving the ball down
the barrel. This jet of hot gas can damage skin and eyes. The burning
powder and gas jet from the side of the musket meant the attackers could
not have stood too close to each other without risking burned clothes or eye
damage. One point that has not been addressed in previous studies of the
martyrdom is the amount of white smoke generated when black powder is
fired. The amount of white smoke is substantial and this was a major factor
in all battles fought with black-powder weapons; it probably was the reason
for the phrase “the fog of war.” The top of the stairs and the bedroom
would have become extremely smoky once repeated firing started. This 33.
While shooting one day Joseph Lyon was hit on left side of his face with
burning powder particles from a 54-caliber flintlock pistol that was fired
from about five feet to his left. It was quite painful even though the grains
of powder did not break the skin. Fig. 13. A piece of dried walnut with a
69-caliber musket fired from point blank range Shots through the Door Of
the first two shots fired into the room, Willard Richards’s account states,
“As soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the
door, which passed between us,” causing the men to spring back from the
door. He says a second “ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose.”34 John Taylor believes the first ball actually came
through the keyhole of the door, while the second entered through the door
panel itself.35 The accounts of Willard Richards and John Taylor declare
that the second ball struck Hyrum Smith. Both eyewitnesses say that
Hyrum Smith had stepped away from the door after the first musket ball
was fired and was then shot through the door by the second ball. John
Taylor explains, “Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head.”36 If Hyrum Smith were standing
fully erect to his 74-inch height37 as people tend to be when they leap
backward, the ball through the door at 51.75 inches height would have
struck him in the upper abdomen, not the face. Since the ball was traveling
downward, the farther he stepped back from the door, the lower on his torso
would have been the entrance wound. We believe the second musket ball,
shot through the upper panel of the door, was the ball that struck Hyrum
Smith on the left side of his face, but we believe this occurred while he was
still braced against the door, and his leap backward was a reaction to being
shot. Discrepancies between the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence necessitate additional commentary. Hyrum Smith’s left shoulder
likely was braced against the door when the second ball was fired through
the panel.38 That means his head must have been bent forward, with his
left cheek turned toward the door and his face parallel to the floor. The
musket ball struck the left side of his face, just 34. History of the Church,
6:619. 35. History of the Church, 7:102. 36. History of the Church, 6:617,
619; 7:102. 37. Pearson H. Corbett, Hyrum Smith: Patriarch (Salt Lake
City: Deseret Book, 1963), 86. 38. History of the Church, 7:102. 28 v BYU
Studies medial to the left eye, then exited from underneath his jaw to the
right of the midline. Others have misidentified the wound to the floor of his
mouth as an entrance wound rather than an exit wound.39 Had the wound
in his neck or in the floor of his mouth been an entrance wound, the ball
would have done extensive damage to the top of the skull. The photographs
of Hyrum Smith’s and Joseph Smith’s skulls made in 1928 show no
damage to the top of either skull.40 Also, identifying this wound as an exit
wound would explain the bloodstains on the right side of Hyrum Smith’s
clothes. A review by Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord of the clothing
Hyrum Smith was wearing at the time of the assassination found the
majority of bloodstains on the right front of the shirt, with a small amount
of blood on the shirtfront and a blood splatter on the left shoulder.41 The
current owner of the vest, Eldred G. Smith, said Hyrum Smith’s vest was so
blood soaked on the upper right side, that a triangular shaped piece of
fabric from the top and bottom of the right armhole extending to the right
lapel was cut out. It is our assumption that this fabric was also cut out to
remove the clothes from the body because rigor mortis had set in, and the
fabric was likely blood soaked, as was the shirt underneath it.42 The right
lapel of his vest was about 2 inches shorter than the left lapel because of the
removal of this wedge (fig. 15). Hyrum Smith’s shirt (a pullover) was split
up the front and down 39. History of the Church, 6:617; Shannon M. Tracy,
In Search of Joseph (Orem, Utah: Kenninghouse, 1995), 57. See also,
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury on the Carthage Tragedy,” Deseret Evening
News, September 12, 1890. 40. Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom,” unpublished draft manuscript in authors’
possession; Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43, 52–53. 41. Ord and Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” Photographs of the clothing are printed in
Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42. We had not noticed that the vest had
a large piece of fabric removed from the right side until Eldred Smith
pointed it out and told us he had stitched the fabric together to hide the
defect. Fig. 15. Hyrum Smith’s vest. Notice that a wedge of the material
was cut out, making the right lapel about 2 inches shorter. Eldred G. Smith
Family Collection. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V 29Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail the right arm to remove it from his body. This cut
in the fabric was sewn together when we inspected the shirt. The
bloodstains on the right front of the shirt were likely made by blood from
the exit wound on the floor of his mouth soaking through the front of the
vest and onto the shirt (see figs. 16 & 17). After Hyrum Smith was shot in
the face, he was also shot in his lower back and in both legs. His clothing
shows no evidence of bloodstains around these wounds, but the clothing
may have been washed, removing or reducing some of the stains.43 Since
Hyrum Smith fell on his back and did not move after he was shot,44 the
extensive bloodstains on his right sleeve could only have come from a
wound on the right side of his neck or the floor of his mouth. Wounds in
either of these places likely would have severed major blood vessels,
causing massive blood loss and resulting in less bleeding from the other
wounds. In further support of a downward-angled gunshot traversing
Hyrum Smith’s face and exiting from the right side of his neck we offer the
following evidence. The men who reburied Hyrum Smith’s body in fall
1844 reported, “It was found at this time that two of Hyrum Smith’s teeth
had fallen into the inside of his mouth, supposed to have been done by a
ball at the time of the martyrdom, but which was not discovered at the time
he was laid out, in consequence of his jaws being tied up.”45 A musket ball
that struck the left side of his face and traveled downward would have
knocked 43. Joseph L. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket Watch,”
notes on a visit with Eldred G. Smith, Salt Lake City, April 26, 1999, in
authors’ possession. 44. History of the Church, 6:619; 7:102, 107. 45.
History of the Church, 6:629. A musket ball shot through the floor of the
mouth would have passed upward through the hard palate, through the
bottom of the skull, and into the brain. The short distance between the
hallway and Hyrum Smith’s body means the ball would have passed though
the top of the skull, shattering it. In the pictures of the Smith brothers’
skulls taken in January 1928 at the time of their reburial, there was no
evidence of fractures to the top or back of either skull. Compare with Tracy,
In Search of Joseph, 52, 53. Figs. 16 & 17. The shirt and trousers Hyrum
Smith wore the day he was murdered. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection.
Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 30 v BYU Studies out two or more of
the left upper molars. These molars were undoubtedly being held in place
by the mucous membrane lining of his mouth and attached at one end to the
fragment of his upper jaw when he was first buried. By the time his body
was viewed again three months after his death, the mucous membrane
would have decomposed, and the two left upper molars would have
dropped into his mouth. We inspected a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask
at the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City (fig. 18). The
mask showed that Hyrum Smith’s left cheekbone was depressed about 2
millimeters compared to the right cheekbone. This depression appeared
only on the left side of his face and extended over that area from the left
side of his nose to the left side of the mask. The most likely cause of such a
depression is a fracture of the left maxillary bone. We also obtained access
to a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask owned by Grant Fairbanks, a Salt
Lake City plastic surgeon.46 The wound to the left side of Hyrum Smith’s
face was 1 inch to the left of the midline of his face and was plugged with
cotton when the mask was made, thus stretching the skin around the
wound. The cotton had been pushed toward Hyrum Smith’s nose when the
mask was 46. Joseph L. Lyon, “Cast of Hyrum Smith’s Death Mask,” notes
of a meeting with Grant Fairbanks, M.D., April 25, 1999, copy in authors’
possession. Fig. 18. Deathmasks of Hyrum Smith (left) and Joseph Smith
(right). Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V 31Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail Effect of an 1816 Musket Ball on a Simulated
Human Skull John Spangler, a collector of historic military firearms, and
Joseph L. Lyon, one of the authors, performed an experiment to estimate
the damage done to a skull by a 69-caliber musket ball when fired through
a piece of hardwood similar to the door at Carthage Jail.1 We obtained an
artificial skull made of a synthetic material and used in training
neurosurgery residents to cut out sections of bone from the human skull.2
We used a rectangular box made of 0.75-inch pine boards to hold a
hardwood board and the skull. The skull sat on a wadded newspaper at the
back of the box behind a piece of well-dried, 0.8-inch-thick black walnut
board, held in place by half-inch wood cleats at the bottom and the middle.
The black walnut wood was likely similar to the wood used in the door of
the jailer’s bedroom. Our goal was to replicate the amount of resistance to a
musket ball that the bedroom door would have offered. The skull was
positioned on its side with the back lifted up so the ball would pass through
the walnut, strike the skull over the left maxilla just under the left eye, and
exit without striking the bones forming the floor of the cranium. We used a
397-grain, 0.64-inch musket ball. We propelled the ball with 75 grains of
commercially available rifle grade black powder, the same type used in
Model 1795 and 1816 military muskets. This load was less than the 80- to
100-grain load typically used in U.S. muskets because the age of the
firearm made us reluctant to use the full powder charge. But our purpose
was to determine if a musket ball fired through a piece of hardwood had
sufficient energy to fracture the maxillary bones of the human skull. The
ball was fired in a 69-caliber Model 1816 musket, converted to percussion-
cap ignition for use in the Civil War.3 (continued) 1. Notes describing test
of firepower of a Model 1816 musket, conducted by John Spangler and
authors, May 12, 2001, copy in authors’ possession. 2. Even though it
duplicated the hardness of the human skull, including the thickness and
resistance to breaking, this imitation did not replicate some of the finer
details of a human skull. 3. A flintlock-ignited musket was not available to
the authors for this experiment. A percussion-cap-ignited musket, the next
32 v BYU Studies The musket was discharged about 2 inches from the
walnut board. The force of the ball striking the skull knocked the left
maxilla and the base of the right maxilla off the skull and threw them about
15 feet from the box. Had this been the skull of a living person, the
overlying soft tissue (skin, muscles, fascia) would have prevented the
maxillae from being blown off the skull. However, we concluded that after
being fired through a piece of dried walnut a musket ball still had sufficient
force to fracture the maxillary bones. We also wanted to determine what the
effect would be if the musket ball had been moving parallel to the floor and
struck the back of Hyrum Smith’s skull as the eyewitness accounts suggest.
We repositioned the skull so it faced another walnut panel and was parallel
to the bottom of the box. Using the same powder charge, we fired another
ball through the walnut board into the right maxilla, medial and slightly
below the right eye socket. The musket barrel was parallel to the floor of
the box when discharged and was about 1 inch from the walnut board. The
musket ball created a fracture of the skull that extended from the point of
entry diagonally across the bridge of the nose and then upward 7 inches
into the left frontal bone. Much of the right side of the face, including the
right eye socket, maxilla, temporal bone, half the right parietal bone, and
the entire occipital bone were fractured, pulverized, or blown off the skull.
The entire occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull, about 4 inches
long by 3.5 inches wide, was blown to small fragments, leaving a massive
exit wound. We concluded that if Hyrum Smith had been struck by a ball
from a 69-caliber musket fired through the door that then traversed his
skull parallel to the floor, it would have left a massive exit wound at the
back of his skull. However, neither eyewitness account mentions such a
wound nor was such a wound evident when his skull was exhumed and
photographed in 1928. best alternative, was used instead. The difference in
muzzle energy between a flintlock-ignited musket and a percussion-cap-
ignited musket was negligible, so the results of the experiment would have
been similar regardless of which weapon was used. V 33Physical Evidence
at Carthage Jail made, exposing the outer edge of the bullet hole. The
diameter of the hole was 0.7 inches, consistent with a wound inflicted by a
69-caliber musket ball. We also confirmed this dimension with the mask at
the museum. The pictures of Hyrum Smith’s skull taken in January 1928,
just before his final interment, showed that the left and right upper
jawbones and nasal bones were missing from his skull and that the bone
edges were rounded, suggesting they had been exposed to the elements for
a long time.47 These missing bones from Hyrum Smith’s skull undoubtedly
were fractured by the force of the musket ball that struck him just below his
left eye. As the overlying tissue decayed, the bones fell away and were lost
when the skeletal remains were exhumed. The photographs of his skull also
showed no evidence of damage to the occipital (back) area of the skull.48
This was the area where a musket ball traveling parallel (or almost parallel)
to the long axis of his body would have struck if he were shot while
standing erect. A downward-angled wound through the skull also resolved
one physically impossible aspect of the eyewitness accounts of Hyrum
Smith’s death. Both report Hyrum Smith as saying immediately after he
was shot in the face, “I am a dead man!” and then falling backward on the
floor.49 If he were standing erect (6 feet 2 inches) with his face vertical to
the floor when struck by the musket ball, as the accounts of Willard
Richards and John Taylor suggest, the ball would have struck his brain
stem (medulla oblongata) at the base of his brain. The brain stem controls
speech, respiration, and all muscular movements. Any damage to this vital
part would have rendered him instantly speechless and paralyzed all
muscles, making a verbal statement impossible. But if his face were tilted
forward, parallel to the floor, the musket ball would have severed the
arteries in the floor of his mouth and exited on the right side of the neck,
under the jawbone. He would have had difficulty speaking from the injury
to his 47. Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43. 48. The skull we have
identified as Hyrum Smith’s was originally identified as Joseph Smith’s.
Shannon Tracy asserted that the skulls of the Smith brothers were
misidentified when they were reburied in 1928 by the Reorganized Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ). We
concur with this assertion. The skull identified by the excavators as Hyrum
Smith’s had no hole in the left maxilla, but a small defect to the right
maxilla. The skull identified as Joseph Smith’s was missing the bones of
the nose, the floor of the mouth, the frontal sinuses and upper jaws. This
would be consistent with a traumatic fracture to these structures such as
that caused by a 69-caliber musket ball striking the left maxilla. Tracy, In
Search of Joseph, 48–60. 49. History of the Church, 7:102; 6:620. 34 v
BYU Studies tongue, but it would have been possible before blood loss led
to unconsciousness and death. To test whether a 6-foot-2-inch man bracing
against a door would have been hit in the face by a shot fired 51.75 inches
above the floor, we enlisted the aid of a man of that height and had him
brace himself against a door opening to his right. If he braced with his left
shoulder and turned his head to the right, his face was between 49 and 54
inches above the floor. Retaliation When Hyrum Smith fell to the floor, the
attackers pushed the door partly open. After seeing his brother mortally
wounded, Joseph Smith responded to the murderers. Because of the
continual death threats he had received by the various militia units in
Carthage and overheard by many Mormons present, he had been given a
six-barreled, percussion-capignited, Allen “pepper box” revolver earlier in
the day by Cyrus H. Wheelock for protection.50 Designed to be carried in a
pocket, these pistols were produced in three calibers: 28, 31, and 36.51
Common sense dictates that Joseph Smith probably waited until the
attackers had fired a volley into the room. Then standing on the right side
of the partly open door to protect himself and holding the revolver around
the door, he would have pulled the trigger six times.52 Three of the six
barrels were fired. The balls from the pistol struck three men, two in the
upper arm and a third in the face. None of these wounds was immediately
fatal, though one of the men was said to have died later from the injuries.53
The wounded men would have had to walk or have been carried down the
stairs. Because of the narrow hallway and stairs, this likely caused a lull in
the firing. During this short lull, the men in the room probably tried to
rectify the problem that caused three barrels to misfire, but no evidence
suggests they were successful. 50. History of the Church, 6:617, 620;
7:102–3. Writing about Joseph Smith’s assassination for Atlantic Monthly
in 1869, John Hay, who knew many of the attackers personally, reflected
their anger that the victims were armed and blamed the “Jack Mormon”
sheriff of Hancock County, Miner Deming, for allowing the prisoners to
have firearms. John Hay, “The Mormon Prophet’s Tragedy,” Atlantic
Monthly 24 (December 1869): 676. 51. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide,
56–57. 52. History of the Church, 6:620; 7:103. 53. History of the Church,
7:103. B. H. Roberts quoted John Hay, who said that four men were
wounded and that three of the wounds were in the upper arms and one in
the face. One man was said to have died at a later time from an arm wound.
See Comprehensive History, 2:285 n. 19. V 35Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail However, this firing by Joseph Smith produced enough fear
to restrain the attackers from immediately rushing through the door and
killing everyone in the room. Records show that Hyrum Smith was also
armed with a single-shot pistol given to the prisoners for their defense by
John S. Fullmer.54 This pistol was not fired during the attack, but it is now
in the possession of the Church Museum of History and Art along with the
one Joseph Smith fired (see fig. 19). When Joseph Smith’s pistol was
empty, the only defense left to the men in the room was their walking
sticks. Undoubtedly, both John Taylor and Willard Richards put pressure on
the door to prevent it from being pushed open completely, and both report
striking at the musket barrels with their canes to deflect the bullets
downward.55 Since Willard Richards, John Taylor, and Joseph Smith were
still trying to push the door shut after it was partially forced open, at least
one of the attackers would have had to continue pushing on the door, while
others fired around him. That man might have resisted the prisoners’ efforts
by holding a musket butt in the space between the doorjamb and the door.
54. History of the Church, 6:607–8. 55. History of the Church, 7:103–4.
Fig. 19. Pistols given to Joseph and Hyrum Smith while they were in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Richard Neitzel Holzapfel. 36 v BYU Studies The
attackers did not hit anyone in the northwest corner of the room. This
suggests that the door and the narrow hallway blocked those trying to shoot
into this corner of the room. As the frequency of musket fire increased,
John Taylor left the temporary safety of the door and ran to a window; he
says he did this to look for friends and to escape.56 Perhaps he also hoped
to draw the attackers away from Joseph Smith and be mistaken for him.
John Taylor undoubtedly waited until immediately after a volley was fired,
which would have given him a few precious seconds before musket fire
resumed—otherwise he never would have reached the window without
being shot. This action required considerable courage because the door had
been forced partly open and the south and east windows were visible to the
men firing from the hallway. John Taylor reached the window, then turned
the left side of his body to the bedroom door before mounting the
windowsill. While in this position, he was shot from the doorway in the left
thigh and fell to the floor. He lost all control over his muscles and fell limp
for a brief period.57 Although John Taylor believed he started to pitch
headfirst out the window and was saved only when a musket ball struck his
watch (fig. 20), Neil and Gayle Ord have established—based on the linear
dents in the back of the watch—that his watch was not hit by a musket ball,
rather the watch broke as he fell across the edge of the windowsill before
falling to the floor.58 John Taylor then regained muscle control and
crawled or rolled under the bed in the southeast corner of the room.59
While making his way toward the bed, he was shot from the door three
more times. The fact that he was shot once in the thigh, fell to the floor, lay
still for a few seconds without being shot again immediately, and then
started crawling toward the bed before being 56. History of the Church,
7:104. 57. History of the Church, 7:104–5. 58. Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” 59. History of the Church,
6:620. Fig. 20. John Taylor’s pocket watch, which probably broke as he fell
on the window sill. Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V
37Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail shot three more times suggest that the
attackers were firing volleys of two to three muskets every twenty to thirty
seconds.60 The men at the door probably knew what Joseph Smith looked
like and that the man they had just wounded was not the man they sought.
Joseph Smith must have realized that the attackers’ fear of another firearm
in the room would soon diminish, and they would shortly burst into the
room and kill him and Willard Richards. Joseph Smith probably then
decided he might be able to save Willard Richards’s life by moving into the
line of fire and attempting to jump from the east window, which was the
nearest window to Joseph Smith’s haven in the northwest corner of the
room. This action would draw the attackers outside. He would have timed
his run to the east window immediately after a discharge of muskets from
the door, knowing it took several seconds to replace the fired muskets. This
pause would have given him a few seconds free from musket fire. He
reached the east window and must have had his legs part way out when, as
reported by Willard Richards, he was shot two times from the door and
once by someone outside the jail. 60. In our minds, John Taylor’s account
is subject to two interpretations concerning the window to which he ran.
His 1856 account said, “I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing.” History of the Church,
7:104. The south window in the bedroom looks down on the front door of
the jail, and there were people standing in front of that door. John Taylor’s
use of the words “jail door” could also refer to the door to the jailer’s
bedroom, but he refers to the bedroom door simply as “the door” adding no
modifier in the other parts of his account. He does use the words “jail door”
once again in his account: “Immediately afterwards I saw the doctor going
toward the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals.” Here, John Taylor
uses “jail door” to mean the entrance into the iron-barred cells on the north
end of the second floor. B. H. Roberts wrote, “[John Taylor] rolled under
the bed, which was at the right of the window in the south-east corner of
the room.” History of the Church, 6:618. Willard Richards adds, “Joseph
attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence Mr.
Taylor fell.” Willard Richards’s account was written closer to the event, so
the east window is most likely, but it presents a problem. To reach the
relative safety under the bed, John Taylor would have had to crawl
backward, facing the door and dragging his already wounded left leg. This
would have been much more difficult than crawling forward if he was
wounded by the south window. We know this because he was again
wounded in his left arm, hip, and leg before reaching the bed, so his left
side had to be facing the bedroom door. 38 v BYU Studies The men who
prepared Joseph Smith’s body for burial reported a wound to the lower
abdomen and another wound to the right hip. (This wound may have been
an exit wound from the abdominal wound, but it is impossible to tell from
their description.) The men also reported a wound to the right breast, a
wound under the heart, and a wound in the right shoulder near the neck.
The coroner’s jury mentions two wounds, one to the right side of the chest
and one in the right neck near the shoulder, but the jury mentioned only
some of the wounds to both bodies.61 Willard Richards’s account says
Joseph Smith was shot twice from the door and once from below. We think
it most likely that Joseph Smith had turned the right side of his body
toward the door and was trying to get his left leg out the window when he
was first shot and that these shots came from the doorway. When John
Taylor was shot, he fell back into the room, but Joseph Smith’s upper body
must have been very near the window opening, and the shots from the door
likely caused him to fall out the window rather than back into the room. We
think the wound on his left side under his heart came from someone
standing below the east window. The shot would have been fired at an
upward angle. The ball would have been traveling upward and likely
traversed his chest cavity, exiting in the area above the right collarbone
near the right shoulder. The pathway of a musket ball fired at this angle
would have struck his heart and/or the great vessels associated with it. Such
a shot would have been immediately fatal. He then fell through the open
window to the ground below. It could not have taken Joseph Smith more
than twenty seconds to cross the room, mount the wide windowsill, and get
his left leg part way out the window. This again gives us an estimate of the
time it took the attackers to pass loaded muskets to those firing through the
door. Joseph Smith’s final act of self-sacrifice ensured that there were two
friendly eyewitnesses to the murders. Situation in the Hallway Reloading
their weapons would have been a difficult task for the men in the hallway.
To reload a flintlock musket required about 62 to 64 inches of space. The
leveled musket occupied 42 to 44 inches of space in front of the loader,
while the person occupied the remaining 20 inches. Soldiers performed
drills to load and fire their muskets rapidly with the claim that 61.
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury.” For example, only two of Hyrum Smith’s
six wounds are mentioned. V 39Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail well-
drilled troops could fire three shots per minute,62 but the narrow hallway in
front of the bedroom door would have restricted movement and slowed
down this process. The length of the floor in front of the door was 3 feet 8
inches wide in front of the door; the distance from the cellblock south wall
to the door was 2 feet 2.5 inches, with the door adding another 2 feet 9.5
inches and the width to the stair railing 3 feet 8 inches. John Taylor
reported more and more muskets being pressed into the room and attributed
this to men on the stairs pushing those in front of them into the room.63
Given the space limitations of the hallway and the danger of standing close
to the side of a flintlock musket, we think a more likely explanation was
that the men standing on the stairs and outside the front door of the jail
passed their loaded muskets up the stairs to the small number of men
closest to the bedroom door, who then fired into the room. Afterward, the
fired muskets were passed down the stairs in exchange for loaded muskets.
This type of reloading was common when muskets were muzzle loaded on
battlefields. The process would have shortened the time interval between
the musket volleys and given the impression that more men were standing
in front of the door. A 69-caliber musket ball fired through the door would
have had sufficient energy to severely wound or kill anyone on the other
side of the door; yet only two shots were fired through the door. Since the
door was being held firmly shut, the simplest course of action for the
attackers would have been to fire multiple times through the door, killing or
wounding anyone attempting to hold it closed. The fact that only two balls
were fired through the solid part of the door confirm the eyewitness
accounts that the attackers were able to force the door partly open quickly
and then begin firing into the room.64 The southeast corner where the bed
was located would have been the one first exposed, then the area on the
south wall over the 62. Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army (College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 92–94; Ernest F. Fisher Jr.,
“Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence upon the
Organization and Tactics in the American Army, 1775–1963,” unpublished
manuscript, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1963, File 2-3.7, AB.Z,
U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH), Washington, D.C. A
summary can be found at http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/
Antietam/Small_Arms.htm. 63. History of the Church, 7:103. John Taylor
states, “Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they
were unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs,
until the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles.” He did not further define the use of the word rifle. 64. History of the
Church, 6:619–20; 7:102–4. 40 v BYU Studies front door to the jail. As the
door was forced further open, the east wall would have been exposed. Once
committed to this course of action, the attackers continued firing into the
room, pushing the door farther and farther open, trying to reach the
northwest corner where they knew Joseph Smith was. The unpleasant
surprise of finding the prisoners armed undoubtedly caused the attackers to
remain in the hallway and try to kill those in the room without exposing
themselves. We believe three men were the maximum that could have fired
into the room with any degree of personal safety. This assertion is based on
the space at the head of the stairs and the hazards to those standing nearby
when a flintlock was fired. Our belief is supported by the number of men
Joseph Smith is said to have wounded and by the wounds to John Taylor
and Joseph Smith. John Taylor received a wound in the thigh, fell to the
floor and lay there briefly, then crawled toward the bed in the southeast
corner of the room, where he received three more wounds. Joseph Smith’s
wounds suggest that he was shot two or three times from men at the
bedroom door, while one shot was believed to have been fired by someone
standing under the window. This suggests that shots were coming from the
door in twos and threes with a pause of several seconds between them.
Some of the attackers may have positioned themselves in the short space to
the south of the door. These men would have had the best angle to shoot
toward the northwest corner of the room, but the width of the platform
would have made it impossible to aim their muskets into the room without
thrusting the muzzles partway through the doorway and running the risk of
having the barrels knocked down. Willard Richards comments that as the
door was pushed farther open, musket barrels protruded into the room
about half their length (roughly 2.4 feet).65 Based on the evidence from the
wounds received by those in the room, the accuracy of those firing into the
room was poor, despite the 15-foot maximum range. The initial wounds
John Taylor and Joseph Smith received were not immediately fatal and in
John Taylor’s case not fatal at all. John Taylor’s initial wound was in his
thigh. Joseph Smith’s initial wounds were in his upper thigh/lower
abdomen.66 This suggests problems in aiming the muskets, difficulty with
visibility, and an inability to hold the muskets steady in the cramped space
at the top of the stairs. 65. History of the Church, 6:620. 66. History of the
Church, 6:620, 627; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147–48; Jessee, “Return to Carthage,” 17 n. 30. V
41Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail In addition, the musket barrels were
being vigorously deflected downward by the canes of John Taylor and
Willard Richards. Wounds Received Willard Richards made three reports
about the Smiths’ wounds. The first was in his June 27, 1844, recital for the
Times and Seasons, “Two Minutes in Jail.” The second was in a letter to
Brigham Young three days later, on June 30.67 The third was in a letter to
the Saints in England, dated July 9, 1844.68 Willard Richards reported six
wounds in Hyrum Smith’s body. These were as follows: (1) a wound to left
of his nose; (2) a wound under his chin to the right of the midline (which
we believe was an exit wound for the ball that struck the left side of his
face); (3) a wound through his lower back without an exit wound at the
front of his abdomen, but with sufficient force to shatter the watch in his
vest pocket; (4) a graze wound to his breast bone; (5) a wound just below
the left knee; and (6) a wound to the back of the right thigh. Four of these
wounds were confirmed by defects found in Hyrum Smith’s clothing.69
Joseph Smith was shot through the right upper thigh, right lower abdomen,
right breast, right shoulder near the neck, and under his heart— with a
likely exit wound behind the right clavicle. The wound in his right hip and
shoulder may have been exit wounds. Unfortunately, none of his clothes
have survived. Several accounts claim that Joseph Smith’s body was
propped against the well and that he was shot in the chest by four of the
militia acting under 67. History of the Church, 6:619–20, 627; Willard
Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in History of the Church,
7:147. 68. Willard Richards and John Taylor to Elder Reuben Hedlock and
the Saints in the British Empire, July 9, 1844, in Journal History. 69.
History of the Church, 6:619–20. The clothes Hyrum Smith was wearing
when he was shot are in the possession of his great-grandson Eldred G.
Smith. There was an entrance hole through the left trouser leg, another hole
through the back of the right trouser leg, and a hole through the back of the
right side of his vest, pants, and shirt. The right edge of the front of the vest
had also lost an irregular section of fabric approximately two inches wide
by three inches long. The defect in the vest was larger at the top and came
to a point at the bottom. It had been stated that this defect was made by a
musket ball that struck Hyrum Smith’s chest and then continued into the
floor of his mouth. But the defect in the fabric was broad at the top, coming
to a point at the bottom, instead suggesting it was made by a musket ball
exiting the skull and tearing the fabric from the top downward. The lack of
damage to the top of the skull also suggested the damage to the fabric was
made by an exiting musket ball. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket
Watch.” See also Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42 v BYU Studies the
direction of Colonel Levi Williams.70 Another account claims one of the
Warsaw militiamen drove a bayonet through his body and left him
transfixed to the well casing.71 None of the wounds reported by Willard
Richards to Brigham Young supports these stories.72 John Taylor was shot
first through his left thigh, then, several seconds later while making his way
to the bed, he was hit in his left leg below the knee, in his left forearm, and
in his left hip.73 He also believed he had been hit in the abdomen by a ball
from outside the window that shattered his watch, but Neil and Gayle Ord
have established that the watch was not hit by a musket ball but rather was
shattered when John Taylor fell against the windowsill after being shot
from the door.74 Willard Richards’s left earlobe was grazed by a musket
ball.75 The musket balls fired from the hallway—and that struck the four
occupants of the room—total at least thirteen: Hyrum Smith, five; John
Taylor, four; Willard Richards, one; Joseph Smith, three or possibly four.
One account written forty-one years after the martyrdom claims there were
thirty-five holes in the walls.76 Given the number of wounds received by
those in the room and the account by Wood, we think it likely that
somewhere between forty-five and fifty-five musket balls were fired into
the room. Since it was probable that no more than three men were able to
fire into the room at any given time, they would have had to reload or
receive loaded muskets up to eighteen times to inflict the damage
catalogued here. Willard Richards titled one of his reports of the
martyrdom “Two Minutes in Jail.” We think the actual time was longer,
perhaps as long as nine minutes. First, it would have taken twenty to thirty
seconds to exchange muskets with those firing, and with only three men
able to fire 70. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 50. 71. Woods, “Mormon
Prophet.” 72. Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147. The wounds reported by Willard Richards in
Joseph Smith’s body do not support the story that he was propped up
against the well and shot by a firing party of four men after he fell to the
ground. Willard Richards counted four wounds in Joseph Smith’s body, two
of them in the chest. Both of the chest wounds are believed to have
occurred when Joseph Smith was trying to jump from the window. The
wound Willard Richards mentioned above Joseph Smith’s clavicle probably
was an exit wound; had he been shot after falling to the ground, we would
expect Richards to have found three or four more chest wounds. 73.
History of the Church, 6:618; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30,
1844, in History of the Church, 7:147. 74. History of the Church, 7:104;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom”; Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47.
75. History of the Church, 6:619. 76. Woods, “Mormon Prophet.” V
43Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail into the room and between forty-five
and fifty-five shots fired into the room at an interval of between twenty and
thirty seconds, it would have taken between five and nine minutes to fire
into the bedroom that many times. Second, the attackers were also
confronted with two unexpected developments: the intended victims were
not in the jail cells and they were armed. Remember, the men in the room
wounded at least three of the attackers. All of this increased the time it took
to complete their murder of Joseph Smith. Wound to Hyrum Smith’s Lower
Back The most perplexing physical aspect of the assassinations was the
wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back. We can reconstruct the wound from
his clothes. The ball entered the lower part of his back on the right side,
about 47 inches from his trouser cuff. The ball then traversed his abdomen,
striking the pocket watch in his right vest pocket with sufficient energy to
smash the crystal and the ceramic face of his watch, but the ball did not
penetrate the skin of the abdominal wall. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards claim the ball that produced this wound came through the open
east window.77 John Taylor believes a member of the Carthage Greys fired
the shot. This was possible, yet it was just as likely that a member of the
Warsaw Militia fired the shot. We explored the possibility the shot came in
through the window from two perspectives: a shot from a tree and a shot
from the ground. A drawing made by Frederick Piercy on site in 1853 and
published in 1855, eleven years after the martyrdom, shows a tree on the
southeast corner of the jail lot. However, this tree was too far to the
southeast to provide a pathway to the bedroom where Hyrum Smith was
standing. A second tree was in line with the east window but was too small
to support the weight of a man.78 This left the possibility of a shot from the
ground. We calculated the distance from the jail a shooter would have
required to hit Hyrum Smith in the lower back. If the bullet pathway
increased 1 inch from the back to the front of his body, assuming a standard
10-inch-body thickness, then a musket would have to have been fired from
32 yards away. If the rise on the 77. History of the Church, 7:102; History
of the Church, 6:617, 619–20. 78. Comprehensive History, 2:256; Piercy,
Route from Liverpool, illustration xv. No trees are evident in a woodcut
published in William M. Daniels, A Correct Account of the Murder of
Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith at Carthage, on the 7th Day of June;
18 by Wm. M. Daniels, an Eye Witness (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor,
1845), nor in an engraved version of the image in a later publication. See
the illustration in Leonard, Nauvoo, 393. 44 v BYU Studies bullet is
reduced to half an inch, the distance would increase to 64 yards, and if
dropped to 0.25 inches, the distance would lengthen to 128 yards. We stood
outside Carthage Jail about 25 yards from the jailer’s bedroom door on
June 16, 1999, at about 4:20 p.m. (CDT or 5:20 p.m. CST), approximately
the same time as the assassinations likely occurred and eleven days earlier
in the year. The day was sunny, as it was in 1844. The sun shone above the
roofline of the jail, and the east window was in shadow. We could not see
individuals in white shirts standing in the jailer’s bedroom unless they
stood at the windowsill. Considering these circumstances and the poor
accuracy of a smoothbore military musket, we concluded that if a shot from
the ground hit Hyrum Smith, then it was not an aimed shot, rather one that
found its mark by chance. We also concluded that either the ball came from
some distance away or that Hyrum Smith’s skin absorbed a substantial
amount of energy. The skin is the most elastic organ in the body and when
struck from within will stretch outward considerably. Even a bullet from
modern firearms will stretch the skin outward several inches. The damage
to Hyrum Smith’s watch was sufficient to break the crystal, knock off the
hands, knock off most of the enamel finish from the watch face, split the
front of the watch case, and indent the watch face about 0.125 inches. Yet
the damage to the watch was substantially less than that expected from a
69-caliber musket ball fired with a powder charge equivalent to a pistol
(see figs. 21 and 22, pictures of Hyrum Smith’s watch and a watch struck
by a 69-caliber Fig. 22. Face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket watch hit by a 69-
caliber musket ball on June 27, 1844. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Fig.21. Damage to a twentieth-century pocket watch with a metal face
protector. The watch was hit with a 69-caliber musket ball driven by a
black-powder charge of 20 grains, equivalent to that fired by a smoothbore
musket about 100 yards away. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V
45Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail musket ball fired with a velocity
equivalent to a shot fired from about 75 yards away). However, the
diameter of the depression the ball left in the face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket
watch was consistent with what we expected from the impact of a 69-
caliber musket soft-lead ball.79 There was a circular depression on the face
of the watch between the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions. The depression
was asymmetrical, being 0.75 inches at its longest diameter and 0.70 inches
at its shortest. When we fired musket balls into eight different pocket
watches, the balls made irregular holes through the watchcases, varying in
width from 0.535 inches to 0.85 inches and in height from 0.30 inches to
0.92 inches. Although the wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back may have
occurred after he was dead, the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence do not support this option. Both Willard Richards and John Taylor
agree that Hyrum Smith fell to the floor on his back and did not move
again, and neither eyewitness mentions Hyrum Smith being shot again after
Joseph Smith was killed. John Taylor could see Hyrum Smith’s body from
the head of the stairs, where he was waiting to be moved after Joseph
Smith’s death, and declared the body had not moved.80 Willard Richards
says that after the attackers ran outside the jail, some returned while he was
hiding John Taylor in the iron prison cell. However, the men turned and ran
as soon as the cry “The Mormons are coming” was heard.81 This and the
fact that the attackers knew their shots would summon the main company
of the Carthage Greys, encamped on the town square about 600 yards
away, precluded any lingering at the jail. The Greys were said to have
arrived within a few minutes of the start of the attack, just in time to see the
attackers running into the woods.82 The suggestion that the wound on
Hyrum Smith’s lower back was made after his death also was not supported
by the clothing he was wearing at the time of the martyrdom. Such a
wound, if made after death, would have been made by someone firing at
very close range into his body after turning the body over. There is no
evidence of powder burns, or their residue, on the light-colored fabric of
the vest where the ball entered his back.83 If Hyrum Smith were shot after
death, it would have been at very 79

sustantivo

existence.

the railroad brought many towns into being

sinónimos: existence, living, life, reality, actuality

the nature or essence of a person.

sometimes one aspect of our being has been developed at the expense of
the others

sinónimos: soul, spirit, nature, essence, inner being, inner self, psyche,
heart, bosom, breast, quiddity, pneuma

a real or imaginary living creature, especially an intelligent one.

alien beings

sinónimos: creature, life form, living entity, living thing, soul, living soul,
individual, person, human being, human

Sinónimos de Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals


about the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith Joseph L. Lyon and
David W. Lyon Thursday, June 27, 1844, was a hot summer day in
Carthage, Illinois. Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards sat in a bedroom in Carthage Jail (fig. 1). Illinois
Governor Thomas Ford (fig. 2) had promised them protection while they
voluntarily awaited trial on charges of civil disturbance. About ten miles
south of Nauvoo was another river town named Warsaw. The editor of the
Warsaw Signal, Thomas Sharp, had been advocating extrajudicial violence
against the Mormons and the destruction of Nauvoo for some time. The
Nauvoo City Council’s decision to interfere with the opposition newspaper,
the Nauvoo Expositor, in early June 1844 was the impetus that Sharp and
other anti-Mormons used to have key Church leaders arrested.1 The
neighboring town of Warsaw had a local militia that was created and armed
by the state of Illinois. In late June 1844, during the crisis caused by the
destruction of the Expositor, the Warsaw Militia was called to active duty
by Governor Ford and marched to Carthage, the county seat of Hancock
County. On the morning of June 27, before he left Carthage for Nauvoo,
Governor Ford discharged the Warsaw Militia from service.2 1. Glen M.
Leonard, Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book; Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2002), 362–
68, 380–98. 2. Joseph Smith Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed., rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book, 1971), 6:565, 605–7 (hereafter cited as History of the
Church). 6 v BYU Studies The Lyon brothers first gained an interest in
Nauvoo’s history from their father, the late T. Edgar Lyon. Joseph recalls,
“When I was eight or nine years old my father read Mark Twain’s The
Innocents Abroad, or The New Pilgrim’s Progress to my twin brother, Ted,
and me. In it, Twain makes fun of the various religious relics he saw on his
journey to Europe and the Holy Land. I can still remember Twain’s
comment that he had seen enough wood from the ‘true cross’ to build a
large church, and that in one church he had seen two skulls of Adam, the
first his skull as a child and the second his skull when he reached
adulthood. When we queried Dad about how such absurdities could
happen, he told us well-meaning people may embellish historical facts to
increase the faith of others, but such embellishment ultimately discredits
the religion. “When I visited Carthage for the first time in 1965, I was
awestruck by seeing the holes through the jailer’s bedroom door, but I also
wondered whether the door was actually from 1844 and if the holes might
have been made later. When I learned in my medical training of the effects
of damage to the base of the brain on speech, I realized that if Willard
Richards’s and John Taylor’s accounts of Hyrum Smith’s facial wound
were true, it was not consistent with his being able to speak any last words.
Both of these thoughts troubled me. “During a 1995 visit to Carthage, I
measured the diameter of the holes in the bedroom door and then set out to
determine what type of firearm could have made such holes. My brother
David and his wife MarGene served a mission to Nauvoo in 1996 and
1997, and he came up with the idea of inserting a laser pointer into the hole
in the bedroom door to determine the pathway of the musket ball. He also
measured the jailer’s bedroom and the hallway in front of it, and he made
the schematic included in this article. Later, I spoke with Glen Leonard, the
former director of the Museum of Church History and Art, to obtain the
diameter of the musket ball that stuck John Taylor’s watch. In that
conversation, I discovered there was no evidence that a musket ball struck
the back of the watch. At this point I realized a much more detailed and
thorough account was needed.” Joseph L. Lyon and David W. Lyon V
7Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail The discharged militia members
marched out of Carthage but returned later in the day. At least sixty men3
stormed the jail, killing the Smith brothers and wounding John Taylor and
Willard Richards.4 Even though LDS witnesses described the attackers as a
group of Missourians and a mob,5 the murderers belonged to a military
organization, and evidence suggests they retained their government-issued
weapons when they returned to Carthage. Much has been written of the
assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,6 but little attention has been
paid to the crime scene in Carthage Jail. In this article, we examine
eyewitness accounts of the assault, the layout of the crime scene, the
physical evidence left in the jail, and the types of weapons used and the
wounds they inflicted. We hope to shed new light on this tragic event and
address previous misconceptions about what happened on that fateful day.
The Eyewitness Accounts John Taylor and Willard Richards (figs. 3 and 4)
both left written accounts of the events of the martyrdom. Although there
are many similarities, each account differs slightly in the details (see table
of similarities and differences on pages 46 and 47). 3. History of the
Church, 7:143–45. 4. E. Cecil McGavin, Nauvoo the Beautiful (Salt Lake
City: Stevens and Wallis, 1946), 138–42. 5. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards refer to the attackers as a mob and as Missourians. Those who
drove the Mormons from Far West, Missouri, in 1838 were state militia
acting under the direction of their officers and the governor. In the twenty-
first century, the word mob is viewed as a leaderless group acting on
negative emotions. 6. For an examination of early accounts, see Dean C.
Jessee, “Return to Carthage: Writing the History of Joseph Smith’s
Martyrdom,” Journal of Mormon History 8 (1981): 3–19; Davis Bitton,
“The Martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Early Mormon Writings,” John
Whitmer Historical Association Journal 3 (1983): 29–39; and Davis Bitton,
The Martyrdom Remembered: A One-Hundred-Fifty-Year Perspective on
the Assassination of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Aspen Books, 1994).
Fig. 2. Thomas Ford. Courtesy Church History Library. 8 v BYU Studies
Willard Richards. Written soon after the event, Willard Richards’s account
was published in the Times and Seasons on August 1, 1844. “Generals
Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Taylor, and myself, who were in the front
chamber, closed the door of our room against the entry at the head of the
stairs, and placed ourselves against it, there being no lock on the door, and
no catch that was usable. “The door is a common panel, and as soon as we
heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the door, which
passed between us, and showed that our enemies were desperadoes, and we
must change our position. “General Joseph Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself
sprang back to the front part of the room, and General Hyrum Smith
retreated two-thirds across the chamber directly in front of and facing the
door [figs. 5 & 6]. “A ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose, when he fell backwards, extended at length, without
moving his feet. “From the holes in his vest (the day was warm, and no one
had his coat on but myself), pantaloons, drawers, and shirt, it appears
evident that a ball must have been thrown from without, through the
window, which entered Figs. 3 & 4. Engraving of John Taylor and
daguerreotype of Willard Richards. Both men were in Carthage Jail with
Joseph and Hyrum Smith on June 27, 1844. Taylor, pictured here in an
1852 engraving, recorded his account in the late 1850s. Pictured here from
a detail of a photograph by Charles R. Savage on October 9, 1868,
Richards wrote and published his eyewitness account seven weeks after the
Martyrdom. Courtesy Church History Library. V 9Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail his back on the right side, and passing through, lodged
against his watch, which was in his right vest pocket, completely
pulverizing the crystal and face, tearing off the hands and mashing the
whole body of the watch. At the same instant the ball from the door entered
his nose. “As he struck the floor he exclaimed emphatically, ‘I am a dead
man.’ Joseph looked towards him and responded, ‘Oh, dear brother
Hyrum!’ and opening the door two or three inches with his left hand,
discharged one barrel of a six shooter (pistol) at random in the entry, from
whence a ball grazed Hyrum’s breast, and entering his throat passed into
his head, while other muskets were aimed at him and some balls hit him.
“Joseph continued snapping his revolver round the casing of the door into
the space as before, three barrels of which missed fire, while Mr. Taylor
with a walking stick stood by his side and knocked down the bayonets and
muskets which were constantly discharging through the doorway, while I
stood by him, ready to lend any assistance, with another stick, but could not
come within striking distance without going directly before the muzzle of
the guns. “When the revolver failed, we had no more firearms, and
expected an immediate rush of the mob, and the doorway full of muskets,
half way in the room, and no hope but instant death from within. “Mr.
Taylor rushed into the window, which is some fifteen or twenty feet from
the ground. When his body was nearly on a balance, a ball from the door
within entered his leg, and a ball from without struck his watch, a patent
lever, in his vest pocket near the left breast, and smashed it into ‘pie,’
leaving the hands standing at 5 o’clock, 16 minutes, and 26 seconds, the
force of which ball threw him back on the floor, and he rolled under the bed
which stood by his side, where he lay motionless, the mob from Figs. 5 &
6. Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Courtesy Church History Library. 10 v BYU
Studies the door continuing to fire upon him, cutting away a piece of flesh
from his left hip as large as a man’s hand, and were hindered only by my
knocking down their muzzles with a stick; while they continued to reach
their guns into the room, probably left handed, and aimed their discharge so
far round as almost to reach us in the corner of the room to where we
retreated and dodged, and then I recommenced the attack with my stick.
“Joseph attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence
Mr. Taylor fell, when two balls pierced him from the door, and one entered
his right breast from without, and he fell outward, exclaiming, ‘Oh Lord,
my God!’ As his feet went out of the window my head went in, the balls
whistling all around. He fell on his left side a dead man. “At this instant the
cry was raised, ‘He’s leaped the window!’ and the mob on the stairs and in
the entry ran out. “I withdrew from the window, thinking it of no use to
leap out on a hundred bayonets, then around General Joseph Smith’s body.
“Not satisfied with this I again reached my head out of the window, and
watched some seconds to see if there were any signs of life, regardless of
my own, determined to see the end of him I loved. Being fully satisfied that
he was dead, with a hundred men near the body and more coming round the
corner of the jail, and expecting a return to our room, I rushed towards the
prison door, at the head of the stairs, and through the entry from whence the
firing had proceeded, to learn if the doors into the prison were open. “When
near the entry, Mr. Taylor called out, ‘Take me.’ I pressed my way until I
found all doors unbarred, returning instantly, caught Mr. Taylor under my
arm and rushed by the stairs into the dungeon, or inner prison, stretched
him on the floor and covered him with a bed in such a manner as not likely
to be perceived, expecting an immediate return of the mob. “I said to Mr.
Taylor, ‘This is a hard case to lay you on the floor, but if your wounds are
not fatal, I want you to live to tell the story.’ I expected to be shot the next
moment, and stood before the door awaiting the onset.” 7 John Taylor. John
Taylor’s account was written in the late 1850s, over a decade after the
martyrdom. He began, “I was sitting at one of the front windows of the jail,
when I saw a number of men, with painted faces, coming around the corner
of the jail, and aiming towards the stairs. The other 7. History of the
Church, 6:616–22. This source contains two accounts, one written by the
editor and the other by Willard Richards titled “Two Minutes in Jail,” taken
from Times and Seasons 5 (August 1, 1844): 598–99, a reprint from the
Nauvoo Neighbor. V 11Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail brethren had
seen the same, for, as I went to the door, I found Brother Hyrum Smith and
Dr. [Willard] Richards already leaning against it. They both pressed against
the door with their shoulders to prevent its being opened, as the lock and
latch were comparatively useless. While in this position, the mob, who had
come upstairs, and tried to open the door, probably thought it was locked,
and fired a ball through the keyhole; at this Dr. Richards and Brother
Hyrum leaped back from the door, with their faces towards it; almost
instantly another ball passed through the panel of the door, and struck
Brother Hyrum on the left side of the nose, entering his face and head. At
the same instant, another ball from the outside entered his back, passing
through his body and striking his watch. The ball came from the back,
through the jail window, opposite the door, and must, from its range, have
been fired from the Carthage Greys, who were placed there ostensibly for
our protection, as the balls from the firearms, shot close by the jail, would
have entered the ceiling, we being in the second story, and there never was
a time after that when Hyrum could have received the latter wound.
Immediately, when the ball struck him, he fell flat on his back, crying as he
fell, ‘I am a dead man!’ He never moved afterwards. “I shall never forget
the deep feeling of sympathy and regard manifested in the countenance of
Brother Joseph as he drew nigh to Hyrum, and, leaning over him,
exclaimed, ‘Oh! my poor, dear brother Hyrum!’ [Joseph], however,
instantly arose, and with a firm, quick step, and a determined expression of
countenance, approached the door, and pulling the six-shooter left by
Brother [Cyrus H.] Wheelock [fig. 7] from his pocket, opened the door
slightly, and snapped the pistol six successive times; only three of the
barrels, however, were discharged. I afterwards understood that two or
three were wounded by these discharges, two of whom, I am informed,
died. I had in my hands a large, strong hickory stick, brought there by
Brother [Stephen] Markham, and left by him, which I had seized as soon as
I saw the mob approach; and while Brother Joseph was firing the pistol, I
stood close behind him. As Fig. 7. Cyrus Wheelock. Brother Wheelock
loaned his pistol to Joseph Smith during a visit in Carthage Jail. Courtesy
Church History Library. 12 v BYU Studies soon as he had discharged it he
stepped back, and I immediately took his place next to the door, while he
occupied the one I had done while he was shooting. Brother Richards, at
this time, had a knotty walking-stick in his hands belonging to me, and
stood next to Brother Joseph, a little farther from the door, in an oblique
direction, apparently to avoid the rake of the fire from the door. The firing
of Brother Joseph made our assailants pause for a moment; very soon after,
however, they pushed the door some distance open, and protruded and
discharged their guns into the room, when I parried them off with my stick,
giving another direction to the balls. . . . “Every moment the crowd at the
door became more dense, as they were unquestionably pressed on by those
in the rear ascending the stairs, until the whole entrance at the door was
literally crowded with muskets and rifles. . . . “After parrying the guns for
some time, which now protruded thicker and farther into the room, and
seeing no hope of escape or protection there, as we were now unarmed, it
occurred to me that we might have some friends outside, and that there
might be some chance of escape in that direction, but here there seemed to
be none. As I expected them every moment to rush into the room—nothing
but extreme cowardice having thus far kept them out—as the tumult and
pressure increased, without any other hope, I made a spring for the window
which was right in front of the jail door, where the mob was standing, and
also exposed to the fire of the Carthage Greys, who were stationed some
ten or twelve rods off. The weather was hot, we all of us had our coats off,
and the window was raised to admit air. As I reached the window, and was
on the point of leaping out, I was struck by a ball from the door about
midway of my thigh, which struck the bone, and flattened out almost to the
size of a quarter of a dollar, and then passed on through the fleshy part to
within about half an inch of the outside. I think some prominent nerve must
have been severed or injured for, as soon as the ball struck me, I fell like a
bird when shot, or an ox when struck by a butcher, and lost entirely and
instantaneously all power of action or locomotion. I fell upon the window-
sill, and cried out, ‘I am shot!’ Not possessing any power to move, I felt
myself falling outside of the window, but immediately I fell inside, from
some, at that time, unknown cause. When I struck the floor my animation
seemed restored, as I have seen it sometimes in squirrels and birds after
being shot. As soon as I felt the power of motion I crawled under the bed,
which was in a corner of the room, not far from the window where I
received my wound. While on my way and under the bed I was wounded in
three other places; one ball entered a little below the left knee, and never
was extracted; another entered the forepart of my left arm, a little above the
wrist, and, V 13Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail passing down by the
joint, lodged in the fleshy part of my hand, about midway, a little above the
upper joint of my little finger; another struck me on the fleshy part of my
left hip, and tore away the flesh as large as my hand, dashing the mangled
fragments of flesh and blood against the wall. . . . “It would seem that
immediately after my attempt to leap out of the window, Joseph also did
the same thing, of which circumstance I have no knowledge only from
information. The first thing that I noticed was a cry that he had leaped out
the window. A cessation of firing followed, the mob rushed downstairs, and
Dr. Richards went to the window. Immediately afterward I saw the doctor
going towards the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the
stairs adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me
that the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and
take me along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned
and dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals. . . . “Soon
afterwards I was taken to the head of the stairs and laid there, where I had a
full view of our beloved and now murdered brother, Hyrum. There he lay
as I had left him; he had not moved a limb.”8 Physical Features of the
Crime Scene Carthage Jail is a two-story stone building that faces south.
On the afternoon of June 27, 1844, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards had been allowed to move from the jail cells that
occupy the north end of the second floor to the jailer’s bedroom, which is
on the southeast side of the second floor of the building. Access to the
second floor is obtained through the jail’s front door on the west end of the
south wall, then up a steep, narrow staircase (fig. 8) built against the west
wall. At the head of the stairs, a platform begins and forms a hallway that
provides access to the bedroom on the right. We refer to this as a hallway,
although it has no wall on the north and 8. History of the Church, 7:102–7.
Fig. 8. Narrow stairway in the Carthage Jail. Photograph by Joseph Lynn
Lyon. 14 v BYU Studies west sides, but is bounded by a railing on the west
over the stairwell. We measured the distance from the jail’s west wall to the
wall that forms the west wall of the jailer’s bedroom as 97 inches. There is
a 3-inch space from the jail’s west wall to the stairs. The stairs are 35
inches wide, and there is a 15-inch space between the east edge of the stairs
and west edge of the platform that provides access to the bedroom. The
platform then runs along the east edge of the stairs to provide access to
both the bedroom and the attic. The bedroom door opening begins 26.25
inches from the inner north wall formed by the south wall of the dungeon.
The doorway opening is 33.5 inches wide. The hallway in front of the
bedroom door is 44 inches wide and is bounded on the east side by the
bedroom wall and on the west by a railing. The hall continues about 54
inches past the bedroom door to a door that provides access to the attic.
This door opening is 25.5 inches wide. A narrowed platform about 16
inches wide continues past this door to the south wall, ending in a 70-inch-
wide platform that looks down over the stairwell.9 The jailer’s bedroom is
15 feet 8.25 inches wide measured east to west by 15 feet 3.5 inches long
measured north to south. There are three windows, one facing east and two
facing south. The east window opening starts 74 inches from the north wall,
and this window, including its casing, is 45 inches wide. The windowsill is
24 inches wide. The wall that forms the west wall of the bedroom is made
of hand-split oak lath covered with plaster.10 Physical Evidence of the
Assassination The only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and
Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through
the door of the jailer’s bedroom (fig. 9).11 There were additional bullet
holes in 9. When standing on the platform looking north you will see the
jailer’s bedroom door to your right, the stairwell directly beneath you, the
north wall of the cells directly ahead, and the door that provides access to
the jail cells in front of you and to your left. Unless otherwise noted, all
measurements in this article were taken by the authors. 10. Joseph A.
McRae and Eunice H. McRae, Historical Facts regarding the Liberty and
Carthage Jails (Salt Lake City: privately published by the McRaes, 1954),
116. Page 119 has a picture of one of the interior walls of the jail
(unidentified as to which room) with the plaster stripped off to show the
laths. 11. We considered the possibility that the bedroom door may have
been a replacement for the original door and possibly the bullet hole and
bullet nicks were made at a later time; however, ample evidence negated
this. Seven of the eight doors in the jail (the exception being the front door)
are of the same wood, and all are handmade. The section of the door around
the latch with the partial V 15Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail the walls,
window casing, and ceilings of the bedroom, but these are no longer
present and must have been repaired by the mid-1860s. In 1866, the
Carthage Republican reported that in 1857 bullet holes were still visible in
the window casing of the east window, the walls, and the bedroom door,
but that by 1866 the damage, excepting the bullet holes in the door, had
been repaired. When the plaster was stripped from the walls during
remodeling in the late 1930s or 1940s, no musket balls were found in the
plaster and oak lath. Writing in 1885, James W. Woods, one of Joseph
Smith’s attorneys, claims to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the
walls of the room.12 bullet holes was removed sometime after the
martyrdom as a souvenir by a resident of Carthage. A Church missionary
couple sent to be caretakers of the jail in the 1930s, the McRaes, heard of
its existence and prevailed on the resident’s descendants to return it. The
piece of wood was restored to the door, and its grain matched that of the
surrounding door. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 99. Another item of
interest related to the bedroom door was not mentioned in other accounts
we found. On inspecting this door in June 1999, we found that a wedge of
wood had been crudely cut, probably with a knife blade from the inside top
edge of the door, a long time ago. The wedge was about twelve inches long
and an inch at the top then tapering downward. Perhaps a souvenir hunter
from many years ago thought the door historic enough to cut a good-sized
piece off it. 12. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 116; James W. Woods,
“The Mormon Prophet: A True Version of the Story of His Martyrdom;
Reminiscences of an Old Timer, Who Was Joe Smith’s Attorney,” Ottumwa
Democrat, May 13, 1885, reprinted in Journal History of the Church, June
27, 1844, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, Salt Lake City, microfilm copy Fig. 9. Bullet holes in bedroom door.
These holes are the only extant physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph
and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail. Notice that the second
hole on the side is in a piece of wood that was cut from the door by a
souvenir hunter but later returned by one of his descendants. Photograph by
John W. Welch. 16 v BYU Studies A drawing made by Frederick Piercy in
1853 of the west wall of the bedroom has five discrete holes, four above the
line of the window sills, and what appear to be two clusters of about three
to four holes.13 The holes below the level of the windowsill could not have
been fired into the room from outside. Only the four balls higher up could
have come from outside the room. The two clusters low down had to have
been made by someone standing in the room and firing into the west wall.
The accounts by Willard Richards and John Taylor do not mention musket
balls hitting the west wall of the bedroom. The door to the jailer’s bedroom
is a handmade panel whose style is known as the Christian door, about 0.5-
inch-thick panels that are flat on the hall side but raised on the bedroom
side. The door is hinged on the north side to swing into the room as one
enters from the platform. The door is made of hardwood, likely black
walnut. One of the two bullet holes is on the south edge of the door, 46.5
inches above the floor. This is a partial hole, occupying about 0.5 inches of
space, where a musket ball grazed the edge of the door.14 Even though it is
partial, the hole we measured is approximately 0.75 inches in diameter and
is angled downward and to the south. This bullet hole is in a piece of wood
that was cut out of the door by a souvenir hunter and returned by one of his
descendants.15 The cutout in the door starts 42.25 inches above the floor
and extends to 48 inches above the floor. The cutout is several inches above
the current doorknob. The grain and color of the wood in the cutout match
that of the door. The current door latch is an external, metal-box-type latch
mounted on the bedroom side of the door with a doorknob mounted on the
hall side of the door below the cutout piece of wood. In 1844, the door
likely in Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. James Woods
claimed to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the walls of the room.
However, his testimony of the actual martyrdom was unreliable in several
details. For example, Woods confused the two brothers, saying that Joseph
was wounded in the face and abdomen, but actually those were Hyrum’s
wounds. Woods did go to the bedroom and spend some time looking at it
and making a count of holes in the walls and ceilings. 13. Frederick
Hawkins Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, reprint,
ed. Fawn M. Brodie (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1962), illustration xvi. 14. John Taylor describes one ball
shot through the keyhole and another through the panel, striking Hyrum
Smith in the face. History of the Church, 7:102. 15. McRae and McRae,
Historical Facts, 98, 99. V 17Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail was held
shut by a simple metal latch near the location of this bullet hole.16 There is
no evidence of bullet holes in the doorjamb, nor is there evidence of a latch
plate being mounted there. The McRaes, a missionary couple sent by the
Church in the 1930s to be caretakers of the jail, noted that while the doors
were made of walnut, the door casings were made of oak. The couple also
reported that all the interior doors were original to the jail, but the front
door was a replacement.17 The second hole in the door is in an upper
panel, 10 inches from the south edge of the door and 51.75 inches above
the floor. This hole is circular on the corridor side of the door and
approximately 0.69 inches in diameter. There is a circular hole on the
bedroom side of the door of the same diameter, and pieces of wood have
been blown out of the wood panel above and below the exit hole. The type
of damage to the wood is compatible with that done when a high-velocity
ball exits from a hard substance such as dry wood and is called spalling.
Both holes are approximately 0.05 inches larger than the 0.64-inch
diameter of the ball fired by the U.S. Model 1795 and Model 1816 69-
caliber musket (the weapons most likely used in the attack). The soft lead
balls likely flattened slightly when hitting dried hardwood, or perhaps the
fingers and knives of many visitors over the years have expanded the holes
slightly. The pathway of the musket ball that made the hole in the door
panel was reconstructed using a laser pointer wedged into the bullet hole in
the door (figs. 10a and 10b). The ball was traveling in a downward
direction and was aimed slightly to the right (or toward the south side of
the room when the door was closed). If the door was closed when the
musket was fired, the ball would have struck the east wall just below the
east window, between 17 and 23 inches above the room’s floor.
Considering the bullet path and the length of the Model 1816 musket, the
butt of the musket would have been about 65.5 inches above the floor if the
muzzle was pressed against the door when fired. The Firearms The reports
of John Taylor and Willard Richards, both present in the room with Joseph
and Hyrum Smith, state that the attackers (members of the Warsaw Militia)
were armed with muskets, though John Taylor mentions that muskets and
rifles were fired through the door of the bedroom.18 In the early and mid-
nineteenth century, the federal government provided each state with U.S.
military firearms for use by local militias. The U.S. Model 1816 flintlock-
ignited musket (figs. 11 & 12) was the firearm most likely issued to the
militias of Hancock County, including those of Carthage, Warsaw, and
Nauvoo,19 though it was possible that some U.S. 18. History of the
Church, 6:616–22; 7:102–7. John Taylor’s comment appears in 7:103.
Unfortunately, he did not further amplify this statement. 19. When
Governor Ford came to Nauvoo the day Joseph and Hyrum Smith were
martyred, Ford told the assembled citizens that the large number of
privately owned firearms held by the Saints was a cause of prejudice
among their neighbors against them (see History of the Church, 6:623). We
believe the presence of these privately owned muskets was a decisive factor
in keeping the men in surrounding Figs. 11 & 12. A U.S. Model 1816
flintlock-ignited musket and a detail of the firing mechanism (top).
Photographs by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 20 v BYU Studies Model 1795 muskets
were also issued.20 The 1816 musket was made in much larger numbers
than the 1795 musket, and most 1795 muskets did not survive the War of
1812.21 The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were flintlock-ignited,
smoothbore weapons with a bore diameter of 0.69 inches or 69 caliber.22
Willard Richards says that during the attack the Carthage Greys, the
Carthage militia unit that was supposed to defend the prisoners, “elevated
their firelocks.”23 A “firelock” was another name for a flintlock musket.
The Model 1795 musket had an overall length of 59.5 inches, and the
Model 1816 musket was 57.5 inches long. The bayonet issued with both
muskets added an additional 16 inches to the overall length. As unlikely as
it seems, given the limited space within the jail, Willard Richards mentions
muskets with attached bayonets being thrust through the doorway into the
bedroom where the murders occurred. After Joseph Smith leaped from the
jail’s east communities from attacking Nauvoo at the time of the Smiths’
murders and in the weeks thereafter. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 114–15, 377.
20. An alternate explanation was that a 69-caliber pistol was used to shoot
through the door. This was also a possibility, but it was highly unlikely. The
United States made only a thousand Model 1816 flintlock pistols in 69
caliber, then changed to 54-caliber pistols, and by 1830 had produced about
thirty thousand pistols in this caliber. The thousand 69-caliber pistols were
sold as surplus with the adoption of the 54-caliber pistol, since musket
ammunition was not suitable for use in a pistol. Norm Flayderman,
Flayderman’s Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values, 9th
ed. (Iola, Wis: Gun Digest Books, 2007), 328–29. Neither Willard Richards
nor John Taylor mentions the mob being armed with or discharging pistols.
21. The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were made at the two U.S.
armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harpers Ferry, Virginia, as well
as by a number of independent gunmakers who received government
contracts. About 150,000 Model 1795 muskets and 675,000 Model 1816
muskets were manufactured between 1795 and 1840 at the two federal
arsenals; an additional 100,000 Model 1816 muskets were made by
government contractors. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide, 538–40, 553–
54. Midwest militia units were using the percussion-converted, smoothbore
Model 1816 muskets as late as 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant reported
exchanging about 60,000 smoothbore militia muskets for new, rifled,
Britishmanufactured muskets imported by the Confederacy after the fall of
Vicksburg in July 1863. Most of General Grant’s troops at Vicksburg were
raised in the Midwest, including Illinois, and were armed with muskets
supplied to the militia units of each state. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal
Memoirs, ed. Caleb Carr (New York: The Modern Library, 1999), 306. 22.
Caliber is a measurement of the diameter of the bore of a firearm measured
in hundredths of an inch; for example, a 69-caliber musket has a barrel with
an internal diameter of 0.69 inches. 23. History of the Church, 6:617. V
21Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail window, this eyewitness “withdrew
from the window, thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets,
then around General Joseph Smith’s body.”24 Because commercial
firearms did not provide an attachment for a bayonet, Willard Richards’s
account establishes that the men who killed Joseph Smith were armed with
military muskets and that some of the Warsaw Militia had mounted their
bayonets on their muskets preparatory to attacking the jail. The bore of the
Model 1795 and 1816 muskets had a metal tube with a smooth, 0.69-inch
inside diameter similar to that found on modern shotguns. A smoothbore
musket was faster to load than a musket with a rifled barrel because the
bullet did not have to be hammered down the barrel so the ball engaged the
riflings when exiting the barrel. The ball used with the 1795 and 1816
muskets had a diameter 0.05 inches smaller than 0.69 inches. Both muskets
were loaded from a rolled paper container called a cartridge. The cartridge
held the correct amount of gunpowder and a 0.64-inchdiameter lead ball
weighing 397.5 grains (or about nine-tenths of an ounce). The paper of the
cartridge also covered the ball and was designed to make up the 0.05-inch
difference in diameter between the barrel and the ball as it was rammed
down the barrel. Ammunition may have been supplied by the federal
government or manufactured locally from lead and gunpowder. To load the
firearm, the soldier leveled the musket and pulled the cock (a device on the
right side directly above the trigger that held a piece of flint in its jaws) to
the half-cocked position. He next removed a paper cartridge from a leather-
covered box on his belt, tore the bottom off with his teeth, poured part of
the powder into a pan on the right side of the musket, and closed a spring-
loaded lid called a frizzen over it. He raised the musket vertically, poured
the remainder of the powder (about 100 grains or about a quarter of an
ounce) down the barrel, and placed the musket ball that was still wrapped
and tied in the end of the cartridge paper in the musket’s muzzle (probably
giving the paper a little push to keep it from falling off the end of the
barrel). The soldier then withdrew the ramrod stored under the barrel and
rammed down the cartridge-paper-covered lead ball until it rested on top of
the powder charge. The musket was leveled again, and the cock was pulled
all the way back. Next, the musket was brought to the shoulder and the
trigger pulled. This released the cock, which swung forward driven by
spring tension, striking the flint on an upright, curved metal projection on
the frizzen, pushing the frizzen up, and showering sparks into the
gunpowder. The gunpowder in the pan was ignited by the sparks, and the
flame traveled via a hole on the side of the barrel to the 24. History of the
Church, 6:620–21. 22 v BYU Studies main charge of gunpowder. The
powder then ignited, and the gas generated from its ignition propelled the
lead ball down the barrel. Due to the smoothbore barrel and the use of a
round ball, the effective range of such muskets was about 100 yards. Both
the 1795 and 1816 muskets had a sight on the front barrel band only, and,
typical of all smoothbore muskets of the day, they were not very accurate.
(To achieve accurate fire from any handheld firearm, a sight at the front and
rear of the weapon is necessary to guarantee proper alignment of the barrel
when the weapon is discharged. With only a front sight, the barrel is only
pointed in the general direction of the target.) The military accepted this
limitation, viewing musket fire as covering an area occupied by enemy
troops with deadly lead balls, and so did not bother with the expense of
adding a rear sight. A smoothbore musket can best be compared to a
modern 12-gauge hunting shotgun (bore diameter 0.73 inches), but the
musket fired a large lead ball rather than many tiny balls (birdshot).25 The
Initial Assault With an understanding of the firearms, we can now analyze
the events of the assassination. The members of the Warsaw Militia rushed
the jail shortly after 5:00 p.m. on the afternoon of Thursday, June 27, 1844.
An eight-man squad from the Carthage Greys had been charged with the
defense of the jail. They were to provide the initial protection for the
prisoners against an attack, and, if one occurred, the squad would be joined
by the remainder of their company who were camped in the town square,
about 600 yards away. The Carthage militiamen who were guarding the jail
were reported to have been aware of the assassination plot and to have 25.
In 1843 and 1844, experiments were conducted to test the gunpowder being
produced at the Washington Arsenal using an 1816 musket loaded with 80
grains of black powder. Using a ballistic pendulum, the velocity of a 0.64-
inch lead ball at the musket’s muzzle was estimated at 1,500 feet per
second and the energy at the muzzle of 2,060 foot-pounds. Captain Alfred
Mordecai, “Experiments on Gunpowder Made at the Washington Arsenal in
1843 and 1844.” Copy in possession of John Spangler, Salt Lake City.
Modern black-powder loading manuals could not confirm this and
suggested muzzle velocities on the order of 1,000 to 1,200 feet per second
with an 80-grain powder charge. C. Kenneth Ramage, ed., Lyman Black
Powder Handbook, 12th ed. (Middletown, Conn: Lyman Publications,
1997), 142. Since there were no values given for a 69-caliber ball, we have
interpolated between the 58-caliber and the 75-caliber data. Cartridges
were also issued that contained a 0.64-inch ball and three 0.33-inch balls.
These cartridges were used primarily for guard duty and referred to as
“buck and ball.” There is no evidence that such were used by those who
killed the Smith brothers. V 23Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail agreed to
fire blanks (muskets loaded with powder held in place with cartridge paper
but without a lead ball) at the Warsaw Militia to make it appear as if they
had put up resistance.26 The accounts of John Taylor and Willard Richards
state that the guards did fire at the attackers, but without any effect. Besides
attempting to drive off the attackers, the shots from the guards at the jail
were to alert the remainder of the Greys to an attack so they could come to
the jail. John Taylor states that the Carthage Militia stood off 10 to 12 rods
(55 to 66 yards) and fired at the jail windows, suggesting the Greys were
trying to kill him and the other men in the room.27 Once the main body of
the Carthage Militia became aware of the attack, the attackers would have
had only a few minutes to murder Joseph Smith and make their escape. The
Warsaw militiamen charged through the front door of the jail, ran up the
stairs, and fired into the door leading to the prison cells at the immediate
head of the stairs.28 The staircase was narrow (35 inches) and steep (the
steps rise 8 inches), so the attackers likely had to mount it single file. The
attackers then confronted an unanticipated problem. The prisoners were not
in the cells with metal bars, where the men would have been easy targets,
but in a bedroom, which was accessible through a single wooden door.
Realizing that Joseph Smith was not in the prison cell at the head of the
stairs, the attackers turned to their right. Joseph and his companions had
closed the door to the jailer’s bedroom when they first heard shouts and
shots.29 Both Hyrum Smith and Willard Richards held the door shut. John
Taylor said the latch on the door was worthless and that he and others had
tried to repair it before the assassination.30 In the hands of inexperienced
troops, or under the pressure of a conflict, the muskets of the day could
take up to a minute to load. The men at the top of the stairs, having fired
into the prison cell at the head of the stairs, now had empty muskets, so it
was not possible to immediately fire through the bedroom door. This pause
gave the men in the bedroom time to better position themselves against the
door. 26. Woods, “Mormon Prophet”; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 2:279–81 (hereafter cited as
Comprehensive History). 27. History of the Church, 7:104. 28. History of
the Church, 6:619. The front door to the jail had been replaced sometime in
the past. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 120. 29. History of the
Church, 6:616; 7:102. 30. Comprehensive History, 2:284. 24 v BYU
Studies The two bullet holes through the bedroom door were evidence that
two muskets were fired into the door by the attackers. Willard Richards and
John Taylor both mention two shots being fired through the door. The first
shot was fired through the keyhole31 and the second through the upper
door panel on the south side. Based on the holes, the musket muzzles were
pointing at a downward angle and to the right (or south) when both holes
were made. The angle toward the south suggests the shots were fired by
men standing slightly to the north of the door opening. The buttstocks of
the muskets when making these holes would have been higher than the
shoulder height of the average man of that day (about 5 feet 6 inches) and
the butt being about 5 feet 5 inches above the floor. To reconstruct how this
might have happened, we measured a 44-inch space horizontally from a 33-
inch-wide door and used a bench to simulate the railing of the jail hallway.
Because of the length of the 1795 and 1816 muskets and the narrowness of
the hallway, a man could not have shouldered his musket in the normal way
(with the barrel parallel to the floor) and fired into the closed door when he
was standing in the hallway at the head of the stairs. However, as will be
discussed herein, lack of space was not an insurmountable obstacle. Two or
three attackers probably began pushing on the bedroom door; the narrow
space in front of the door and the width of the door (33.5 inches) made it
unlikely that more than three men could have stood and pushed. Inside the
room, two or three of the four men were holding the door,32 knowing their
lives depended on keeping it shut. There would have been a contest of
strength between the attackers and their intended victims. Some of the men
lower down on the stairs likely began passing up loaded muskets in
exchange for those already discharged. One of the militiamen probably
decided to drive the prisoners away from the door by firing his musket at
the door latch. The door was slightly open because the hole goes through
the hallway part of the door and cannot be seen from the bedroom side of
the door, nor is there evidence of damage to the oak doorjamb. To fire in
the space at the top of the stairs, a militiaman had to hold the musket above
his shoulder and absorb the recoil with his hand and arms. The recoil from
a musket held in this fashion would have been uncomfortable, but a shot at
such a position was possible. A second musket was probably passed up the
stairs and a second shot fired through the door panel. Because of the height
of the bullet hole and its downward angle, the firer of this shot must also
have stood in the 31. History of the Church, 7:102. 32. History of the
Church, 7:102. V 25Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail hallway, holding the
musket with the trigger guard above his shoulder, and absorbed the recoil
with his hands and wrists. Two factors help determine the number of men
who could push on the door and fire into the bedroom. First is the muzzle
blast, and second is the side blast from the muskets. The 69-caliber musket
ball is 0.05 inches smaller than the 0.69-inch bore diameter so it can be
rammed down the barrel of the musket and still be surrounded with a thin
sheet of paper to act as a block and better capture the force of the
expanding gases. When a smoothbore flintlock musket is fired, a cloud of
burning powder particles is thrown out in a circular pattern around the
musket ball. These particles move at over 1,000 feet per second and can
penetrate clothing or skin. During our tests, we fired into a piece of dried
walnut wood with a 69-caliber musket from point-blank range (fig. 13). We
also fired at pocket watches held in hand-sewn pockets, and the flame from
the hot gas generated by the burning powder set the cotton fabric on fire
with every shot (fig. 14). If one man were pushing on the door and a second
man next to him fired his musket with the muzzle near the door, the first
man would be sprayed with burning powder particles thrown out by the
discharge of the musket. The second factor is the risk of damaging a
neighbor’s eyes or setting his clothing on fire from the burning powder in
the musket’s side pan and the discharge from the musket’s touchhole when
the main powder charge is fired.33 When the powder in the pan is ignited,
burning powder particles are thrown out from the pan several inches. When
the powder in the pan ignites the powder charge in the barrel, there is a
lateral discharge over the pan, to a distance of five feet or more, of a tiny,
high-pressure jet of hot gas equivalent to the pressure driving the ball down
the barrel. This jet of hot gas can damage skin and eyes. The burning
powder and gas jet from the side of the musket meant the attackers could
not have stood too close to each other without risking burned clothes or eye
damage. One point that has not been addressed in previous studies of the
martyrdom is the amount of white smoke generated when black powder is
fired. The amount of white smoke is substantial and this was a major factor
in all battles fought with black-powder weapons; it probably was the reason
for the phrase “the fog of war.” The top of the stairs and the bedroom
would have become extremely smoky once repeated firing started. This 33.
While shooting one day Joseph Lyon was hit on left side of his face with
burning powder particles from a 54-caliber flintlock pistol that was fired
from about five feet to his left. It was quite painful even though the grains
of powder did not break the skin. Fig. 13. A piece of dried walnut with a
69-caliber musket fired from point blank range Shots through the Door Of
the first two shots fired into the room, Willard Richards’s account states,
“As soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the
door, which passed between us,” causing the men to spring back from the
door. He says a second “ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose.”34 John Taylor believes the first ball actually came
through the keyhole of the door, while the second entered through the door
panel itself.35 The accounts of Willard Richards and John Taylor declare
that the second ball struck Hyrum Smith. Both eyewitnesses say that
Hyrum Smith had stepped away from the door after the first musket ball
was fired and was then shot through the door by the second ball. John
Taylor explains, “Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head.”36 If Hyrum Smith were standing
fully erect to his 74-inch height37 as people tend to be when they leap
backward, the ball through the door at 51.75 inches height would have
struck him in the upper abdomen, not the face. Since the ball was traveling
downward, the farther he stepped back from the door, the lower on his torso
would have been the entrance wound. We believe the second musket ball,
shot through the upper panel of the door, was the ball that struck Hyrum
Smith on the left side of his face, but we believe this occurred while he was
still braced against the door, and his leap backward was a reaction to being
shot. Discrepancies between the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence necessitate additional commentary. Hyrum Smith’s left shoulder
likely was braced against the door when the second ball was fired through
the panel.38 That means his head must have been bent forward, with his
left cheek turned toward the door and his face parallel to the floor. The
musket ball struck the left side of his face, just 34. History of the Church,
6:619. 35. History of the Church, 7:102. 36. History of the Church, 6:617,
619; 7:102. 37. Pearson H. Corbett, Hyrum Smith: Patriarch (Salt Lake
City: Deseret Book, 1963), 86. 38. History of the Church, 7:102. 28 v BYU
Studies medial to the left eye, then exited from underneath his jaw to the
right of the midline. Others have misidentified the wound to the floor of his
mouth as an entrance wound rather than an exit wound.39 Had the wound
in his neck or in the floor of his mouth been an entrance wound, the ball
would have done extensive damage to the top of the skull. The photographs
of Hyrum Smith’s and Joseph Smith’s skulls made in 1928 show no
damage to the top of either skull.40 Also, identifying this wound as an exit
wound would explain the bloodstains on the right side of Hyrum Smith’s
clothes. A review by Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord of the clothing
Hyrum Smith was wearing at the time of the assassination found the
majority of bloodstains on the right front of the shirt, with a small amount
of blood on the shirtfront and a blood splatter on the left shoulder.41 The
current owner of the vest, Eldred G. Smith, said Hyrum Smith’s vest was so
blood soaked on the upper right side, that a triangular shaped piece of
fabric from the top and bottom of the right armhole extending to the right
lapel was cut out. It is our assumption that this fabric was also cut out to
remove the clothes from the body because rigor mortis had set in, and the
fabric was likely blood soaked, as was the shirt underneath it.42 The right
lapel of his vest was about 2 inches shorter than the left lapel because of the
removal of this wedge (fig. 15). Hyrum Smith’s shirt (a pullover) was split
up the front and down 39. History of the Church, 6:617; Shannon M. Tracy,
In Search of Joseph (Orem, Utah: Kenninghouse, 1995), 57. See also,
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury on the Carthage Tragedy,” Deseret Evening
News, September 12, 1890. 40. Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom,” unpublished draft manuscript in authors’
possession; Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43, 52–53. 41. Ord and Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” Photographs of the clothing are printed in
Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42. We had not noticed that the vest had
a large piece of fabric removed from the right side until Eldred Smith
pointed it out and told us he had stitched the fabric together to hide the
defect. Fig. 15. Hyrum Smith’s vest. Notice that a wedge of the material
was cut out, making the right lapel about 2 inches shorter. Eldred G. Smith
Family Collection. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V 29Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail the right arm to remove it from his body. This cut
in the fabric was sewn together when we inspected the shirt. The
bloodstains on the right front of the shirt were likely made by blood from
the exit wound on the floor of his mouth soaking through the front of the
vest and onto the shirt (see figs. 16 & 17). After Hyrum Smith was shot in
the face, he was also shot in his lower back and in both legs. His clothing
shows no evidence of bloodstains around these wounds, but the clothing
may have been washed, removing or reducing some of the stains.43 Since
Hyrum Smith fell on his back and did not move after he was shot,44 the
extensive bloodstains on his right sleeve could only have come from a
wound on the right side of his neck or the floor of his mouth. Wounds in
either of these places likely would have severed major blood vessels,
causing massive blood loss and resulting in less bleeding from the other
wounds. In further support of a downward-angled gunshot traversing
Hyrum Smith’s face and exiting from the right side of his neck we offer the
following evidence. The men who reburied Hyrum Smith’s body in fall
1844 reported, “It was found at this time that two of Hyrum Smith’s teeth
had fallen into the inside of his mouth, supposed to have been done by a
ball at the time of the martyrdom, but which was not discovered at the time
he was laid out, in consequence of his jaws being tied up.”45 A musket ball
that struck the left side of his face and traveled downward would have
knocked 43. Joseph L. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket Watch,”
notes on a visit with Eldred G. Smith, Salt Lake City, April 26, 1999, in
authors’ possession. 44. History of the Church, 6:619; 7:102, 107. 45.
History of the Church, 6:629. A musket ball shot through the floor of the
mouth would have passed upward through the hard palate, through the
bottom of the skull, and into the brain. The short distance between the
hallway and Hyrum Smith’s body means the ball would have passed though
the top of the skull, shattering it. In the pictures of the Smith brothers’
skulls taken in January 1928 at the time of their reburial, there was no
evidence of fractures to the top or back of either skull. Compare with Tracy,
In Search of Joseph, 52, 53. Figs. 16 & 17. The shirt and trousers Hyrum
Smith wore the day he was murdered. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection.
Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 30 v BYU Studies out two or more of
the left upper molars. These molars were undoubtedly being held in place
by the mucous membrane lining of his mouth and attached at one end to the
fragment of his upper jaw when he was first buried. By the time his body
was viewed again three months after his death, the mucous membrane
would have decomposed, and the two left upper molars would have
dropped into his mouth. We inspected a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask
at the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City (fig. 18). The
mask showed that Hyrum Smith’s left cheekbone was depressed about 2
millimeters compared to the right cheekbone. This depression appeared
only on the left side of his face and extended over that area from the left
side of his nose to the left side of the mask. The most likely cause of such a
depression is a fracture of the left maxillary bone. We also obtained access
to a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask owned by Grant Fairbanks, a Salt
Lake City plastic surgeon.46 The wound to the left side of Hyrum Smith’s
face was 1 inch to the left of the midline of his face and was plugged with
cotton when the mask was made, thus stretching the skin around the
wound. The cotton had been pushed toward Hyrum Smith’s nose when the
mask was 46. Joseph L. Lyon, “Cast of Hyrum Smith’s Death Mask,” notes
of a meeting with Grant Fairbanks, M.D., April 25, 1999, copy in authors’
possession. Fig. 18. Deathmasks of Hyrum Smith (left) and Joseph Smith
(right). Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V 31Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail Effect of an 1816 Musket Ball on a Simulated
Human Skull John Spangler, a collector of historic military firearms, and
Joseph L. Lyon, one of the authors, performed an experiment to estimate
the damage done to a skull by a 69-caliber musket ball when fired through
a piece of hardwood similar to the door at Carthage Jail.1 We obtained an
artificial skull made of a synthetic material and used in training
neurosurgery residents to cut out sections of bone from the human skull.2
We used a rectangular box made of 0.75-inch pine boards to hold a
hardwood board and the skull. The skull sat on a wadded newspaper at the
back of the box behind a piece of well-dried, 0.8-inch-thick black walnut
board, held in place by half-inch wood cleats at the bottom and the middle.
The black walnut wood was likely similar to the wood used in the door of
the jailer’s bedroom. Our goal was to replicate the amount of resistance to a
musket ball that the bedroom door would have offered. The skull was
positioned on its side with the back lifted up so the ball would pass through
the walnut, strike the skull over the left maxilla just under the left eye, and
exit without striking the bones forming the floor of the cranium. We used a
397-grain, 0.64-inch musket ball. We propelled the ball with 75 grains of
commercially available rifle grade black powder, the same type used in
Model 1795 and 1816 military muskets. This load was less than the 80- to
100-grain load typically used in U.S. muskets because the age of the
firearm made us reluctant to use the full powder charge. But our purpose
was to determine if a musket ball fired through a piece of hardwood had
sufficient energy to fracture the maxillary bones of the human skull. The
ball was fired in a 69-caliber Model 1816 musket, converted to percussion-
cap ignition for use in the Civil War.3 (continued) 1. Notes describing test
of firepower of a Model 1816 musket, conducted by John Spangler and
authors, May 12, 2001, copy in authors’ possession. 2. Even though it
duplicated the hardness of the human skull, including the thickness and
resistance to breaking, this imitation did not replicate some of the finer
details of a human skull. 3. A flintlock-ignited musket was not available to
the authors for this experiment. A percussion-cap-ignited musket, the next
32 v BYU Studies The musket was discharged about 2 inches from the
walnut board. The force of the ball striking the skull knocked the left
maxilla and the base of the right maxilla off the skull and threw them about
15 feet from the box. Had this been the skull of a living person, the
overlying soft tissue (skin, muscles, fascia) would have prevented the
maxillae from being blown off the skull. However, we concluded that after
being fired through a piece of dried walnut a musket ball still had sufficient
force to fracture the maxillary bones. We also wanted to determine what the
effect would be if the musket ball had been moving parallel to the floor and
struck the back of Hyrum Smith’s skull as the eyewitness accounts suggest.
We repositioned the skull so it faced another walnut panel and was parallel
to the bottom of the box. Using the same powder charge, we fired another
ball through the walnut board into the right maxilla, medial and slightly
below the right eye socket. The musket barrel was parallel to the floor of
the box when discharged and was about 1 inch from the walnut board. The
musket ball created a fracture of the skull that extended from the point of
entry diagonally across the bridge of the nose and then upward 7 inches
into the left frontal bone. Much of the right side of the face, including the
right eye socket, maxilla, temporal bone, half the right parietal bone, and
the entire occipital bone were fractured, pulverized, or blown off the skull.
The entire occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull, about 4 inches
long by 3.5 inches wide, was blown to small fragments, leaving a massive
exit wound. We concluded that if Hyrum Smith had been struck by a ball
from a 69-caliber musket fired through the door that then traversed his
skull parallel to the floor, it would have left a massive exit wound at the
back of his skull. However, neither eyewitness account mentions such a
wound nor was such a wound evident when his skull was exhumed and
photographed in 1928. best alternative, was used instead. The difference in
muzzle energy between a flintlock-ignited musket and a percussion-cap-
ignited musket was negligible, so the results of the experiment would have
been similar regardless of which weapon was used. V 33Physical Evidence
at Carthage Jail made, exposing the outer edge of the bullet hole. The
diameter of the hole was 0.7 inches, consistent with a wound inflicted by a
69-caliber musket ball. We also confirmed this dimension with the mask at
the museum. The pictures of Hyrum Smith’s skull taken in January 1928,
just before his final interment, showed that the left and right upper
jawbones and nasal bones were missing from his skull and that the bone
edges were rounded, suggesting they had been exposed to the elements for
a long time.47 These missing bones from Hyrum Smith’s skull undoubtedly
were fractured by the force of the musket ball that struck him just below his
left eye. As the overlying tissue decayed, the bones fell away and were lost
when the skeletal remains were exhumed. The photographs of his skull also
showed no evidence of damage to the occipital (back) area of the skull.48
This was the area where a musket ball traveling parallel (or almost parallel)
to the long axis of his body would have struck if he were shot while
standing erect. A downward-angled wound through the skull also resolved
one physically impossible aspect of the eyewitness accounts of Hyrum
Smith’s death. Both report Hyrum Smith as saying immediately after he
was shot in the face, “I am a dead man!” and then falling backward on the
floor.49 If he were standing erect (6 feet 2 inches) with his face vertical to
the floor when struck by the musket ball, as the accounts of Willard
Richards and John Taylor suggest, the ball would have struck his brain
stem (medulla oblongata) at the base of his brain. The brain stem controls
speech, respiration, and all muscular movements. Any damage to this vital
part would have rendered him instantly speechless and paralyzed all
muscles, making a verbal statement impossible. But if his face were tilted
forward, parallel to the floor, the musket ball would have severed the
arteries in the floor of his mouth and exited on the right side of the neck,
under the jawbone. He would have had difficulty speaking from the injury
to his 47. Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43. 48. The skull we have
identified as Hyrum Smith’s was originally identified as Joseph Smith’s.
Shannon Tracy asserted that the skulls of the Smith brothers were
misidentified when they were reburied in 1928 by the Reorganized Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ). We
concur with this assertion. The skull identified by the excavators as Hyrum
Smith’s had no hole in the left maxilla, but a small defect to the right
maxilla. The skull identified as Joseph Smith’s was missing the bones of
the nose, the floor of the mouth, the frontal sinuses and upper jaws. This
would be consistent with a traumatic fracture to these structures such as
that caused by a 69-caliber musket ball striking the left maxilla. Tracy, In
Search of Joseph, 48–60. 49. History of the Church, 7:102; 6:620. 34 v
BYU Studies tongue, but it would have been possible before blood loss led
to unconsciousness and death. To test whether a 6-foot-2-inch man bracing
against a door would have been hit in the face by a shot fired 51.75 inches
above the floor, we enlisted the aid of a man of that height and had him
brace himself against a door opening to his right. If he braced with his left
shoulder and turned his head to the right, his face was between 49 and 54
inches above the floor. Retaliation When Hyrum Smith fell to the floor, the
attackers pushed the door partly open. After seeing his brother mortally
wounded, Joseph Smith responded to the murderers. Because of the
continual death threats he had received by the various militia units in
Carthage and overheard by many Mormons present, he had been given a
six-barreled, percussion-capignited, Allen “pepper box” revolver earlier in
the day by Cyrus H. Wheelock for protection.50 Designed to be carried in a
pocket, these pistols were produced in three calibers: 28, 31, and 36.51
Common sense dictates that Joseph Smith probably waited until the
attackers had fired a volley into the room. Then standing on the right side
of the partly open door to protect himself and holding the revolver around
the door, he would have pulled the trigger six times.52 Three of the six
barrels were fired. The balls from the pistol struck three men, two in the
upper arm and a third in the face. None of these wounds was immediately
fatal, though one of the men was said to have died later from the injuries.53
The wounded men would have had to walk or have been carried down the
stairs. Because of the narrow hallway and stairs, this likely caused a lull in
the firing. During this short lull, the men in the room probably tried to
rectify the problem that caused three barrels to misfire, but no evidence
suggests they were successful. 50. History of the Church, 6:617, 620;
7:102–3. Writing about Joseph Smith’s assassination for Atlantic Monthly
in 1869, John Hay, who knew many of the attackers personally, reflected
their anger that the victims were armed and blamed the “Jack Mormon”
sheriff of Hancock County, Miner Deming, for allowing the prisoners to
have firearms. John Hay, “The Mormon Prophet’s Tragedy,” Atlantic
Monthly 24 (December 1869): 676. 51. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide,
56–57. 52. History of the Church, 6:620; 7:103. 53. History of the Church,
7:103. B. H. Roberts quoted John Hay, who said that four men were
wounded and that three of the wounds were in the upper arms and one in
the face. One man was said to have died at a later time from an arm wound.
See Comprehensive History, 2:285 n. 19. V 35Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail However, this firing by Joseph Smith produced enough fear
to restrain the attackers from immediately rushing through the door and
killing everyone in the room. Records show that Hyrum Smith was also
armed with a single-shot pistol given to the prisoners for their defense by
John S. Fullmer.54 This pistol was not fired during the attack, but it is now
in the possession of the Church Museum of History and Art along with the
one Joseph Smith fired (see fig. 19). When Joseph Smith’s pistol was
empty, the only defense left to the men in the room was their walking
sticks. Undoubtedly, both John Taylor and Willard Richards put pressure on
the door to prevent it from being pushed open completely, and both report
striking at the musket barrels with their canes to deflect the bullets
downward.55 Since Willard Richards, John Taylor, and Joseph Smith were
still trying to push the door shut after it was partially forced open, at least
one of the attackers would have had to continue pushing on the door, while
others fired around him. That man might have resisted the prisoners’ efforts
by holding a musket butt in the space between the doorjamb and the door.
54. History of the Church, 6:607–8. 55. History of the Church, 7:103–4.
Fig. 19. Pistols given to Joseph and Hyrum Smith while they were in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Richard Neitzel Holzapfel. 36 v BYU Studies The
attackers did not hit anyone in the northwest corner of the room. This
suggests that the door and the narrow hallway blocked those trying to shoot
into this corner of the room. As the frequency of musket fire increased,
John Taylor left the temporary safety of the door and ran to a window; he
says he did this to look for friends and to escape.56 Perhaps he also hoped
to draw the attackers away from Joseph Smith and be mistaken for him.
John Taylor undoubtedly waited until immediately after a volley was fired,
which would have given him a few precious seconds before musket fire
resumed—otherwise he never would have reached the window without
being shot. This action required considerable courage because the door had
been forced partly open and the south and east windows were visible to the
men firing from the hallway. John Taylor reached the window, then turned
the left side of his body to the bedroom door before mounting the
windowsill. While in this position, he was shot from the doorway in the left
thigh and fell to the floor. He lost all control over his muscles and fell limp
for a brief period.57 Although John Taylor believed he started to pitch
headfirst out the window and was saved only when a musket ball struck his
watch (fig. 20), Neil and Gayle Ord have established—based on the linear
dents in the back of the watch—that his watch was not hit by a musket ball,
rather the watch broke as he fell across the edge of the windowsill before
falling to the floor.58 John Taylor then regained muscle control and
crawled or rolled under the bed in the southeast corner of the room.59
While making his way toward the bed, he was shot from the door three
more times. The fact that he was shot once in the thigh, fell to the floor, lay
still for a few seconds without being shot again immediately, and then
started crawling toward the bed before being 56. History of the Church,
7:104. 57. History of the Church, 7:104–5. 58. Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” 59. History of the Church,
6:620. Fig. 20. John Taylor’s pocket watch, which probably broke as he fell
on the window sill. Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V
37Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail shot three more times suggest that the
attackers were firing volleys of two to three muskets every twenty to thirty
seconds.60 The men at the door probably knew what Joseph Smith looked
like and that the man they had just wounded was not the man they sought.
Joseph Smith must have realized that the attackers’ fear of another firearm
in the room would soon diminish, and they would shortly burst into the
room and kill him and Willard Richards. Joseph Smith probably then
decided he might be able to save Willard Richards’s life by moving into the
line of fire and attempting to jump from the east window, which was the
nearest window to Joseph Smith’s haven in the northwest corner of the
room. This action would draw the attackers outside. He would have timed
his run to the east window immediately after a discharge of muskets from
the door, knowing it took several seconds to replace the fired muskets. This
pause would have given him a few seconds free from musket fire. He
reached the east window and must have had his legs part way out when, as
reported by Willard Richards, he was shot two times from the door and
once by someone outside the jail. 60. In our minds, John Taylor’s account
is subject to two interpretations concerning the window to which he ran.
His 1856 account said, “I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing.” History of the Church,
7:104. The south window in the bedroom looks down on the front door of
the jail, and there were people standing in front of that door. John Taylor’s
use of the words “jail door” could also refer to the door to the jailer’s
bedroom, but he refers to the bedroom door simply as “the door” adding no
modifier in the other parts of his account. He does use the words “jail door”
once again in his account: “Immediately afterwards I saw the doctor going
toward the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals.” Here, John Taylor
uses “jail door” to mean the entrance into the iron-barred cells on the north
end of the second floor. B. H. Roberts wrote, “[John Taylor] rolled under
the bed, which was at the right of the window in the south-east corner of
the room.” History of the Church, 6:618. Willard Richards adds, “Joseph
attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence Mr.
Taylor fell.” Willard Richards’s account was written closer to the event, so
the east window is most likely, but it presents a problem. To reach the
relative safety under the bed, John Taylor would have had to crawl
backward, facing the door and dragging his already wounded left leg. This
would have been much more difficult than crawling forward if he was
wounded by the south window. We know this because he was again
wounded in his left arm, hip, and leg before reaching the bed, so his left
side had to be facing the bedroom door. 38 v BYU Studies The men who
prepared Joseph Smith’s body for burial reported a wound to the lower
abdomen and another wound to the right hip. (This wound may have been
an exit wound from the abdominal wound, but it is impossible to tell from
their description.) The men also reported a wound to the right breast, a
wound under the heart, and a wound in the right shoulder near the neck.
The coroner’s jury mentions two wounds, one to the right side of the chest
and one in the right neck near the shoulder, but the jury mentioned only
some of the wounds to both bodies.61 Willard Richards’s account says
Joseph Smith was shot twice from the door and once from below. We think
it most likely that Joseph Smith had turned the right side of his body
toward the door and was trying to get his left leg out the window when he
was first shot and that these shots came from the doorway. When John
Taylor was shot, he fell back into the room, but Joseph Smith’s upper body
must have been very near the window opening, and the shots from the door
likely caused him to fall out the window rather than back into the room. We
think the wound on his left side under his heart came from someone
standing below the east window. The shot would have been fired at an
upward angle. The ball would have been traveling upward and likely
traversed his chest cavity, exiting in the area above the right collarbone
near the right shoulder. The pathway of a musket ball fired at this angle
would have struck his heart and/or the great vessels associated with it. Such
a shot would have been immediately fatal. He then fell through the open
window to the ground below. It could not have taken Joseph Smith more
than twenty seconds to cross the room, mount the wide windowsill, and get
his left leg part way out the window. This again gives us an estimate of the
time it took the attackers to pass loaded muskets to those firing through the
door. Joseph Smith’s final act of self-sacrifice ensured that there were two
friendly eyewitnesses to the murders. Situation in the Hallway Reloading
their weapons would have been a difficult task for the men in the hallway.
To reload a flintlock musket required about 62 to 64 inches of space. The
leveled musket occupied 42 to 44 inches of space in front of the loader,
while the person occupied the remaining 20 inches. Soldiers performed
drills to load and fire their muskets rapidly with the claim that 61.
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury.” For example, only two of Hyrum Smith’s
six wounds are mentioned. V 39Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail well-
drilled troops could fire three shots per minute,62 but the narrow hallway in
front of the bedroom door would have restricted movement and slowed
down this process. The length of the floor in front of the door was 3 feet 8
inches wide in front of the door; the distance from the cellblock south wall
to the door was 2 feet 2.5 inches, with the door adding another 2 feet 9.5
inches and the width to the stair railing 3 feet 8 inches. John Taylor
reported more and more muskets being pressed into the room and attributed
this to men on the stairs pushing those in front of them into the room.63
Given the space limitations of the hallway and the danger of standing close
to the side of a flintlock musket, we think a more likely explanation was
that the men standing on the stairs and outside the front door of the jail
passed their loaded muskets up the stairs to the small number of men
closest to the bedroom door, who then fired into the room. Afterward, the
fired muskets were passed down the stairs in exchange for loaded muskets.
This type of reloading was common when muskets were muzzle loaded on
battlefields. The process would have shortened the time interval between
the musket volleys and given the impression that more men were standing
in front of the door. A 69-caliber musket ball fired through the door would
have had sufficient energy to severely wound or kill anyone on the other
side of the door; yet only two shots were fired through the door. Since the
door was being held firmly shut, the simplest course of action for the
attackers would have been to fire multiple times through the door, killing or
wounding anyone attempting to hold it closed. The fact that only two balls
were fired through the solid part of the door confirm the eyewitness
accounts that the attackers were able to force the door partly open quickly
and then begin firing into the room.64 The southeast corner where the bed
was located would have been the one first exposed, then the area on the
south wall over the 62. Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army (College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 92–94; Ernest F. Fisher Jr.,
“Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence upon the
Organization and Tactics in the American Army, 1775–1963,” unpublished
manuscript, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1963, File 2-3.7, AB.Z,
U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH), Washington, D.C. A
summary can be found at http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/
Antietam/Small_Arms.htm. 63. History of the Church, 7:103. John Taylor
states, “Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they
were unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs,
until the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles.” He did not further define the use of the word rifle. 64. History of the
Church, 6:619–20; 7:102–4. 40 v BYU Studies front door to the jail. As the
door was forced further open, the east wall would have been exposed. Once
committed to this course of action, the attackers continued firing into the
room, pushing the door farther and farther open, trying to reach the
northwest corner where they knew Joseph Smith was. The unpleasant
surprise of finding the prisoners armed undoubtedly caused the attackers to
remain in the hallway and try to kill those in the room without exposing
themselves. We believe three men were the maximum that could have fired
into the room with any degree of personal safety. This assertion is based on
the space at the head of the stairs and the hazards to those standing nearby
when a flintlock was fired. Our belief is supported by the number of men
Joseph Smith is said to have wounded and by the wounds to John Taylor
and Joseph Smith. John Taylor received a wound in the thigh, fell to the
floor and lay there briefly, then crawled toward the bed in the southeast
corner of the room, where he received three more wounds. Joseph Smith’s
wounds suggest that he was shot two or three times from men at the
bedroom door, while one shot was believed to have been fired by someone
standing under the window. This suggests that shots were coming from the
door in twos and threes with a pause of several seconds between them.
Some of the attackers may have positioned themselves in the short space to
the south of the door. These men would have had the best angle to shoot
toward the northwest corner of the room, but the width of the platform
would have made it impossible to aim their muskets into the room without
thrusting the muzzles partway through the doorway and running the risk of
having the barrels knocked down. Willard Richards comments that as the
door was pushed farther open, musket barrels protruded into the room
about half their length (roughly 2.4 feet).65 Based on the evidence from the
wounds received by those in the room, the accuracy of those firing into the
room was poor, despite the 15-foot maximum range. The initial wounds
John Taylor and Joseph Smith received were not immediately fatal and in
John Taylor’s case not fatal at all. John Taylor’s initial wound was in his
thigh. Joseph Smith’s initial wounds were in his upper thigh/lower
abdomen.66 This suggests problems in aiming the muskets, difficulty with
visibility, and an inability to hold the muskets steady in the cramped space
at the top of the stairs. 65. History of the Church, 6:620. 66. History of the
Church, 6:620, 627; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147–48; Jessee, “Return to Carthage,” 17 n. 30. V
41Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail In addition, the musket barrels were
being vigorously deflected downward by the canes of John Taylor and
Willard Richards. Wounds Received Willard Richards made three reports
about the Smiths’ wounds. The first was in his June 27, 1844, recital for the
Times and Seasons, “Two Minutes in Jail.” The second was in a letter to
Brigham Young three days later, on June 30.67 The third was in a letter to
the Saints in England, dated July 9, 1844.68 Willard Richards reported six
wounds in Hyrum Smith’s body. These were as follows: (1) a wound to left
of his nose; (2) a wound under his chin to the right of the midline (which
we believe was an exit wound for the ball that struck the left side of his
face); (3) a wound through his lower back without an exit wound at the
front of his abdomen, but with sufficient force to shatter the watch in his
vest pocket; (4) a graze wound to his breast bone; (5) a wound just below
the left knee; and (6) a wound to the back of the right thigh. Four of these
wounds were confirmed by defects found in Hyrum Smith’s clothing.69
Joseph Smith was shot through the right upper thigh, right lower abdomen,
right breast, right shoulder near the neck, and under his heart— with a
likely exit wound behind the right clavicle. The wound in his right hip and
shoulder may have been exit wounds. Unfortunately, none of his clothes
have survived. Several accounts claim that Joseph Smith’s body was
propped against the well and that he was shot in the chest by four of the
militia acting under 67. History of the Church, 6:619–20, 627; Willard
Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in History of the Church,
7:147. 68. Willard Richards and John Taylor to Elder Reuben Hedlock and
the Saints in the British Empire, July 9, 1844, in Journal History. 69.
History of the Church, 6:619–20. The clothes Hyrum Smith was wearing
when he was shot are in the possession of his great-grandson Eldred G.
Smith. There was an entrance hole through the left trouser leg, another hole
through the back of the right trouser leg, and a hole through the back of the
right side of his vest, pants, and shirt. The right edge of the front of the vest
had also lost an irregular section of fabric approximately two inches wide
by three inches long. The defect in the vest was larger at the top and came
to a point at the bottom. It had been stated that this defect was made by a
musket ball that struck Hyrum Smith’s chest and then continued into the
floor of his mouth. But the defect in the fabric was broad at the top, coming
to a point at the bottom, instead suggesting it was made by a musket ball
exiting the skull and tearing the fabric from the top downward. The lack of
damage to the top of the skull also suggested the damage to the fabric was
made by an exiting musket ball. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket
Watch.” See also Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42 v BYU Studies the
direction of Colonel Levi Williams.70 Another account claims one of the
Warsaw militiamen drove a bayonet through his body and left him
transfixed to the well casing.71 None of the wounds reported by Willard
Richards to Brigham Young supports these stories.72 John Taylor was shot
first through his left thigh, then, several seconds later while making his way
to the bed, he was hit in his left leg below the knee, in his left forearm, and
in his left hip.73 He also believed he had been hit in the abdomen by a ball
from outside the window that shattered his watch, but Neil and Gayle Ord
have established that the watch was not hit by a musket ball but rather was
shattered when John Taylor fell against the windowsill after being shot
from the door.74 Willard Richards’s left earlobe was grazed by a musket
ball.75 The musket balls fired from the hallway—and that struck the four
occupants of the room—total at least thirteen: Hyrum Smith, five; John
Taylor, four; Willard Richards, one; Joseph Smith, three or possibly four.
One account written forty-one years after the martyrdom claims there were
thirty-five holes in the walls.76 Given the number of wounds received by
those in the room and the account by Wood, we think it likely that
somewhere between forty-five and fifty-five musket balls were fired into
the room. Since it was probable that no more than three men were able to
fire into the room at any given time, they would have had to reload or
receive loaded muskets up to eighteen times to inflict the damage
catalogued here. Willard Richards titled one of his reports of the
martyrdom “Two Minutes in Jail.” We think the actual time was longer,
perhaps as long as nine minutes. First, it would have taken twenty to thirty
seconds to exchange muskets with those firing, and with only three men
able to fire 70. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 50. 71. Woods, “Mormon
Prophet.” 72. Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147. The wounds reported by Willard Richards in
Joseph Smith’s body do not support the story that he was propped up
against the well and shot by a firing party of four men after he fell to the
ground. Willard Richards counted four wounds in Joseph Smith’s body, two
of them in the chest. Both of the chest wounds are believed to have
occurred when Joseph Smith was trying to jump from the window. The
wound Willard Richards mentioned above Joseph Smith’s clavicle probably
was an exit wound; had he been shot after falling to the ground, we would
expect Richards to have found three or four more chest wounds. 73.
History of the Church, 6:618; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30,
1844, in History of the Church, 7:147. 74. History of the Church, 7:104;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom”; Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47.
75. History of the Church, 6:619. 76. Woods, “Mormon Prophet.” V
43Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail into the room and between forty-five
and fifty-five shots fired into the room at an interval of between twenty and
thirty seconds, it would have taken between five and nine minutes to fire
into the bedroom that many times. Second, the attackers were also
confronted with two unexpected developments: the intended victims were
not in the jail cells and they were armed. Remember, the men in the room
wounded at least three of the attackers. All of this increased the time it took
to complete their murder of Joseph Smith. Wound to Hyrum Smith’s Lower
Back The most perplexing physical aspect of the assassinations was the
wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back. We can reconstruct the wound from
his clothes. The ball entered the lower part of his back on the right side,
about 47 inches from his trouser cuff. The ball then traversed his abdomen,
striking the pocket watch in his right vest pocket with sufficient energy to
smash the crystal and the ceramic face of his watch, but the ball did not
penetrate the skin of the abdominal wall. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards claim the ball that produced this wound came through the open
east window.77 John Taylor believes a member of the Carthage Greys fired
the shot. This was possible, yet it was just as likely that a member of the
Warsaw Militia fired the shot. We explored the possibility the shot came in
through the window from two perspectives: a shot from a tree and a shot
from the ground. A drawing made by Frederick Piercy on site in 1853 and
published in 1855, eleven years after the martyrdom, shows a tree on the
southeast corner of the jail lot. However, this tree was too far to the
southeast to provide a pathway to the bedroom where Hyrum Smith was
standing. A second tree was in line with the east window but was too small
to support the weight of a man.78 This left the possibility of a shot from the
ground. We calculated the distance from the jail a shooter would have
required to hit Hyrum Smith in the lower back. If the bullet pathway
increased 1 inch from the back to the front of his body, assuming a standard
10-inch-body thickness, then a musket would have to have been fired from
32 yards away. If the rise on the 77. History of the Church, 7:102; History
of the Church, 6:617, 619–20. 78. Comprehensive History, 2:256; Piercy,
Route from Liverpool, illustration xv. No trees are evident in a woodcut
published in William M. Daniels, A Correct Account of the Murder of
Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith at Carthage, on the 7th Day of June;
18 by Wm. M. Daniels, an Eye Witness (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor,
1845), nor in an engraved version of the image in a later publication. See
the illustration in Leonard, Nauvoo, 393. 44 v BYU Studies bullet is
reduced to half an inch, the distance would increase to 64 yards, and if
dropped to 0.25 inches, the distance would lengthen to 128 yards. We stood
outside Carthage Jail about 25 yards from the jailer’s bedroom door on
June 16, 1999, at about 4:20 p.m. (CDT or 5:20 p.m. CST), approximately
the same time as the assassinations likely occurred and eleven days earlier
in the year. The day was sunny, as it was in 1844. The sun shone above the
roofline of the jail, and the east window was in shadow. We could not see
individuals in white shirts standing in the jailer’s bedroom unless they
stood at the windowsill. Considering these circumstances and the poor
accuracy of a smoothbore military musket, we concluded that if a shot from
the ground hit Hyrum Smith, then it was not an aimed shot, rather one that
found its mark by chance. We also concluded that either the ball came from
some distance away or that Hyrum Smith’s skin absorbed a substantial
amount of energy. The skin is the most elastic organ in the body and when
struck from within will stretch outward considerably. Even a bullet from
modern firearms will stretch the skin outward several inches. The damage
to Hyrum Smith’s watch was sufficient to break the crystal, knock off the
hands, knock off most of the enamel finish from the watch face, split the
front of the watch case, and indent the watch face about 0.125 inches. Yet
the damage to the watch was substantially less than that expected from a
69-caliber musket ball fired with a powder charge equivalent to a pistol
(see figs. 21 and 22, pictures of Hyrum Smith’s watch and a watch struck
by a 69-caliber Fig. 22. Face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket watch hit by a 69-
caliber musket ball on June 27, 1844. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Fig.21. Damage to a twentieth-century pocket watch with a metal face
protector. The watch was hit with a 69-caliber musket ball driven by a
black-powder charge of 20 grains, equivalent to that fired by a smoothbore
musket about 100 yards away. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V
45Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail musket ball fired with a velocity
equivalent to a shot fired from about 75 yards away). However, the
diameter of the depression the ball left in the face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket
watch was consistent with what we expected from the impact of a 69-
caliber musket soft-lead ball.79 There was a circular depression on the face
of the watch between the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions. The depression
was asymmetrical, being 0.75 inches at its longest diameter and 0.70 inches
at its shortest. When we fired musket balls into eight different pocket
watches, the balls made irregular holes through the watchcases, varying in
width from 0.535 inches to 0.85 inches and in height from 0.30 inches to
0.92 inches. Although the wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back may have
occurred after he was dead, the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence do not support this option. Both Willard Richards and John Taylor
agree that Hyrum Smith fell to the floor on his back and did not move
again, and neither eyewitness mentions Hyrum Smith being shot again after
Joseph Smith was killed. John Taylor could see Hyrum Smith’s body from
the head of the stairs, where he was waiting to be moved after Joseph
Smith’s death, and declared the body had not moved.80 Willard Richards
says that after the attackers ran outside the jail, some returned while he was
hiding John Taylor in the iron prison cell. However, the men turned and ran
as soon as the cry “The Mormons are coming” was heard.81 This and the
fact that the attackers knew their shots would summon the main company
of the Carthage Greys, encamped on the town square about 600 yards
away, precluded any lingering at the jail. The Greys were said to have
arrived within a few minutes of the start of the attack, just in time to see the
attackers running into the woods.82 The suggestion that the wound on
Hyrum Smith’s lower back was made after his death also was not supported
by the clothing he was wearing at the time of the martyrdom. Such a
wound, if made after death, would have been made by someone firing at
very close range into his body after turning the body over. There is no
evidence of powder burns, or their residue, on the light-colored fabric of
the vest where the ball entered his back.83 If Hyrum Smith were shot after
death, it would have been at very 79

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Ejemplos de Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals about


the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith Joseph L. Lyon and David
W. Lyon Thursday, June 27, 1844, was a hot summer day in Carthage,
Illinois. Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, John Taylor, and Willard
Richards sat in a bedroom in Carthage Jail (fig. 1). Illinois Governor
Thomas Ford (fig. 2) had promised them protection while they voluntarily
awaited trial on charges of civil disturbance. About ten miles south of
Nauvoo was another river town named Warsaw. The editor of the Warsaw
Signal, Thomas Sharp, had been advocating extrajudicial violence against
the Mormons and the destruction of Nauvoo for some time. The Nauvoo
City Council’s decision to interfere with the opposition newspaper, the
Nauvoo Expositor, in early June 1844 was the impetus that Sharp and other
anti-Mormons used to have key Church leaders arrested.1 The neighboring
town of Warsaw had a local militia that was created and armed by the state
of Illinois. In late June 1844, during the crisis caused by the destruction of
the Expositor, the Warsaw Militia was called to active duty by Governor
Ford and marched to Carthage, the county seat of Hancock County. On the
morning of June 27, before he left Carthage for Nauvoo, Governor Ford
discharged the Warsaw Militia from service.2 1. Glen M. Leonard, Nauvoo:
A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book;
Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2002), 362–68, 380–98. 2.
Joseph Smith Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed., rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret
Book, 1971), 6:565, 605–7 (hereafter cited as History of the Church). 6 v
BYU Studies The Lyon brothers first gained an interest in Nauvoo’s history
from their father, the late T. Edgar Lyon. Joseph recalls, “When I was eight
or nine years old my father read Mark Twain’s The Innocents Abroad, or
The New Pilgrim’s Progress to my twin brother, Ted, and me. In it, Twain
makes fun of the various religious relics he saw on his journey to Europe
and the Holy Land. I can still remember Twain’s comment that he had seen
enough wood from the ‘true cross’ to build a large church, and that in one
church he had seen two skulls of Adam, the first his skull as a child and the
second his skull when he reached adulthood. When we queried Dad about
how such absurdities could happen, he told us well-meaning people may
embellish historical facts to increase the faith of others, but such
embellishment ultimately discredits the religion. “When I visited Carthage
for the first time in 1965, I was awestruck by seeing the holes through the
jailer’s bedroom door, but I also wondered whether the door was actually
from 1844 and if the holes might have been made later. When I learned in
my medical training of the effects of damage to the base of the brain on
speech, I realized that if Willard Richards’s and John Taylor’s accounts of
Hyrum Smith’s facial wound were true, it was not consistent with his being
able to speak any last words. Both of these thoughts troubled me. “During a
1995 visit to Carthage, I measured the diameter of the holes in the bedroom
door and then set out to determine what type of firearm could have made
such holes. My brother David and his wife MarGene served a mission to
Nauvoo in 1996 and 1997, and he came up with the idea of inserting a laser
pointer into the hole in the bedroom door to determine the pathway of the
musket ball. He also measured the jailer’s bedroom and the hallway in front
of it, and he made the schematic included in this article. Later, I spoke with
Glen Leonard, the former director of the Museum of Church History and
Art, to obtain the diameter of the musket ball that stuck John Taylor’s
watch. In that conversation, I discovered there was no evidence that a
musket ball struck the back of the watch. At this point I realized a much
more detailed and thorough account was needed.” Joseph L. Lyon and
David W. Lyon V 7Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail The discharged
militia members marched out of Carthage but returned later in the day. At
least sixty men3 stormed the jail, killing the Smith brothers and wounding
John Taylor and Willard Richards.4 Even though LDS witnesses described
the attackers as a group of Missourians and a mob,5 the murderers
belonged to a military organization, and evidence suggests they retained
their government-issued weapons when they returned to Carthage. Much
has been written of the assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,6 but
little attention has been paid to the crime scene in Carthage Jail. In this
article, we examine eyewitness accounts of the assault, the layout of the
crime scene, the physical evidence left in the jail, and the types of weapons
used and the wounds they inflicted. We hope to shed new light on this
tragic event and address previous misconceptions about what happened on
that fateful day. The Eyewitness Accounts John Taylor and Willard
Richards (figs. 3 and 4) both left written accounts of the events of the
martyrdom. Although there are many similarities, each account differs
slightly in the details (see table of similarities and differences on pages 46
and 47). 3. History of the Church, 7:143–45. 4. E. Cecil McGavin, Nauvoo
the Beautiful (Salt Lake City: Stevens and Wallis, 1946), 138–42. 5. Both
John Taylor and Willard Richards refer to the attackers as a mob and as
Missourians. Those who drove the Mormons from Far West, Missouri, in
1838 were state militia acting under the direction of their officers and the
governor. In the twenty-first century, the word mob is viewed as a
leaderless group acting on negative emotions. 6. For an examination of
early accounts, see Dean C. Jessee, “Return to Carthage: Writing the
History of Joseph Smith’s Martyrdom,” Journal of Mormon History 8
(1981): 3–19; Davis Bitton, “The Martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Early
Mormon Writings,” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 3 (1983):
29–39; and Davis Bitton, The Martyrdom Remembered: A One-Hundred-
Fifty-Year Perspective on the Assassination of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake
City: Aspen Books, 1994). Fig. 2. Thomas Ford. Courtesy Church History
Library. 8 v BYU Studies Willard Richards. Written soon after the event,
Willard Richards’s account was published in the Times and Seasons on
August 1, 1844. “Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Taylor, and
myself, who were in the front chamber, closed the door of our room against
the entry at the head of the stairs, and placed ourselves against it, there
being no lock on the door, and no catch that was usable. “The door is a
common panel, and as soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball
was sent through the door, which passed between us, and showed that our
enemies were desperadoes, and we must change our position. “General
Joseph Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself sprang back to the front part of the
room, and General Hyrum Smith retreated two-thirds across the chamber
directly in front of and facing the door [figs. 5 & 6]. “A ball was sent
through the door which hit Hyrum on the side of his nose, when he fell
backwards, extended at length, without moving his feet. “From the holes in
his vest (the day was warm, and no one had his coat on but myself),
pantaloons, drawers, and shirt, it appears evident that a ball must have been
thrown from without, through the window, which entered Figs. 3 & 4.
Engraving of John Taylor and daguerreotype of Willard Richards. Both
men were in Carthage Jail with Joseph and Hyrum Smith on June 27, 1844.
Taylor, pictured here in an 1852 engraving, recorded his account in the late
1850s. Pictured here from a detail of a photograph by Charles R. Savage on
October 9, 1868, Richards wrote and published his eyewitness account
seven weeks after the Martyrdom. Courtesy Church History Library. V
9Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail his back on the right side, and passing
through, lodged against his watch, which was in his right vest pocket,
completely pulverizing the crystal and face, tearing off the hands and
mashing the whole body of the watch. At the same instant the ball from the
door entered his nose. “As he struck the floor he exclaimed emphatically, ‘I
am a dead man.’ Joseph looked towards him and responded, ‘Oh, dear
brother Hyrum!’ and opening the door two or three inches with his left
hand, discharged one barrel of a six shooter (pistol) at random in the entry,
from whence a ball grazed Hyrum’s breast, and entering his throat passed
into his head, while other muskets were aimed at him and some balls hit
him. “Joseph continued snapping his revolver round the casing of the door
into the space as before, three barrels of which missed fire, while Mr.
Taylor with a walking stick stood by his side and knocked down the
bayonets and muskets which were constantly discharging through the
doorway, while I stood by him, ready to lend any assistance, with another
stick, but could not come within striking distance without going directly
before the muzzle of the guns. “When the revolver failed, we had no more
firearms, and expected an immediate rush of the mob, and the doorway full
of muskets, half way in the room, and no hope but instant death from
within. “Mr. Taylor rushed into the window, which is some fifteen or
twenty feet from the ground. When his body was nearly on a balance, a ball
from the door within entered his leg, and a ball from without struck his
watch, a patent lever, in his vest pocket near the left breast, and smashed it
into ‘pie,’ leaving the hands standing at 5 o’clock, 16 minutes, and 26
seconds, the force of which ball threw him back on the floor, and he rolled
under the bed which stood by his side, where he lay motionless, the mob
from Figs. 5 & 6. Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Courtesy Church History
Library. 10 v BYU Studies the door continuing to fire upon him, cutting
away a piece of flesh from his left hip as large as a man’s hand, and were
hindered only by my knocking down their muzzles with a stick; while they
continued to reach their guns into the room, probably left handed, and
aimed their discharge so far round as almost to reach us in the corner of the
room to where we retreated and dodged, and then I recommenced the attack
with my stick. “Joseph attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same
window from whence Mr. Taylor fell, when two balls pierced him from the
door, and one entered his right breast from without, and he fell outward,
exclaiming, ‘Oh Lord, my God!’ As his feet went out of the window my
head went in, the balls whistling all around. He fell on his left side a dead
man. “At this instant the cry was raised, ‘He’s leaped the window!’ and the
mob on the stairs and in the entry ran out. “I withdrew from the window,
thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets, then around
General Joseph Smith’s body. “Not satisfied with this I again reached my
head out of the window, and watched some seconds to see if there were any
signs of life, regardless of my own, determined to see the end of him I
loved. Being fully satisfied that he was dead, with a hundred men near the
body and more coming round the corner of the jail, and expecting a return
to our room, I rushed towards the prison door, at the head of the stairs, and
through the entry from whence the firing had proceeded, to learn if the
doors into the prison were open. “When near the entry, Mr. Taylor called
out, ‘Take me.’ I pressed my way until I found all doors unbarred, returning
instantly, caught Mr. Taylor under my arm and rushed by the stairs into the
dungeon, or inner prison, stretched him on the floor and covered him with a
bed in such a manner as not likely to be perceived, expecting an immediate
return of the mob. “I said to Mr. Taylor, ‘This is a hard case to lay you on
the floor, but if your wounds are not fatal, I want you to live to tell the
story.’ I expected to be shot the next moment, and stood before the door
awaiting the onset.” 7 John Taylor. John Taylor’s account was written in the
late 1850s, over a decade after the martyrdom. He began, “I was sitting at
one of the front windows of the jail, when I saw a number of men, with
painted faces, coming around the corner of the jail, and aiming towards the
stairs. The other 7. History of the Church, 6:616–22. This source contains
two accounts, one written by the editor and the other by Willard Richards
titled “Two Minutes in Jail,” taken from Times and Seasons 5 (August 1,
1844): 598–99, a reprint from the Nauvoo Neighbor. V 11Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail brethren had seen the same, for, as I went to the
door, I found Brother Hyrum Smith and Dr. [Willard] Richards already
leaning against it. They both pressed against the door with their shoulders
to prevent its being opened, as the lock and latch were comparatively
useless. While in this position, the mob, who had come upstairs, and tried
to open the door, probably thought it was locked, and fired a ball through
the keyhole; at this Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head. At the same instant, another ball from
the outside entered his back, passing through his body and striking his
watch. The ball came from the back, through the jail window, opposite the
door, and must, from its range, have been fired from the Carthage Greys,
who were placed there ostensibly for our protection, as the balls from the
firearms, shot close by the jail, would have entered the ceiling, we being in
the second story, and there never was a time after that when Hyrum could
have received the latter wound. Immediately, when the ball struck him, he
fell flat on his back, crying as he fell, ‘I am a dead man!’ He never moved
afterwards. “I shall never forget the deep feeling of sympathy and regard
manifested in the countenance of Brother Joseph as he drew nigh to
Hyrum, and, leaning over him, exclaimed, ‘Oh! my poor, dear brother
Hyrum!’ [Joseph], however, instantly arose, and with a firm, quick step,
and a determined expression of countenance, approached the door, and
pulling the six-shooter left by Brother [Cyrus H.] Wheelock [fig. 7] from
his pocket, opened the door slightly, and snapped the pistol six successive
times; only three of the barrels, however, were discharged. I afterwards
understood that two or three were wounded by these discharges, two of
whom, I am informed, died. I had in my hands a large, strong hickory stick,
brought there by Brother [Stephen] Markham, and left by him, which I had
seized as soon as I saw the mob approach; and while Brother Joseph was
firing the pistol, I stood close behind him. As Fig. 7. Cyrus Wheelock.
Brother Wheelock loaned his pistol to Joseph Smith during a visit in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Church History Library. 12 v BYU Studies soon as
he had discharged it he stepped back, and I immediately took his place next
to the door, while he occupied the one I had done while he was shooting.
Brother Richards, at this time, had a knotty walking-stick in his hands
belonging to me, and stood next to Brother Joseph, a little farther from the
door, in an oblique direction, apparently to avoid the rake of the fire from
the door. The firing of Brother Joseph made our assailants pause for a
moment; very soon after, however, they pushed the door some distance
open, and protruded and discharged their guns into the room, when I
parried them off with my stick, giving another direction to the balls. . . .
“Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they were
unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs, until
the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles. . . . “After parrying the guns for some time, which now protruded
thicker and farther into the room, and seeing no hope of escape or
protection there, as we were now unarmed, it occurred to me that we might
have some friends outside, and that there might be some chance of escape
in that direction, but here there seemed to be none. As I expected them
every moment to rush into the room—nothing but extreme cowardice
having thus far kept them out—as the tumult and pressure increased,
without any other hope, I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing, and also exposed to the
fire of the Carthage Greys, who were stationed some ten or twelve rods off.
The weather was hot, we all of us had our coats off, and the window was
raised to admit air. As I reached the window, and was on the point of
leaping out, I was struck by a ball from the door about midway of my thigh,
which struck the bone, and flattened out almost to the size of a quarter of a
dollar, and then passed on through the fleshy part to within about half an
inch of the outside. I think some prominent nerve must have been severed
or injured for, as soon as the ball struck me, I fell like a bird when shot, or
an ox when struck by a butcher, and lost entirely and instantaneously all
power of action or locomotion. I fell upon the window-sill, and cried out, ‘I
am shot!’ Not possessing any power to move, I felt myself falling outside
of the window, but immediately I fell inside, from some, at that time,
unknown cause. When I struck the floor my animation seemed restored, as
I have seen it sometimes in squirrels and birds after being shot. As soon as I
felt the power of motion I crawled under the bed, which was in a corner of
the room, not far from the window where I received my wound. While on
my way and under the bed I was wounded in three other places; one ball
entered a little below the left knee, and never was extracted; another
entered the forepart of my left arm, a little above the wrist, and, V
13Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail passing down by the joint, lodged in
the fleshy part of my hand, about midway, a little above the upper joint of
my little finger; another struck me on the fleshy part of my left hip, and
tore away the flesh as large as my hand, dashing the mangled fragments of
flesh and blood against the wall. . . . “It would seem that immediately after
my attempt to leap out of the window, Joseph also did the same thing, of
which circumstance I have no knowledge only from information. The first
thing that I noticed was a cry that he had leaped out the window. A
cessation of firing followed, the mob rushed downstairs, and Dr. Richards
went to the window. Immediately afterward I saw the doctor going towards
the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals. . . . “Soon
afterwards I was taken to the head of the stairs and laid there, where I had a
full view of our beloved and now murdered brother, Hyrum. There he lay
as I had left him; he had not moved a limb.”8 Physical Features of the
Crime Scene Carthage Jail is a two-story stone building that faces south.
On the afternoon of June 27, 1844, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards had been allowed to move from the jail cells that
occupy the north end of the second floor to the jailer’s bedroom, which is
on the southeast side of the second floor of the building. Access to the
second floor is obtained through the jail’s front door on the west end of the
south wall, then up a steep, narrow staircase (fig. 8) built against the west
wall. At the head of the stairs, a platform begins and forms a hallway that
provides access to the bedroom on the right. We refer to this as a hallway,
although it has no wall on the north and 8. History of the Church, 7:102–7.
Fig. 8. Narrow stairway in the Carthage Jail. Photograph by Joseph Lynn
Lyon. 14 v BYU Studies west sides, but is bounded by a railing on the west
over the stairwell. We measured the distance from the jail’s west wall to the
wall that forms the west wall of the jailer’s bedroom as 97 inches. There is
a 3-inch space from the jail’s west wall to the stairs. The stairs are 35
inches wide, and there is a 15-inch space between the east edge of the stairs
and west edge of the platform that provides access to the bedroom. The
platform then runs along the east edge of the stairs to provide access to
both the bedroom and the attic. The bedroom door opening begins 26.25
inches from the inner north wall formed by the south wall of the dungeon.
The doorway opening is 33.5 inches wide. The hallway in front of the
bedroom door is 44 inches wide and is bounded on the east side by the
bedroom wall and on the west by a railing. The hall continues about 54
inches past the bedroom door to a door that provides access to the attic.
This door opening is 25.5 inches wide. A narrowed platform about 16
inches wide continues past this door to the south wall, ending in a 70-inch-
wide platform that looks down over the stairwell.9 The jailer’s bedroom is
15 feet 8.25 inches wide measured east to west by 15 feet 3.5 inches long
measured north to south. There are three windows, one facing east and two
facing south. The east window opening starts 74 inches from the north wall,
and this window, including its casing, is 45 inches wide. The windowsill is
24 inches wide. The wall that forms the west wall of the bedroom is made
of hand-split oak lath covered with plaster.10 Physical Evidence of the
Assassination The only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and
Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through
the door of the jailer’s bedroom (fig. 9).11 There were additional bullet
holes in 9. When standing on the platform looking north you will see the
jailer’s bedroom door to your right, the stairwell directly beneath you, the
north wall of the cells directly ahead, and the door that provides access to
the jail cells in front of you and to your left. Unless otherwise noted, all
measurements in this article were taken by the authors. 10. Joseph A.
McRae and Eunice H. McRae, Historical Facts regarding the Liberty and
Carthage Jails (Salt Lake City: privately published by the McRaes, 1954),
116. Page 119 has a picture of one of the interior walls of the jail
(unidentified as to which room) with the plaster stripped off to show the
laths. 11. We considered the possibility that the bedroom door may have
been a replacement for the original door and possibly the bullet hole and
bullet nicks were made at a later time; however, ample evidence negated
this. Seven of the eight doors in the jail (the exception being the front door)
are of the same wood, and all are handmade. The section of the door around
the latch with the partial V 15Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail the walls,
window casing, and ceilings of the bedroom, but these are no longer
present and must have been repaired by the mid-1860s. In 1866, the
Carthage Republican reported that in 1857 bullet holes were still visible in
the window casing of the east window, the walls, and the bedroom door,
but that by 1866 the damage, excepting the bullet holes in the door, had
been repaired. When the plaster was stripped from the walls during
remodeling in the late 1930s or 1940s, no musket balls were found in the
plaster and oak lath. Writing in 1885, James W. Woods, one of Joseph
Smith’s attorneys, claims to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the
walls of the room.12 bullet holes was removed sometime after the
martyrdom as a souvenir by a resident of Carthage. A Church missionary
couple sent to be caretakers of the jail in the 1930s, the McRaes, heard of
its existence and prevailed on the resident’s descendants to return it. The
piece of wood was restored to the door, and its grain matched that of the
surrounding door. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 99. Another item of
interest related to the bedroom door was not mentioned in other accounts
we found. On inspecting this door in June 1999, we found that a wedge of
wood had been crudely cut, probably with a knife blade from the inside top
edge of the door, a long time ago. The wedge was about twelve inches long
and an inch at the top then tapering downward. Perhaps a souvenir hunter
from many years ago thought the door historic enough to cut a good-sized
piece off it. 12. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 116; James W. Woods,
“The Mormon Prophet: A True Version of the Story of His Martyrdom;
Reminiscences of an Old Timer, Who Was Joe Smith’s Attorney,” Ottumwa
Democrat, May 13, 1885, reprinted in Journal History of the Church, June
27, 1844, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, Salt Lake City, microfilm copy Fig. 9. Bullet holes in bedroom door.
These holes are the only extant physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph
and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail. Notice that the second
hole on the side is in a piece of wood that was cut from the door by a
souvenir hunter but later returned by one of his descendants. Photograph by
John W. Welch. 16 v BYU Studies A drawing made by Frederick Piercy in
1853 of the west wall of the bedroom has five discrete holes, four above the
line of the window sills, and what appear to be two clusters of about three
to four holes.13 The holes below the level of the windowsill could not have
been fired into the room from outside. Only the four balls higher up could
have come from outside the room. The two clusters low down had to have
been made by someone standing in the room and firing into the west wall.
The accounts by Willard Richards and John Taylor do not mention musket
balls hitting the west wall of the bedroom. The door to the jailer’s bedroom
is a handmade panel whose style is known as the Christian door, about 0.5-
inch-thick panels that are flat on the hall side but raised on the bedroom
side. The door is hinged on the north side to swing into the room as one
enters from the platform. The door is made of hardwood, likely black
walnut. One of the two bullet holes is on the south edge of the door, 46.5
inches above the floor. This is a partial hole, occupying about 0.5 inches of
space, where a musket ball grazed the edge of the door.14 Even though it is
partial, the hole we measured is approximately 0.75 inches in diameter and
is angled downward and to the south. This bullet hole is in a piece of wood
that was cut out of the door by a souvenir hunter and returned by one of his
descendants.15 The cutout in the door starts 42.25 inches above the floor
and extends to 48 inches above the floor. The cutout is several inches above
the current doorknob. The grain and color of the wood in the cutout match
that of the door. The current door latch is an external, metal-box-type latch
mounted on the bedroom side of the door with a doorknob mounted on the
hall side of the door below the cutout piece of wood. In 1844, the door
likely in Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. James Woods
claimed to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the walls of the room.
However, his testimony of the actual martyrdom was unreliable in several
details. For example, Woods confused the two brothers, saying that Joseph
was wounded in the face and abdomen, but actually those were Hyrum’s
wounds. Woods did go to the bedroom and spend some time looking at it
and making a count of holes in the walls and ceilings. 13. Frederick
Hawkins Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, reprint,
ed. Fawn M. Brodie (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1962), illustration xvi. 14. John Taylor describes one ball
shot through the keyhole and another through the panel, striking Hyrum
Smith in the face. History of the Church, 7:102. 15. McRae and McRae,
Historical Facts, 98, 99. V 17Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail was held
shut by a simple metal latch near the location of this bullet hole.16 There is
no evidence of bullet holes in the doorjamb, nor is there evidence of a latch
plate being mounted there. The McRaes, a missionary couple sent by the
Church in the 1930s to be caretakers of the jail, noted that while the doors
were made of walnut, the door casings were made of oak. The couple also
reported that all the interior doors were original to the jail, but the front
door was a replacement.17 The second hole in the door is in an upper
panel, 10 inches from the south edge of the door and 51.75 inches above
the floor. This hole is circular on the corridor side of the door and
approximately 0.69 inches in diameter. There is a circular hole on the
bedroom side of the door of the same diameter, and pieces of wood have
been blown out of the wood panel above and below the exit hole. The type
of damage to the wood is compatible with that done when a high-velocity
ball exits from a hard substance such as dry wood and is called spalling.
Both holes are approximately 0.05 inches larger than the 0.64-inch
diameter of the ball fired by the U.S. Model 1795 and Model 1816 69-
caliber musket (the weapons most likely used in the attack). The soft lead
balls likely flattened slightly when hitting dried hardwood, or perhaps the
fingers and knives of many visitors over the years have expanded the holes
slightly. The pathway of the musket ball that made the hole in the door
panel was reconstructed using a laser pointer wedged into the bullet hole in
the door (figs. 10a and 10b). The ball was traveling in a downward
direction and was aimed slightly to the right (or toward the south side of
the room when the door was closed). If the door was closed when the
musket was fired, the ball would have struck the east wall just below the
east window, between 17 and 23 inches above the room’s floor.
Considering the bullet path and the length of the Model 1816 musket, the
butt of the musket would have been about 65.5 inches above the floor if the
muzzle was pressed against the door when fired. The Firearms The reports
of John Taylor and Willard Richards, both present in the room with Joseph
and Hyrum Smith, state that the attackers (members of the Warsaw Militia)
were armed with muskets, though John Taylor mentions that muskets and
rifles were fired through the door of the bedroom.18 In the early and mid-
nineteenth century, the federal government provided each state with U.S.
military firearms for use by local militias. The U.S. Model 1816 flintlock-
ignited musket (figs. 11 & 12) was the firearm most likely issued to the
militias of Hancock County, including those of Carthage, Warsaw, and
Nauvoo,19 though it was possible that some U.S. 18. History of the
Church, 6:616–22; 7:102–7. John Taylor’s comment appears in 7:103.
Unfortunately, he did not further amplify this statement. 19. When
Governor Ford came to Nauvoo the day Joseph and Hyrum Smith were
martyred, Ford told the assembled citizens that the large number of
privately owned firearms held by the Saints was a cause of prejudice
among their neighbors against them (see History of the Church, 6:623). We
believe the presence of these privately owned muskets was a decisive factor
in keeping the men in surrounding Figs. 11 & 12. A U.S. Model 1816
flintlock-ignited musket and a detail of the firing mechanism (top).
Photographs by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 20 v BYU Studies Model 1795 muskets
were also issued.20 The 1816 musket was made in much larger numbers
than the 1795 musket, and most 1795 muskets did not survive the War of
1812.21 The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were flintlock-ignited,
smoothbore weapons with a bore diameter of 0.69 inches or 69 caliber.22
Willard Richards says that during the attack the Carthage Greys, the
Carthage militia unit that was supposed to defend the prisoners, “elevated
their firelocks.”23 A “firelock” was another name for a flintlock musket.
The Model 1795 musket had an overall length of 59.5 inches, and the
Model 1816 musket was 57.5 inches long. The bayonet issued with both
muskets added an additional 16 inches to the overall length. As unlikely as
it seems, given the limited space within the jail, Willard Richards mentions
muskets with attached bayonets being thrust through the doorway into the
bedroom where the murders occurred. After Joseph Smith leaped from the
jail’s east communities from attacking Nauvoo at the time of the Smiths’
murders and in the weeks thereafter. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 114–15, 377.
20. An alternate explanation was that a 69-caliber pistol was used to shoot
through the door. This was also a possibility, but it was highly unlikely. The
United States made only a thousand Model 1816 flintlock pistols in 69
caliber, then changed to 54-caliber pistols, and by 1830 had produced about
thirty thousand pistols in this caliber. The thousand 69-caliber pistols were
sold as surplus with the adoption of the 54-caliber pistol, since musket
ammunition was not suitable for use in a pistol. Norm Flayderman,
Flayderman’s Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values, 9th
ed. (Iola, Wis: Gun Digest Books, 2007), 328–29. Neither Willard Richards
nor John Taylor mentions the mob being armed with or discharging pistols.
21. The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were made at the two U.S.
armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harpers Ferry, Virginia, as well
as by a number of independent gunmakers who received government
contracts. About 150,000 Model 1795 muskets and 675,000 Model 1816
muskets were manufactured between 1795 and 1840 at the two federal
arsenals; an additional 100,000 Model 1816 muskets were made by
government contractors. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide, 538–40, 553–
54. Midwest militia units were using the percussion-converted, smoothbore
Model 1816 muskets as late as 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant reported
exchanging about 60,000 smoothbore militia muskets for new, rifled,
Britishmanufactured muskets imported by the Confederacy after the fall of
Vicksburg in July 1863. Most of General Grant’s troops at Vicksburg were
raised in the Midwest, including Illinois, and were armed with muskets
supplied to the militia units of each state. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal
Memoirs, ed. Caleb Carr (New York: The Modern Library, 1999), 306. 22.
Caliber is a measurement of the diameter of the bore of a firearm measured
in hundredths of an inch; for example, a 69-caliber musket has a barrel with
an internal diameter of 0.69 inches. 23. History of the Church, 6:617. V
21Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail window, this eyewitness “withdrew
from the window, thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets,
then around General Joseph Smith’s body.”24 Because commercial
firearms did not provide an attachment for a bayonet, Willard Richards’s
account establishes that the men who killed Joseph Smith were armed with
military muskets and that some of the Warsaw Militia had mounted their
bayonets on their muskets preparatory to attacking the jail. The bore of the
Model 1795 and 1816 muskets had a metal tube with a smooth, 0.69-inch
inside diameter similar to that found on modern shotguns. A smoothbore
musket was faster to load than a musket with a rifled barrel because the
bullet did not have to be hammered down the barrel so the ball engaged the
riflings when exiting the barrel. The ball used with the 1795 and 1816
muskets had a diameter 0.05 inches smaller than 0.69 inches. Both muskets
were loaded from a rolled paper container called a cartridge. The cartridge
held the correct amount of gunpowder and a 0.64-inchdiameter lead ball
weighing 397.5 grains (or about nine-tenths of an ounce). The paper of the
cartridge also covered the ball and was designed to make up the 0.05-inch
difference in diameter between the barrel and the ball as it was rammed
down the barrel. Ammunition may have been supplied by the federal
government or manufactured locally from lead and gunpowder. To load the
firearm, the soldier leveled the musket and pulled the cock (a device on the
right side directly above the trigger that held a piece of flint in its jaws) to
the half-cocked position. He next removed a paper cartridge from a leather-
covered box on his belt, tore the bottom off with his teeth, poured part of
the powder into a pan on the right side of the musket, and closed a spring-
loaded lid called a frizzen over it. He raised the musket vertically, poured
the remainder of the powder (about 100 grains or about a quarter of an
ounce) down the barrel, and placed the musket ball that was still wrapped
and tied in the end of the cartridge paper in the musket’s muzzle (probably
giving the paper a little push to keep it from falling off the end of the
barrel). The soldier then withdrew the ramrod stored under the barrel and
rammed down the cartridge-paper-covered lead ball until it rested on top of
the powder charge. The musket was leveled again, and the cock was pulled
all the way back. Next, the musket was brought to the shoulder and the
trigger pulled. This released the cock, which swung forward driven by
spring tension, striking the flint on an upright, curved metal projection on
the frizzen, pushing the frizzen up, and showering sparks into the
gunpowder. The gunpowder in the pan was ignited by the sparks, and the
flame traveled via a hole on the side of the barrel to the 24. History of the
Church, 6:620–21. 22 v BYU Studies main charge of gunpowder. The
powder then ignited, and the gas generated from its ignition propelled the
lead ball down the barrel. Due to the smoothbore barrel and the use of a
round ball, the effective range of such muskets was about 100 yards. Both
the 1795 and 1816 muskets had a sight on the front barrel band only, and,
typical of all smoothbore muskets of the day, they were not very accurate.
(To achieve accurate fire from any handheld firearm, a sight at the front and
rear of the weapon is necessary to guarantee proper alignment of the barrel
when the weapon is discharged. With only a front sight, the barrel is only
pointed in the general direction of the target.) The military accepted this
limitation, viewing musket fire as covering an area occupied by enemy
troops with deadly lead balls, and so did not bother with the expense of
adding a rear sight. A smoothbore musket can best be compared to a
modern 12-gauge hunting shotgun (bore diameter 0.73 inches), but the
musket fired a large lead ball rather than many tiny balls (birdshot).25 The
Initial Assault With an understanding of the firearms, we can now analyze
the events of the assassination. The members of the Warsaw Militia rushed
the jail shortly after 5:00 p.m. on the afternoon of Thursday, June 27, 1844.
An eight-man squad from the Carthage Greys had been charged with the
defense of the jail. They were to provide the initial protection for the
prisoners against an attack, and, if one occurred, the squad would be joined
by the remainder of their company who were camped in the town square,
about 600 yards away. The Carthage militiamen who were guarding the jail
were reported to have been aware of the assassination plot and to have 25.
In 1843 and 1844, experiments were conducted to test the gunpowder being
produced at the Washington Arsenal using an 1816 musket loaded with 80
grains of black powder. Using a ballistic pendulum, the velocity of a 0.64-
inch lead ball at the musket’s muzzle was estimated at 1,500 feet per
second and the energy at the muzzle of 2,060 foot-pounds. Captain Alfred
Mordecai, “Experiments on Gunpowder Made at the Washington Arsenal in
1843 and 1844.” Copy in possession of John Spangler, Salt Lake City.
Modern black-powder loading manuals could not confirm this and
suggested muzzle velocities on the order of 1,000 to 1,200 feet per second
with an 80-grain powder charge. C. Kenneth Ramage, ed., Lyman Black
Powder Handbook, 12th ed. (Middletown, Conn: Lyman Publications,
1997), 142. Since there were no values given for a 69-caliber ball, we have
interpolated between the 58-caliber and the 75-caliber data. Cartridges
were also issued that contained a 0.64-inch ball and three 0.33-inch balls.
These cartridges were used primarily for guard duty and referred to as
“buck and ball.” There is no evidence that such were used by those who
killed the Smith brothers. V 23Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail agreed to
fire blanks (muskets loaded with powder held in place with cartridge paper
but without a lead ball) at the Warsaw Militia to make it appear as if they
had put up resistance.26 The accounts of John Taylor and Willard Richards
state that the guards did fire at the attackers, but without any effect. Besides
attempting to drive off the attackers, the shots from the guards at the jail
were to alert the remainder of the Greys to an attack so they could come to
the jail. John Taylor states that the Carthage Militia stood off 10 to 12 rods
(55 to 66 yards) and fired at the jail windows, suggesting the Greys were
trying to kill him and the other men in the room.27 Once the main body of
the Carthage Militia became aware of the attack, the attackers would have
had only a few minutes to murder Joseph Smith and make their escape. The
Warsaw militiamen charged through the front door of the jail, ran up the
stairs, and fired into the door leading to the prison cells at the immediate
head of the stairs.28 The staircase was narrow (35 inches) and steep (the
steps rise 8 inches), so the attackers likely had to mount it single file. The
attackers then confronted an unanticipated problem. The prisoners were not
in the cells with metal bars, where the men would have been easy targets,
but in a bedroom, which was accessible through a single wooden door.
Realizing that Joseph Smith was not in the prison cell at the head of the
stairs, the attackers turned to their right. Joseph and his companions had
closed the door to the jailer’s bedroom when they first heard shouts and
shots.29 Both Hyrum Smith and Willard Richards held the door shut. John
Taylor said the latch on the door was worthless and that he and others had
tried to repair it before the assassination.30 In the hands of inexperienced
troops, or under the pressure of a conflict, the muskets of the day could
take up to a minute to load. The men at the top of the stairs, having fired
into the prison cell at the head of the stairs, now had empty muskets, so it
was not possible to immediately fire through the bedroom door. This pause
gave the men in the bedroom time to better position themselves against the
door. 26. Woods, “Mormon Prophet”; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 2:279–81 (hereafter cited as
Comprehensive History). 27. History of the Church, 7:104. 28. History of
the Church, 6:619. The front door to the jail had been replaced sometime in
the past. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 120. 29. History of the
Church, 6:616; 7:102. 30. Comprehensive History, 2:284. 24 v BYU
Studies The two bullet holes through the bedroom door were evidence that
two muskets were fired into the door by the attackers. Willard Richards and
John Taylor both mention two shots being fired through the door. The first
shot was fired through the keyhole31 and the second through the upper
door panel on the south side. Based on the holes, the musket muzzles were
pointing at a downward angle and to the right (or south) when both holes
were made. The angle toward the south suggests the shots were fired by
men standing slightly to the north of the door opening. The buttstocks of
the muskets when making these holes would have been higher than the
shoulder height of the average man of that day (about 5 feet 6 inches) and
the butt being about 5 feet 5 inches above the floor. To reconstruct how this
might have happened, we measured a 44-inch space horizontally from a 33-
inch-wide door and used a bench to simulate the railing of the jail hallway.
Because of the length of the 1795 and 1816 muskets and the narrowness of
the hallway, a man could not have shouldered his musket in the normal way
(with the barrel parallel to the floor) and fired into the closed door when he
was standing in the hallway at the head of the stairs. However, as will be
discussed herein, lack of space was not an insurmountable obstacle. Two or
three attackers probably began pushing on the bedroom door; the narrow
space in front of the door and the width of the door (33.5 inches) made it
unlikely that more than three men could have stood and pushed. Inside the
room, two or three of the four men were holding the door,32 knowing their
lives depended on keeping it shut. There would have been a contest of
strength between the attackers and their intended victims. Some of the men
lower down on the stairs likely began passing up loaded muskets in
exchange for those already discharged. One of the militiamen probably
decided to drive the prisoners away from the door by firing his musket at
the door latch. The door was slightly open because the hole goes through
the hallway part of the door and cannot be seen from the bedroom side of
the door, nor is there evidence of damage to the oak doorjamb. To fire in
the space at the top of the stairs, a militiaman had to hold the musket above
his shoulder and absorb the recoil with his hand and arms. The recoil from
a musket held in this fashion would have been uncomfortable, but a shot at
such a position was possible. A second musket was probably passed up the
stairs and a second shot fired through the door panel. Because of the height
of the bullet hole and its downward angle, the firer of this shot must also
have stood in the 31. History of the Church, 7:102. 32. History of the
Church, 7:102. V 25Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail hallway, holding the
musket with the trigger guard above his shoulder, and absorbed the recoil
with his hands and wrists. Two factors help determine the number of men
who could push on the door and fire into the bedroom. First is the muzzle
blast, and second is the side blast from the muskets. The 69-caliber musket
ball is 0.05 inches smaller than the 0.69-inch bore diameter so it can be
rammed down the barrel of the musket and still be surrounded with a thin
sheet of paper to act as a block and better capture the force of the
expanding gases. When a smoothbore flintlock musket is fired, a cloud of
burning powder particles is thrown out in a circular pattern around the
musket ball. These particles move at over 1,000 feet per second and can
penetrate clothing or skin. During our tests, we fired into a piece of dried
walnut wood with a 69-caliber musket from point-blank range (fig. 13). We
also fired at pocket watches held in hand-sewn pockets, and the flame from
the hot gas generated by the burning powder set the cotton fabric on fire
with every shot (fig. 14). If one man were pushing on the door and a second
man next to him fired his musket with the muzzle near the door, the first
man would be sprayed with burning powder particles thrown out by the
discharge of the musket. The second factor is the risk of damaging a
neighbor’s eyes or setting his clothing on fire from the burning powder in
the musket’s side pan and the discharge from the musket’s touchhole when
the main powder charge is fired.33 When the powder in the pan is ignited,
burning powder particles are thrown out from the pan several inches. When
the powder in the pan ignites the powder charge in the barrel, there is a
lateral discharge over the pan, to a distance of five feet or more, of a tiny,
high-pressure jet of hot gas equivalent to the pressure driving the ball down
the barrel. This jet of hot gas can damage skin and eyes. The burning
powder and gas jet from the side of the musket meant the attackers could
not have stood too close to each other without risking burned clothes or eye
damage. One point that has not been addressed in previous studies of the
martyrdom is the amount of white smoke generated when black powder is
fired. The amount of white smoke is substantial and this was a major factor
in all battles fought with black-powder weapons; it probably was the reason
for the phrase “the fog of war.” The top of the stairs and the bedroom
would have become extremely smoky once repeated firing started. This 33.
While shooting one day Joseph Lyon was hit on left side of his face with
burning powder particles from a 54-caliber flintlock pistol that was fired
from about five feet to his left. It was quite painful even though the grains
of powder did not break the skin. Fig. 13. A piece of dried walnut with a
69-caliber musket fired from point blank range Shots through the Door Of
the first two shots fired into the room, Willard Richards’s account states,
“As soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the
door, which passed between us,” causing the men to spring back from the
door. He says a second “ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose.”34 John Taylor believes the first ball actually came
through the keyhole of the door, while the second entered through the door
panel itself.35 The accounts of Willard Richards and John Taylor declare
that the second ball struck Hyrum Smith. Both eyewitnesses say that
Hyrum Smith had stepped away from the door after the first musket ball
was fired and was then shot through the door by the second ball. John
Taylor explains, “Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head.”36 If Hyrum Smith were standing
fully erect to his 74-inch height37 as people tend to be when they leap
backward, the ball through the door at 51.75 inches height would have
struck him in the upper abdomen, not the face. Since the ball was traveling
downward, the farther he stepped back from the door, the lower on his torso
would have been the entrance wound. We believe the second musket ball,
shot through the upper panel of the door, was the ball that struck Hyrum
Smith on the left side of his face, but we believe this occurred while he was
still braced against the door, and his leap backward was a reaction to being
shot. Discrepancies between the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence necessitate additional commentary. Hyrum Smith’s left shoulder
likely was braced against the door when the second ball was fired through
the panel.38 That means his head must have been bent forward, with his
left cheek turned toward the door and his face parallel to the floor. The
musket ball struck the left side of his face, just 34. History of the Church,
6:619. 35. History of the Church, 7:102. 36. History of the Church, 6:617,
619; 7:102. 37. Pearson H. Corbett, Hyrum Smith: Patriarch (Salt Lake
City: Deseret Book, 1963), 86. 38. History of the Church, 7:102. 28 v BYU
Studies medial to the left eye, then exited from underneath his jaw to the
right of the midline. Others have misidentified the wound to the floor of his
mouth as an entrance wound rather than an exit wound.39 Had the wound
in his neck or in the floor of his mouth been an entrance wound, the ball
would have done extensive damage to the top of the skull. The photographs
of Hyrum Smith’s and Joseph Smith’s skulls made in 1928 show no
damage to the top of either skull.40 Also, identifying this wound as an exit
wound would explain the bloodstains on the right side of Hyrum Smith’s
clothes. A review by Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord of the clothing
Hyrum Smith was wearing at the time of the assassination found the
majority of bloodstains on the right front of the shirt, with a small amount
of blood on the shirtfront and a blood splatter on the left shoulder.41 The
current owner of the vest, Eldred G. Smith, said Hyrum Smith’s vest was so
blood soaked on the upper right side, that a triangular shaped piece of
fabric from the top and bottom of the right armhole extending to the right
lapel was cut out. It is our assumption that this fabric was also cut out to
remove the clothes from the body because rigor mortis had set in, and the
fabric was likely blood soaked, as was the shirt underneath it.42 The right
lapel of his vest was about 2 inches shorter than the left lapel because of the
removal of this wedge (fig. 15). Hyrum Smith’s shirt (a pullover) was split
up the front and down 39. History of the Church, 6:617; Shannon M. Tracy,
In Search of Joseph (Orem, Utah: Kenninghouse, 1995), 57. See also,
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury on the Carthage Tragedy,” Deseret Evening
News, September 12, 1890. 40. Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom,” unpublished draft manuscript in authors’
possession; Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43, 52–53. 41. Ord and Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” Photographs of the clothing are printed in
Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42. We had not noticed that the vest had
a large piece of fabric removed from the right side until Eldred Smith
pointed it out and told us he had stitched the fabric together to hide the
defect. Fig. 15. Hyrum Smith’s vest. Notice that a wedge of the material
was cut out, making the right lapel about 2 inches shorter. Eldred G. Smith
Family Collection. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V 29Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail the right arm to remove it from his body. This cut
in the fabric was sewn together when we inspected the shirt. The
bloodstains on the right front of the shirt were likely made by blood from
the exit wound on the floor of his mouth soaking through the front of the
vest and onto the shirt (see figs. 16 & 17). After Hyrum Smith was shot in
the face, he was also shot in his lower back and in both legs. His clothing
shows no evidence of bloodstains around these wounds, but the clothing
may have been washed, removing or reducing some of the stains.43 Since
Hyrum Smith fell on his back and did not move after he was shot,44 the
extensive bloodstains on his right sleeve could only have come from a
wound on the right side of his neck or the floor of his mouth. Wounds in
either of these places likely would have severed major blood vessels,
causing massive blood loss and resulting in less bleeding from the other
wounds. In further support of a downward-angled gunshot traversing
Hyrum Smith’s face and exiting from the right side of his neck we offer the
following evidence. The men who reburied Hyrum Smith’s body in fall
1844 reported, “It was found at this time that two of Hyrum Smith’s teeth
had fallen into the inside of his mouth, supposed to have been done by a
ball at the time of the martyrdom, but which was not discovered at the time
he was laid out, in consequence of his jaws being tied up.”45 A musket ball
that struck the left side of his face and traveled downward would have
knocked 43. Joseph L. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket Watch,”
notes on a visit with Eldred G. Smith, Salt Lake City, April 26, 1999, in
authors’ possession. 44. History of the Church, 6:619; 7:102, 107. 45.
History of the Church, 6:629. A musket ball shot through the floor of the
mouth would have passed upward through the hard palate, through the
bottom of the skull, and into the brain. The short distance between the
hallway and Hyrum Smith’s body means the ball would have passed though
the top of the skull, shattering it. In the pictures of the Smith brothers’
skulls taken in January 1928 at the time of their reburial, there was no
evidence of fractures to the top or back of either skull. Compare with Tracy,
In Search of Joseph, 52, 53. Figs. 16 & 17. The shirt and trousers Hyrum
Smith wore the day he was murdered. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection.
Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 30 v BYU Studies out two or more of
the left upper molars. These molars were undoubtedly being held in place
by the mucous membrane lining of his mouth and attached at one end to the
fragment of his upper jaw when he was first buried. By the time his body
was viewed again three months after his death, the mucous membrane
would have decomposed, and the two left upper molars would have
dropped into his mouth. We inspected a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask
at the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City (fig. 18). The
mask showed that Hyrum Smith’s left cheekbone was depressed about 2
millimeters compared to the right cheekbone. This depression appeared
only on the left side of his face and extended over that area from the left
side of his nose to the left side of the mask. The most likely cause of such a
depression is a fracture of the left maxillary bone. We also obtained access
to a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask owned by Grant Fairbanks, a Salt
Lake City plastic surgeon.46 The wound to the left side of Hyrum Smith’s
face was 1 inch to the left of the midline of his face and was plugged with
cotton when the mask was made, thus stretching the skin around the
wound. The cotton had been pushed toward Hyrum Smith’s nose when the
mask was 46. Joseph L. Lyon, “Cast of Hyrum Smith’s Death Mask,” notes
of a meeting with Grant Fairbanks, M.D., April 25, 1999, copy in authors’
possession. Fig. 18. Deathmasks of Hyrum Smith (left) and Joseph Smith
(right). Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V 31Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail Effect of an 1816 Musket Ball on a Simulated
Human Skull John Spangler, a collector of historic military firearms, and
Joseph L. Lyon, one of the authors, performed an experiment to estimate
the damage done to a skull by a 69-caliber musket ball when fired through
a piece of hardwood similar to the door at Carthage Jail.1 We obtained an
artificial skull made of a synthetic material and used in training
neurosurgery residents to cut out sections of bone from the human skull.2
We used a rectangular box made of 0.75-inch pine boards to hold a
hardwood board and the skull. The skull sat on a wadded newspaper at the
back of the box behind a piece of well-dried, 0.8-inch-thick black walnut
board, held in place by half-inch wood cleats at the bottom and the middle.
The black walnut wood was likely similar to the wood used in the door of
the jailer’s bedroom. Our goal was to replicate the amount of resistance to a
musket ball that the bedroom door would have offered. The skull was
positioned on its side with the back lifted up so the ball would pass through
the walnut, strike the skull over the left maxilla just under the left eye, and
exit without striking the bones forming the floor of the cranium. We used a
397-grain, 0.64-inch musket ball. We propelled the ball with 75 grains of
commercially available rifle grade black powder, the same type used in
Model 1795 and 1816 military muskets. This load was less than the 80- to
100-grain load typically used in U.S. muskets because the age of the
firearm made us reluctant to use the full powder charge. But our purpose
was to determine if a musket ball fired through a piece of hardwood had
sufficient energy to fracture the maxillary bones of the human skull. The
ball was fired in a 69-caliber Model 1816 musket, converted to percussion-
cap ignition for use in the Civil War.3 (continued) 1. Notes describing test
of firepower of a Model 1816 musket, conducted by John Spangler and
authors, May 12, 2001, copy in authors’ possession. 2. Even though it
duplicated the hardness of the human skull, including the thickness and
resistance to breaking, this imitation did not replicate some of the finer
details of a human skull. 3. A flintlock-ignited musket was not available to
the authors for this experiment. A percussion-cap-ignited musket, the next
32 v BYU Studies The musket was discharged about 2 inches from the
walnut board. The force of the ball striking the skull knocked the left
maxilla and the base of the right maxilla off the skull and threw them about
15 feet from the box. Had this been the skull of a living person, the
overlying soft tissue (skin, muscles, fascia) would have prevented the
maxillae from being blown off the skull. However, we concluded that after
being fired through a piece of dried walnut a musket ball still had sufficient
force to fracture the maxillary bones. We also wanted to determine what the
effect would be if the musket ball had been moving parallel to the floor and
struck the back of Hyrum Smith’s skull as the eyewitness accounts suggest.
We repositioned the skull so it faced another walnut panel and was parallel
to the bottom of the box. Using the same powder charge, we fired another
ball through the walnut board into the right maxilla, medial and slightly
below the right eye socket. The musket barrel was parallel to the floor of
the box when discharged and was about 1 inch from the walnut board. The
musket ball created a fracture of the skull that extended from the point of
entry diagonally across the bridge of the nose and then upward 7 inches
into the left frontal bone. Much of the right side of the face, including the
right eye socket, maxilla, temporal bone, half the right parietal bone, and
the entire occipital bone were fractured, pulverized, or blown off the skull.
The entire occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull, about 4 inches
long by 3.5 inches wide, was blown to small fragments, leaving a massive
exit wound. We concluded that if Hyrum Smith had been struck by a ball
from a 69-caliber musket fired through the door that then traversed his
skull parallel to the floor, it would have left a massive exit wound at the
back of his skull. However, neither eyewitness account mentions such a
wound nor was such a wound evident when his skull was exhumed and
photographed in 1928. best alternative, was used instead. The difference in
muzzle energy between a flintlock-ignited musket and a percussion-cap-
ignited musket was negligible, so the results of the experiment would have
been similar regardless of which weapon was used. V 33Physical Evidence
at Carthage Jail made, exposing the outer edge of the bullet hole. The
diameter of the hole was 0.7 inches, consistent with a wound inflicted by a
69-caliber musket ball. We also confirmed this dimension with the mask at
the museum. The pictures of Hyrum Smith’s skull taken in January 1928,
just before his final interment, showed that the left and right upper
jawbones and nasal bones were missing from his skull and that the bone
edges were rounded, suggesting they had been exposed to the elements for
a long time.47 These missing bones from Hyrum Smith’s skull undoubtedly
were fractured by the force of the musket ball that struck him just below his
left eye. As the overlying tissue decayed, the bones fell away and were lost
when the skeletal remains were exhumed. The photographs of his skull also
showed no evidence of damage to the occipital (back) area of the skull.48
This was the area where a musket ball traveling parallel (or almost parallel)
to the long axis of his body would have struck if he were shot while
standing erect. A downward-angled wound through the skull also resolved
one physically impossible aspect of the eyewitness accounts of Hyrum
Smith’s death. Both report Hyrum Smith as saying immediately after he
was shot in the face, “I am a dead man!” and then falling backward on the
floor.49 If he were standing erect (6 feet 2 inches) with his face vertical to
the floor when struck by the musket ball, as the accounts of Willard
Richards and John Taylor suggest, the ball would have struck his brain
stem (medulla oblongata) at the base of his brain. The brain stem controls
speech, respiration, and all muscular movements. Any damage to this vital
part would have rendered him instantly speechless and paralyzed all
muscles, making a verbal statement impossible. But if his face were tilted
forward, parallel to the floor, the musket ball would have severed the
arteries in the floor of his mouth and exited on the right side of the neck,
under the jawbone. He would have had difficulty speaking from the injury
to his 47. Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43. 48. The skull we have
identified as Hyrum Smith’s was originally identified as Joseph Smith’s.
Shannon Tracy asserted that the skulls of the Smith brothers were
misidentified when they were reburied in 1928 by the Reorganized Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ). We
concur with this assertion. The skull identified by the excavators as Hyrum
Smith’s had no hole in the left maxilla, but a small defect to the right
maxilla. The skull identified as Joseph Smith’s was missing the bones of
the nose, the floor of the mouth, the frontal sinuses and upper jaws. This
would be consistent with a traumatic fracture to these structures such as
that caused by a 69-caliber musket ball striking the left maxilla. Tracy, In
Search of Joseph, 48–60. 49. History of the Church, 7:102; 6:620. 34 v
BYU Studies tongue, but it would have been possible before blood loss led
to unconsciousness and death. To test whether a 6-foot-2-inch man bracing
against a door would have been hit in the face by a shot fired 51.75 inches
above the floor, we enlisted the aid of a man of that height and had him
brace himself against a door opening to his right. If he braced with his left
shoulder and turned his head to the right, his face was between 49 and 54
inches above the floor. Retaliation When Hyrum Smith fell to the floor, the
attackers pushed the door partly open. After seeing his brother mortally
wounded, Joseph Smith responded to the murderers. Because of the
continual death threats he had received by the various militia units in
Carthage and overheard by many Mormons present, he had been given a
six-barreled, percussion-capignited, Allen “pepper box” revolver earlier in
the day by Cyrus H. Wheelock for protection.50 Designed to be carried in a
pocket, these pistols were produced in three calibers: 28, 31, and 36.51
Common sense dictates that Joseph Smith probably waited until the
attackers had fired a volley into the room. Then standing on the right side
of the partly open door to protect himself and holding the revolver around
the door, he would have pulled the trigger six times.52 Three of the six
barrels were fired. The balls from the pistol struck three men, two in the
upper arm and a third in the face. None of these wounds was immediately
fatal, though one of the men was said to have died later from the injuries.53
The wounded men would have had to walk or have been carried down the
stairs. Because of the narrow hallway and stairs, this likely caused a lull in
the firing. During this short lull, the men in the room probably tried to
rectify the problem that caused three barrels to misfire, but no evidence
suggests they were successful. 50. History of the Church, 6:617, 620;
7:102–3. Writing about Joseph Smith’s assassination for Atlantic Monthly
in 1869, John Hay, who knew many of the attackers personally, reflected
their anger that the victims were armed and blamed the “Jack Mormon”
sheriff of Hancock County, Miner Deming, for allowing the prisoners to
have firearms. John Hay, “The Mormon Prophet’s Tragedy,” Atlantic
Monthly 24 (December 1869): 676. 51. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide,
56–57. 52. History of the Church, 6:620; 7:103. 53. History of the Church,
7:103. B. H. Roberts quoted John Hay, who said that four men were
wounded and that three of the wounds were in the upper arms and one in
the face. One man was said to have died at a later time from an arm wound.
See Comprehensive History, 2:285 n. 19. V 35Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail However, this firing by Joseph Smith produced enough fear
to restrain the attackers from immediately rushing through the door and
killing everyone in the room. Records show that Hyrum Smith was also
armed with a single-shot pistol given to the prisoners for their defense by
John S. Fullmer.54 This pistol was not fired during the attack, but it is now
in the possession of the Church Museum of History and Art along with the
one Joseph Smith fired (see fig. 19). When Joseph Smith’s pistol was
empty, the only defense left to the men in the room was their walking
sticks. Undoubtedly, both John Taylor and Willard Richards put pressure on
the door to prevent it from being pushed open completely, and both report
striking at the musket barrels with their canes to deflect the bullets
downward.55 Since Willard Richards, John Taylor, and Joseph Smith were
still trying to push the door shut after it was partially forced open, at least
one of the attackers would have had to continue pushing on the door, while
others fired around him. That man might have resisted the prisoners’ efforts
by holding a musket butt in the space between the doorjamb and the door.
54. History of the Church, 6:607–8. 55. History of the Church, 7:103–4.
Fig. 19. Pistols given to Joseph and Hyrum Smith while they were in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Richard Neitzel Holzapfel. 36 v BYU Studies The
attackers did not hit anyone in the northwest corner of the room. This
suggests that the door and the narrow hallway blocked those trying to shoot
into this corner of the room. As the frequency of musket fire increased,
John Taylor left the temporary safety of the door and ran to a window; he
says he did this to look for friends and to escape.56 Perhaps he also hoped
to draw the attackers away from Joseph Smith and be mistaken for him.
John Taylor undoubtedly waited until immediately after a volley was fired,
which would have given him a few precious seconds before musket fire
resumed—otherwise he never would have reached the window without
being shot. This action required considerable courage because the door had
been forced partly open and the south and east windows were visible to the
men firing from the hallway. John Taylor reached the window, then turned
the left side of his body to the bedroom door before mounting the
windowsill. While in this position, he was shot from the doorway in the left
thigh and fell to the floor. He lost all control over his muscles and fell limp
for a brief period.57 Although John Taylor believed he started to pitch
headfirst out the window and was saved only when a musket ball struck his
watch (fig. 20), Neil and Gayle Ord have established—based on the linear
dents in the back of the watch—that his watch was not hit by a musket ball,
rather the watch broke as he fell across the edge of the windowsill before
falling to the floor.58 John Taylor then regained muscle control and
crawled or rolled under the bed in the southeast corner of the room.59
While making his way toward the bed, he was shot from the door three
more times. The fact that he was shot once in the thigh, fell to the floor, lay
still for a few seconds without being shot again immediately, and then
started crawling toward the bed before being 56. History of the Church,
7:104. 57. History of the Church, 7:104–5. 58. Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” 59. History of the Church,
6:620. Fig. 20. John Taylor’s pocket watch, which probably broke as he fell
on the window sill. Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V
37Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail shot three more times suggest that the
attackers were firing volleys of two to three muskets every twenty to thirty
seconds.60 The men at the door probably knew what Joseph Smith looked
like and that the man they had just wounded was not the man they sought.
Joseph Smith must have realized that the attackers’ fear of another firearm
in the room would soon diminish, and they would shortly burst into the
room and kill him and Willard Richards. Joseph Smith probably then
decided he might be able to save Willard Richards’s life by moving into the
line of fire and attempting to jump from the east window, which was the
nearest window to Joseph Smith’s haven in the northwest corner of the
room. This action would draw the attackers outside. He would have timed
his run to the east window immediately after a discharge of muskets from
the door, knowing it took several seconds to replace the fired muskets. This
pause would have given him a few seconds free from musket fire. He
reached the east window and must have had his legs part way out when, as
reported by Willard Richards, he was shot two times from the door and
once by someone outside the jail. 60. In our minds, John Taylor’s account
is subject to two interpretations concerning the window to which he ran.
His 1856 account said, “I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing.” History of the Church,
7:104. The south window in the bedroom looks down on the front door of
the jail, and there were people standing in front of that door. John Taylor’s
use of the words “jail door” could also refer to the door to the jailer’s
bedroom, but he refers to the bedroom door simply as “the door” adding no
modifier in the other parts of his account. He does use the words “jail door”
once again in his account: “Immediately afterwards I saw the doctor going
toward the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals.” Here, John Taylor
uses “jail door” to mean the entrance into the iron-barred cells on the north
end of the second floor. B. H. Roberts wrote, “[John Taylor] rolled under
the bed, which was at the right of the window in the south-east corner of
the room.” History of the Church, 6:618. Willard Richards adds, “Joseph
attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence Mr.
Taylor fell.” Willard Richards’s account was written closer to the event, so
the east window is most likely, but it presents a problem. To reach the
relative safety under the bed, John Taylor would have had to crawl
backward, facing the door and dragging his already wounded left leg. This
would have been much more difficult than crawling forward if he was
wounded by the south window. We know this because he was again
wounded in his left arm, hip, and leg before reaching the bed, so his left
side had to be facing the bedroom door. 38 v BYU Studies The men who
prepared Joseph Smith’s body for burial reported a wound to the lower
abdomen and another wound to the right hip. (This wound may have been
an exit wound from the abdominal wound, but it is impossible to tell from
their description.) The men also reported a wound to the right breast, a
wound under the heart, and a wound in the right shoulder near the neck.
The coroner’s jury mentions two wounds, one to the right side of the chest
and one in the right neck near the shoulder, but the jury mentioned only
some of the wounds to both bodies.61 Willard Richards’s account says
Joseph Smith was shot twice from the door and once from below. We think
it most likely that Joseph Smith had turned the right side of his body
toward the door and was trying to get his left leg out the window when he
was first shot and that these shots came from the doorway. When John
Taylor was shot, he fell back into the room, but Joseph Smith’s upper body
must have been very near the window opening, and the shots from the door
likely caused him to fall out the window rather than back into the room. We
think the wound on his left side under his heart came from someone
standing below the east window. The shot would have been fired at an
upward angle. The ball would have been traveling upward and likely
traversed his chest cavity, exiting in the area above the right collarbone
near the right shoulder. The pathway of a musket ball fired at this angle
would have struck his heart and/or the great vessels associated with it. Such
a shot would have been immediately fatal. He then fell through the open
window to the ground below. It could not have taken Joseph Smith more
than twenty seconds to cross the room, mount the wide windowsill, and get
his left leg part way out the window. This again gives us an estimate of the
time it took the attackers to pass loaded muskets to those firing through the
door. Joseph Smith’s final act of self-sacrifice ensured that there were two
friendly eyewitnesses to the murders. Situation in the Hallway Reloading
their weapons would have been a difficult task for the men in the hallway.
To reload a flintlock musket required about 62 to 64 inches of space. The
leveled musket occupied 42 to 44 inches of space in front of the loader,
while the person occupied the remaining 20 inches. Soldiers performed
drills to load and fire their muskets rapidly with the claim that 61.
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury.” For example, only two of Hyrum Smith’s
six wounds are mentioned. V 39Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail well-
drilled troops could fire three shots per minute,62 but the narrow hallway in
front of the bedroom door would have restricted movement and slowed
down this process. The length of the floor in front of the door was 3 feet 8
inches wide in front of the door; the distance from the cellblock south wall
to the door was 2 feet 2.5 inches, with the door adding another 2 feet 9.5
inches and the width to the stair railing 3 feet 8 inches. John Taylor
reported more and more muskets being pressed into the room and attributed
this to men on the stairs pushing those in front of them into the room.63
Given the space limitations of the hallway and the danger of standing close
to the side of a flintlock musket, we think a more likely explanation was
that the men standing on the stairs and outside the front door of the jail
passed their loaded muskets up the stairs to the small number of men
closest to the bedroom door, who then fired into the room. Afterward, the
fired muskets were passed down the stairs in exchange for loaded muskets.
This type of reloading was common when muskets were muzzle loaded on
battlefields. The process would have shortened the time interval between
the musket volleys and given the impression that more men were standing
in front of the door. A 69-caliber musket ball fired through the door would
have had sufficient energy to severely wound or kill anyone on the other
side of the door; yet only two shots were fired through the door. Since the
door was being held firmly shut, the simplest course of action for the
attackers would have been to fire multiple times through the door, killing or
wounding anyone attempting to hold it closed. The fact that only two balls
were fired through the solid part of the door confirm the eyewitness
accounts that the attackers were able to force the door partly open quickly
and then begin firing into the room.64 The southeast corner where the bed
was located would have been the one first exposed, then the area on the
south wall over the 62. Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army (College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 92–94; Ernest F. Fisher Jr.,
“Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence upon the
Organization and Tactics in the American Army, 1775–1963,” unpublished
manuscript, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1963, File 2-3.7, AB.Z,
U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH), Washington, D.C. A
summary can be found at http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/
Antietam/Small_Arms.htm. 63. History of the Church, 7:103. John Taylor
states, “Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they
were unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs,
until the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles.” He did not further define the use of the word rifle. 64. History of the
Church, 6:619–20; 7:102–4. 40 v BYU Studies front door to the jail. As the
door was forced further open, the east wall would have been exposed. Once
committed to this course of action, the attackers continued firing into the
room, pushing the door farther and farther open, trying to reach the
northwest corner where they knew Joseph Smith was. The unpleasant
surprise of finding the prisoners armed undoubtedly caused the attackers to
remain in the hallway and try to kill those in the room without exposing
themselves. We believe three men were the maximum that could have fired
into the room with any degree of personal safety. This assertion is based on
the space at the head of the stairs and the hazards to those standing nearby
when a flintlock was fired. Our belief is supported by the number of men
Joseph Smith is said to have wounded and by the wounds to John Taylor
and Joseph Smith. John Taylor received a wound in the thigh, fell to the
floor and lay there briefly, then crawled toward the bed in the southeast
corner of the room, where he received three more wounds. Joseph Smith’s
wounds suggest that he was shot two or three times from men at the
bedroom door, while one shot was believed to have been fired by someone
standing under the window. This suggests that shots were coming from the
door in twos and threes with a pause of several seconds between them.
Some of the attackers may have positioned themselves in the short space to
the south of the door. These men would have had the best angle to shoot
toward the northwest corner of the room, but the width of the platform
would have made it impossible to aim their muskets into the room without
thrusting the muzzles partway through the doorway and running the risk of
having the barrels knocked down. Willard Richards comments that as the
door was pushed farther open, musket barrels protruded into the room
about half their length (roughly 2.4 feet).65 Based on the evidence from the
wounds received by those in the room, the accuracy of those firing into the
room was poor, despite the 15-foot maximum range. The initial wounds
John Taylor and Joseph Smith received were not immediately fatal and in
John Taylor’s case not fatal at all. John Taylor’s initial wound was in his
thigh. Joseph Smith’s initial wounds were in his upper thigh/lower
abdomen.66 This suggests problems in aiming the muskets, difficulty with
visibility, and an inability to hold the muskets steady in the cramped space
at the top of the stairs. 65. History of the Church, 6:620. 66. History of the
Church, 6:620, 627; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147–48; Jessee, “Return to Carthage,” 17 n. 30. V
41Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail In addition, the musket barrels were
being vigorously deflected downward by the canes of John Taylor and
Willard Richards. Wounds Received Willard Richards made three reports
about the Smiths’ wounds. The first was in his June 27, 1844, recital for the
Times and Seasons, “Two Minutes in Jail.” The second was in a letter to
Brigham Young three days later, on June 30.67 The third was in a letter to
the Saints in England, dated July 9, 1844.68 Willard Richards reported six
wounds in Hyrum Smith’s body. These were as follows: (1) a wound to left
of his nose; (2) a wound under his chin to the right of the midline (which
we believe was an exit wound for the ball that struck the left side of his
face); (3) a wound through his lower back without an exit wound at the
front of his abdomen, but with sufficient force to shatter the watch in his
vest pocket; (4) a graze wound to his breast bone; (5) a wound just below
the left knee; and (6) a wound to the back of the right thigh. Four of these
wounds were confirmed by defects found in Hyrum Smith’s clothing.69
Joseph Smith was shot through the right upper thigh, right lower abdomen,
right breast, right shoulder near the neck, and under his heart— with a
likely exit wound behind the right clavicle. The wound in his right hip and
shoulder may have been exit wounds. Unfortunately, none of his clothes
have survived. Several accounts claim that Joseph Smith’s body was
propped against the well and that he was shot in the chest by four of the
militia acting under 67. History of the Church, 6:619–20, 627; Willard
Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in History of the Church,
7:147. 68. Willard Richards and John Taylor to Elder Reuben Hedlock and
the Saints in the British Empire, July 9, 1844, in Journal History. 69.
History of the Church, 6:619–20. The clothes Hyrum Smith was wearing
when he was shot are in the possession of his great-grandson Eldred G.
Smith. There was an entrance hole through the left trouser leg, another hole
through the back of the right trouser leg, and a hole through the back of the
right side of his vest, pants, and shirt. The right edge of the front of the vest
had also lost an irregular section of fabric approximately two inches wide
by three inches long. The defect in the vest was larger at the top and came
to a point at the bottom. It had been stated that this defect was made by a
musket ball that struck Hyrum Smith’s chest and then continued into the
floor of his mouth. But the defect in the fabric was broad at the top, coming
to a point at the bottom, instead suggesting it was made by a musket ball
exiting the skull and tearing the fabric from the top downward. The lack of
damage to the top of the skull also suggested the damage to the fabric was
made by an exiting musket ball. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket
Watch.” See also Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42 v BYU Studies the
direction of Colonel Levi Williams.70 Another account claims one of the
Warsaw militiamen drove a bayonet through his body and left him
transfixed to the well casing.71 None of the wounds reported by Willard
Richards to Brigham Young supports these stories.72 John Taylor was shot
first through his left thigh, then, several seconds later while making his way
to the bed, he was hit in his left leg below the knee, in his left forearm, and
in his left hip.73 He also believed he had been hit in the abdomen by a ball
from outside the window that shattered his watch, but Neil and Gayle Ord
have established that the watch was not hit by a musket ball but rather was
shattered when John Taylor fell against the windowsill after being shot
from the door.74 Willard Richards’s left earlobe was grazed by a musket
ball.75 The musket balls fired from the hallway—and that struck the four
occupants of the room—total at least thirteen: Hyrum Smith, five; John
Taylor, four; Willard Richards, one; Joseph Smith, three or possibly four.
One account written forty-one years after the martyrdom claims there were
thirty-five holes in the walls.76 Given the number of wounds received by
those in the room and the account by Wood, we think it likely that
somewhere between forty-five and fifty-five musket balls were fired into
the room. Since it was probable that no more than three men were able to
fire into the room at any given time, they would have had to reload or
receive loaded muskets up to eighteen times to inflict the damage
catalogued here. Willard Richards titled one of his reports of the
martyrdom “Two Minutes in Jail.” We think the actual time was longer,
perhaps as long as nine minutes. First, it would have taken twenty to thirty
seconds to exchange muskets with those firing, and with only three men
able to fire 70. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 50. 71. Woods, “Mormon
Prophet.” 72. Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147. The wounds reported by Willard Richards in
Joseph Smith’s body do not support the story that he was propped up
against the well and shot by a firing party of four men after he fell to the
ground. Willard Richards counted four wounds in Joseph Smith’s body, two
of them in the chest. Both of the chest wounds are believed to have
occurred when Joseph Smith was trying to jump from the window. The
wound Willard Richards mentioned above Joseph Smith’s clavicle probably
was an exit wound; had he been shot after falling to the ground, we would
expect Richards to have found three or four more chest wounds. 73.
History of the Church, 6:618; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30,
1844, in History of the Church, 7:147. 74. History of the Church, 7:104;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom”; Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47.
75. History of the Church, 6:619. 76. Woods, “Mormon Prophet.” V
43Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail into the room and between forty-five
and fifty-five shots fired into the room at an interval of between twenty and
thirty seconds, it would have taken between five and nine minutes to fire
into the bedroom that many times. Second, the attackers were also
confronted with two unexpected developments: the intended victims were
not in the jail cells and they were armed. Remember, the men in the room
wounded at least three of the attackers. All of this increased the time it took
to complete their murder of Joseph Smith. Wound to Hyrum Smith’s Lower
Back The most perplexing physical aspect of the assassinations was the
wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back. We can reconstruct the wound from
his clothes. The ball entered the lower part of his back on the right side,
about 47 inches from his trouser cuff. The ball then traversed his abdomen,
striking the pocket watch in his right vest pocket with sufficient energy to
smash the crystal and the ceramic face of his watch, but the ball did not
penetrate the skin of the abdominal wall. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards claim the ball that produced this wound came through the open
east window.77 John Taylor believes a member of the Carthage Greys fired
the shot. This was possible, yet it was just as likely that a member of the
Warsaw Militia fired the shot. We explored the possibility the shot came in
through the window from two perspectives: a shot from a tree and a shot
from the ground. A drawing made by Frederick Piercy on site in 1853 and
published in 1855, eleven years after the martyrdom, shows a tree on the
southeast corner of the jail lot. However, this tree was too far to the
southeast to provide a pathway to the bedroom where Hyrum Smith was
standing. A second tree was in line with the east window but was too small
to support the weight of a man.78 This left the possibility of a shot from the
ground. We calculated the distance from the jail a shooter would have
required to hit Hyrum Smith in the lower back. If the bullet pathway
increased 1 inch from the back to the front of his body, assuming a standard
10-inch-body thickness, then a musket would have to have been fired from
32 yards away. If the rise on the 77. History of the Church, 7:102; History
of the Church, 6:617, 619–20. 78. Comprehensive History, 2:256; Piercy,
Route from Liverpool, illustration xv. No trees are evident in a woodcut
published in William M. Daniels, A Correct Account of the Murder of
Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith at Carthage, on the 7th Day of June;
18 by Wm. M. Daniels, an Eye Witness (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor,
1845), nor in an engraved version of the image in a later publication. See
the illustration in Leonard, Nauvoo, 393. 44 v BYU Studies bullet is
reduced to half an inch, the distance would increase to 64 yards, and if
dropped to 0.25 inches, the distance would lengthen to 128 yards. We stood
outside Carthage Jail about 25 yards from the jailer’s bedroom door on
June 16, 1999, at about 4:20 p.m. (CDT or 5:20 p.m. CST), approximately
the same time as the assassinations likely occurred and eleven days earlier
in the year. The day was sunny, as it was in 1844. The sun shone above the
roofline of the jail, and the east window was in shadow. We could not see
individuals in white shirts standing in the jailer’s bedroom unless they
stood at the windowsill. Considering these circumstances and the poor
accuracy of a smoothbore military musket, we concluded that if a shot from
the ground hit Hyrum Smith, then it was not an aimed shot, rather one that
found its mark by chance. We also concluded that either the ball came from
some distance away or that Hyrum Smith’s skin absorbed a substantial
amount of energy. The skin is the most elastic organ in the body and when
struck from within will stretch outward considerably. Even a bullet from
modern firearms will stretch the skin outward several inches. The damage
to Hyrum Smith’s watch was sufficient to break the crystal, knock off the
hands, knock off most of the enamel finish from the watch face, split the
front of the watch case, and indent the watch face about 0.125 inches. Yet
the damage to the watch was substantially less than that expected from a
69-caliber musket ball fired with a powder charge equivalent to a pistol
(see figs. 21 and 22, pictures of Hyrum Smith’s watch and a watch struck
by a 69-caliber Fig. 22. Face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket watch hit by a 69-
caliber musket ball on June 27, 1844. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Fig.21. Damage to a twentieth-century pocket watch with a metal face
protector. The watch was hit with a 69-caliber musket ball driven by a
black-powder charge of 20 grains, equivalent to that fired by a smoothbore
musket about 100 yards away. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V
45Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail musket ball fired with a velocity
equivalent to a shot fired from about 75 yards away). However, the
diameter of the depression the ball left in the face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket
watch was consistent with what we expected from the impact of a 69-
caliber musket soft-lead ball.79 There was a circular depression on the face
of the watch between the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions. The depression
was asymmetrical, being 0.75 inches at its longest diameter and 0.70 inches
at its shortest. When we fired musket balls into eight different pocket
watches, the balls made irregular holes through the watchcases, varying in
width from 0.535 inches to 0.85 inches and in height from 0.30 inches to
0.92 inches. Although the wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back may have
occurred after he was dead, the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence do not support this option. Both Willard Richards and John Taylor
agree that Hyrum Smith fell to the floor on his back and did not move
again, and neither eyewitness mentions Hyrum Smith being shot again after
Joseph Smith was killed. John Taylor could see Hyrum Smith’s body from
the head of the stairs, where he was waiting to be moved after Joseph
Smith’s death, and declared the body had not moved.80 Willard Richards
says that after the attackers ran outside the jail, some returned while he was
hiding John Taylor in the iron prison cell. However, the men turned and ran
as soon as the cry “The Mormons are coming” was heard.81 This and the
fact that the attackers knew their shots would summon the main company
of the Carthage Greys, encamped on the town square about 600 yards
away, precluded any lingering at the jail. The Greys were said to have
arrived within a few minutes of the start of the attack, just in time to see the
attackers running into the woods.82 The suggestion that the wound on
Hyrum Smith’s lower back was made after his death also was not supported
by the clothing he was wearing at the time of the martyrdom. Such a
wound, if made after death, would have been made by someone firing at
very close range into his body after turning the body over. There is no
evidence of powder burns, or their residue, on the light-colored fabric of
the vest where the ball entered his back.83 If Hyrum Smith were shot after
death, it would have been at very 79

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Traducciones de Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail and What It Reveals


about the Assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith Joseph L. Lyon and
David W. Lyon Thursday, June 27, 1844, was a hot summer day in
Carthage, Illinois. Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards sat in a bedroom in Carthage Jail (fig. 1). Illinois
Governor Thomas Ford (fig. 2) had promised them protection while they
voluntarily awaited trial on charges of civil disturbance. About ten miles
south of Nauvoo was another river town named Warsaw. The editor of the
Warsaw Signal, Thomas Sharp, had been advocating extrajudicial violence
against the Mormons and the destruction of Nauvoo for some time. The
Nauvoo City Council’s decision to interfere with the opposition newspaper,
the Nauvoo Expositor, in early June 1844 was the impetus that Sharp and
other anti-Mormons used to have key Church leaders arrested.1 The
neighboring town of Warsaw had a local militia that was created and armed
by the state of Illinois. In late June 1844, during the crisis caused by the
destruction of the Expositor, the Warsaw Militia was called to active duty
by Governor Ford and marched to Carthage, the county seat of Hancock
County. On the morning of June 27, before he left Carthage for Nauvoo,
Governor Ford discharged the Warsaw Militia from service.2 1. Glen M.
Leonard, Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book; Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2002), 362–
68, 380–98. 2. Joseph Smith Jr., History of The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, ed. B. H. Roberts, 2d ed., rev., 7 vols. (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book, 1971), 6:565, 605–7 (hereafter cited as History of the
Church). 6 v BYU Studies The Lyon brothers first gained an interest in
Nauvoo’s history from their father, the late T. Edgar Lyon. Joseph recalls,
“When I was eight or nine years old my father read Mark Twain’s The
Innocents Abroad, or The New Pilgrim’s Progress to my twin brother, Ted,
and me. In it, Twain makes fun of the various religious relics he saw on his
journey to Europe and the Holy Land. I can still remember Twain’s
comment that he had seen enough wood from the ‘true cross’ to build a
large church, and that in one church he had seen two skulls of Adam, the
first his skull as a child and the second his skull when he reached
adulthood. When we queried Dad about how such absurdities could
happen, he told us well-meaning people may embellish historical facts to
increase the faith of others, but such embellishment ultimately discredits
the religion. “When I visited Carthage for the first time in 1965, I was
awestruck by seeing the holes through the jailer’s bedroom door, but I also
wondered whether the door was actually from 1844 and if the holes might
have been made later. When I learned in my medical training of the effects
of damage to the base of the brain on speech, I realized that if Willard
Richards’s and John Taylor’s accounts of Hyrum Smith’s facial wound
were true, it was not consistent with his being able to speak any last words.
Both of these thoughts troubled me. “During a 1995 visit to Carthage, I
measured the diameter of the holes in the bedroom door and then set out to
determine what type of firearm could have made such holes. My brother
David and his wife MarGene served a mission to Nauvoo in 1996 and
1997, and he came up with the idea of inserting a laser pointer into the hole
in the bedroom door to determine the pathway of the musket ball. He also
measured the jailer’s bedroom and the hallway in front of it, and he made
the schematic included in this article. Later, I spoke with Glen Leonard, the
former director of the Museum of Church History and Art, to obtain the
diameter of the musket ball that stuck John Taylor’s watch. In that
conversation, I discovered there was no evidence that a musket ball struck
the back of the watch. At this point I realized a much more detailed and
thorough account was needed.” Joseph L. Lyon and David W. Lyon V
7Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail The discharged militia members
marched out of Carthage but returned later in the day. At least sixty men3
stormed the jail, killing the Smith brothers and wounding John Taylor and
Willard Richards.4 Even though LDS witnesses described the attackers as a
group of Missourians and a mob,5 the murderers belonged to a military
organization, and evidence suggests they retained their government-issued
weapons when they returned to Carthage. Much has been written of the
assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith,6 but little attention has been
paid to the crime scene in Carthage Jail. In this article, we examine
eyewitness accounts of the assault, the layout of the crime scene, the
physical evidence left in the jail, and the types of weapons used and the
wounds they inflicted. We hope to shed new light on this tragic event and
address previous misconceptions about what happened on that fateful day.
The Eyewitness Accounts John Taylor and Willard Richards (figs. 3 and 4)
both left written accounts of the events of the martyrdom. Although there
are many similarities, each account differs slightly in the details (see table
of similarities and differences on pages 46 and 47). 3. History of the
Church, 7:143–45. 4. E. Cecil McGavin, Nauvoo the Beautiful (Salt Lake
City: Stevens and Wallis, 1946), 138–42. 5. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards refer to the attackers as a mob and as Missourians. Those who
drove the Mormons from Far West, Missouri, in 1838 were state militia
acting under the direction of their officers and the governor. In the twenty-
first century, the word mob is viewed as a leaderless group acting on
negative emotions. 6. For an examination of early accounts, see Dean C.
Jessee, “Return to Carthage: Writing the History of Joseph Smith’s
Martyrdom,” Journal of Mormon History 8 (1981): 3–19; Davis Bitton,
“The Martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Early Mormon Writings,” John
Whitmer Historical Association Journal 3 (1983): 29–39; and Davis Bitton,
The Martyrdom Remembered: A One-Hundred-Fifty-Year Perspective on
the Assassination of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Aspen Books, 1994).
Fig. 2. Thomas Ford. Courtesy Church History Library. 8 v BYU Studies
Willard Richards. Written soon after the event, Willard Richards’s account
was published in the Times and Seasons on August 1, 1844. “Generals
Joseph and Hyrum Smith, Mr. Taylor, and myself, who were in the front
chamber, closed the door of our room against the entry at the head of the
stairs, and placed ourselves against it, there being no lock on the door, and
no catch that was usable. “The door is a common panel, and as soon as we
heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the door, which
passed between us, and showed that our enemies were desperadoes, and we
must change our position. “General Joseph Smith, Mr. Taylor and myself
sprang back to the front part of the room, and General Hyrum Smith
retreated two-thirds across the chamber directly in front of and facing the
door [figs. 5 & 6]. “A ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose, when he fell backwards, extended at length, without
moving his feet. “From the holes in his vest (the day was warm, and no one
had his coat on but myself), pantaloons, drawers, and shirt, it appears
evident that a ball must have been thrown from without, through the
window, which entered Figs. 3 & 4. Engraving of John Taylor and
daguerreotype of Willard Richards. Both men were in Carthage Jail with
Joseph and Hyrum Smith on June 27, 1844. Taylor, pictured here in an
1852 engraving, recorded his account in the late 1850s. Pictured here from
a detail of a photograph by Charles R. Savage on October 9, 1868,
Richards wrote and published his eyewitness account seven weeks after the
Martyrdom. Courtesy Church History Library. V 9Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail his back on the right side, and passing through, lodged
against his watch, which was in his right vest pocket, completely
pulverizing the crystal and face, tearing off the hands and mashing the
whole body of the watch. At the same instant the ball from the door entered
his nose. “As he struck the floor he exclaimed emphatically, ‘I am a dead
man.’ Joseph looked towards him and responded, ‘Oh, dear brother
Hyrum!’ and opening the door two or three inches with his left hand,
discharged one barrel of a six shooter (pistol) at random in the entry, from
whence a ball grazed Hyrum’s breast, and entering his throat passed into
his head, while other muskets were aimed at him and some balls hit him.
“Joseph continued snapping his revolver round the casing of the door into
the space as before, three barrels of which missed fire, while Mr. Taylor
with a walking stick stood by his side and knocked down the bayonets and
muskets which were constantly discharging through the doorway, while I
stood by him, ready to lend any assistance, with another stick, but could not
come within striking distance without going directly before the muzzle of
the guns. “When the revolver failed, we had no more firearms, and
expected an immediate rush of the mob, and the doorway full of muskets,
half way in the room, and no hope but instant death from within. “Mr.
Taylor rushed into the window, which is some fifteen or twenty feet from
the ground. When his body was nearly on a balance, a ball from the door
within entered his leg, and a ball from without struck his watch, a patent
lever, in his vest pocket near the left breast, and smashed it into ‘pie,’
leaving the hands standing at 5 o’clock, 16 minutes, and 26 seconds, the
force of which ball threw him back on the floor, and he rolled under the bed
which stood by his side, where he lay motionless, the mob from Figs. 5 &
6. Joseph and Hyrum Smith. Courtesy Church History Library. 10 v BYU
Studies the door continuing to fire upon him, cutting away a piece of flesh
from his left hip as large as a man’s hand, and were hindered only by my
knocking down their muzzles with a stick; while they continued to reach
their guns into the room, probably left handed, and aimed their discharge so
far round as almost to reach us in the corner of the room to where we
retreated and dodged, and then I recommenced the attack with my stick.
“Joseph attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence
Mr. Taylor fell, when two balls pierced him from the door, and one entered
his right breast from without, and he fell outward, exclaiming, ‘Oh Lord,
my God!’ As his feet went out of the window my head went in, the balls
whistling all around. He fell on his left side a dead man. “At this instant the
cry was raised, ‘He’s leaped the window!’ and the mob on the stairs and in
the entry ran out. “I withdrew from the window, thinking it of no use to
leap out on a hundred bayonets, then around General Joseph Smith’s body.
“Not satisfied with this I again reached my head out of the window, and
watched some seconds to see if there were any signs of life, regardless of
my own, determined to see the end of him I loved. Being fully satisfied that
he was dead, with a hundred men near the body and more coming round the
corner of the jail, and expecting a return to our room, I rushed towards the
prison door, at the head of the stairs, and through the entry from whence the
firing had proceeded, to learn if the doors into the prison were open. “When
near the entry, Mr. Taylor called out, ‘Take me.’ I pressed my way until I
found all doors unbarred, returning instantly, caught Mr. Taylor under my
arm and rushed by the stairs into the dungeon, or inner prison, stretched
him on the floor and covered him with a bed in such a manner as not likely
to be perceived, expecting an immediate return of the mob. “I said to Mr.
Taylor, ‘This is a hard case to lay you on the floor, but if your wounds are
not fatal, I want you to live to tell the story.’ I expected to be shot the next
moment, and stood before the door awaiting the onset.” 7 John Taylor. John
Taylor’s account was written in the late 1850s, over a decade after the
martyrdom. He began, “I was sitting at one of the front windows of the jail,
when I saw a number of men, with painted faces, coming around the corner
of the jail, and aiming towards the stairs. The other 7. History of the
Church, 6:616–22. This source contains two accounts, one written by the
editor and the other by Willard Richards titled “Two Minutes in Jail,” taken
from Times and Seasons 5 (August 1, 1844): 598–99, a reprint from the
Nauvoo Neighbor. V 11Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail brethren had
seen the same, for, as I went to the door, I found Brother Hyrum Smith and
Dr. [Willard] Richards already leaning against it. They both pressed against
the door with their shoulders to prevent its being opened, as the lock and
latch were comparatively useless. While in this position, the mob, who had
come upstairs, and tried to open the door, probably thought it was locked,
and fired a ball through the keyhole; at this Dr. Richards and Brother
Hyrum leaped back from the door, with their faces towards it; almost
instantly another ball passed through the panel of the door, and struck
Brother Hyrum on the left side of the nose, entering his face and head. At
the same instant, another ball from the outside entered his back, passing
through his body and striking his watch. The ball came from the back,
through the jail window, opposite the door, and must, from its range, have
been fired from the Carthage Greys, who were placed there ostensibly for
our protection, as the balls from the firearms, shot close by the jail, would
have entered the ceiling, we being in the second story, and there never was
a time after that when Hyrum could have received the latter wound.
Immediately, when the ball struck him, he fell flat on his back, crying as he
fell, ‘I am a dead man!’ He never moved afterwards. “I shall never forget
the deep feeling of sympathy and regard manifested in the countenance of
Brother Joseph as he drew nigh to Hyrum, and, leaning over him,
exclaimed, ‘Oh! my poor, dear brother Hyrum!’ [Joseph], however,
instantly arose, and with a firm, quick step, and a determined expression of
countenance, approached the door, and pulling the six-shooter left by
Brother [Cyrus H.] Wheelock [fig. 7] from his pocket, opened the door
slightly, and snapped the pistol six successive times; only three of the
barrels, however, were discharged. I afterwards understood that two or
three were wounded by these discharges, two of whom, I am informed,
died. I had in my hands a large, strong hickory stick, brought there by
Brother [Stephen] Markham, and left by him, which I had seized as soon as
I saw the mob approach; and while Brother Joseph was firing the pistol, I
stood close behind him. As Fig. 7. Cyrus Wheelock. Brother Wheelock
loaned his pistol to Joseph Smith during a visit in Carthage Jail. Courtesy
Church History Library. 12 v BYU Studies soon as he had discharged it he
stepped back, and I immediately took his place next to the door, while he
occupied the one I had done while he was shooting. Brother Richards, at
this time, had a knotty walking-stick in his hands belonging to me, and
stood next to Brother Joseph, a little farther from the door, in an oblique
direction, apparently to avoid the rake of the fire from the door. The firing
of Brother Joseph made our assailants pause for a moment; very soon after,
however, they pushed the door some distance open, and protruded and
discharged their guns into the room, when I parried them off with my stick,
giving another direction to the balls. . . . “Every moment the crowd at the
door became more dense, as they were unquestionably pressed on by those
in the rear ascending the stairs, until the whole entrance at the door was
literally crowded with muskets and rifles. . . . “After parrying the guns for
some time, which now protruded thicker and farther into the room, and
seeing no hope of escape or protection there, as we were now unarmed, it
occurred to me that we might have some friends outside, and that there
might be some chance of escape in that direction, but here there seemed to
be none. As I expected them every moment to rush into the room—nothing
but extreme cowardice having thus far kept them out—as the tumult and
pressure increased, without any other hope, I made a spring for the window
which was right in front of the jail door, where the mob was standing, and
also exposed to the fire of the Carthage Greys, who were stationed some
ten or twelve rods off. The weather was hot, we all of us had our coats off,
and the window was raised to admit air. As I reached the window, and was
on the point of leaping out, I was struck by a ball from the door about
midway of my thigh, which struck the bone, and flattened out almost to the
size of a quarter of a dollar, and then passed on through the fleshy part to
within about half an inch of the outside. I think some prominent nerve must
have been severed or injured for, as soon as the ball struck me, I fell like a
bird when shot, or an ox when struck by a butcher, and lost entirely and
instantaneously all power of action or locomotion. I fell upon the window-
sill, and cried out, ‘I am shot!’ Not possessing any power to move, I felt
myself falling outside of the window, but immediately I fell inside, from
some, at that time, unknown cause. When I struck the floor my animation
seemed restored, as I have seen it sometimes in squirrels and birds after
being shot. As soon as I felt the power of motion I crawled under the bed,
which was in a corner of the room, not far from the window where I
received my wound. While on my way and under the bed I was wounded in
three other places; one ball entered a little below the left knee, and never
was extracted; another entered the forepart of my left arm, a little above the
wrist, and, V 13Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail passing down by the
joint, lodged in the fleshy part of my hand, about midway, a little above the
upper joint of my little finger; another struck me on the fleshy part of my
left hip, and tore away the flesh as large as my hand, dashing the mangled
fragments of flesh and blood against the wall. . . . “It would seem that
immediately after my attempt to leap out of the window, Joseph also did
the same thing, of which circumstance I have no knowledge only from
information. The first thing that I noticed was a cry that he had leaped out
the window. A cessation of firing followed, the mob rushed downstairs, and
Dr. Richards went to the window. Immediately afterward I saw the doctor
going towards the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the
stairs adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me
that the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and
take me along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned
and dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals. . . . “Soon
afterwards I was taken to the head of the stairs and laid there, where I had a
full view of our beloved and now murdered brother, Hyrum. There he lay
as I had left him; he had not moved a limb.”8 Physical Features of the
Crime Scene Carthage Jail is a two-story stone building that faces south.
On the afternoon of June 27, 1844, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, John Taylor,
and Willard Richards had been allowed to move from the jail cells that
occupy the north end of the second floor to the jailer’s bedroom, which is
on the southeast side of the second floor of the building. Access to the
second floor is obtained through the jail’s front door on the west end of the
south wall, then up a steep, narrow staircase (fig. 8) built against the west
wall. At the head of the stairs, a platform begins and forms a hallway that
provides access to the bedroom on the right. We refer to this as a hallway,
although it has no wall on the north and 8. History of the Church, 7:102–7.
Fig. 8. Narrow stairway in the Carthage Jail. Photograph by Joseph Lynn
Lyon. 14 v BYU Studies west sides, but is bounded by a railing on the west
over the stairwell. We measured the distance from the jail’s west wall to the
wall that forms the west wall of the jailer’s bedroom as 97 inches. There is
a 3-inch space from the jail’s west wall to the stairs. The stairs are 35
inches wide, and there is a 15-inch space between the east edge of the stairs
and west edge of the platform that provides access to the bedroom. The
platform then runs along the east edge of the stairs to provide access to
both the bedroom and the attic. The bedroom door opening begins 26.25
inches from the inner north wall formed by the south wall of the dungeon.
The doorway opening is 33.5 inches wide. The hallway in front of the
bedroom door is 44 inches wide and is bounded on the east side by the
bedroom wall and on the west by a railing. The hall continues about 54
inches past the bedroom door to a door that provides access to the attic.
This door opening is 25.5 inches wide. A narrowed platform about 16
inches wide continues past this door to the south wall, ending in a 70-inch-
wide platform that looks down over the stairwell.9 The jailer’s bedroom is
15 feet 8.25 inches wide measured east to west by 15 feet 3.5 inches long
measured north to south. There are three windows, one facing east and two
facing south. The east window opening starts 74 inches from the north wall,
and this window, including its casing, is 45 inches wide. The windowsill is
24 inches wide. The wall that forms the west wall of the bedroom is made
of hand-split oak lath covered with plaster.10 Physical Evidence of the
Assassination The only physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph and
Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail are two bullet holes through
the door of the jailer’s bedroom (fig. 9).11 There were additional bullet
holes in 9. When standing on the platform looking north you will see the
jailer’s bedroom door to your right, the stairwell directly beneath you, the
north wall of the cells directly ahead, and the door that provides access to
the jail cells in front of you and to your left. Unless otherwise noted, all
measurements in this article were taken by the authors. 10. Joseph A.
McRae and Eunice H. McRae, Historical Facts regarding the Liberty and
Carthage Jails (Salt Lake City: privately published by the McRaes, 1954),
116. Page 119 has a picture of one of the interior walls of the jail
(unidentified as to which room) with the plaster stripped off to show the
laths. 11. We considered the possibility that the bedroom door may have
been a replacement for the original door and possibly the bullet hole and
bullet nicks were made at a later time; however, ample evidence negated
this. Seven of the eight doors in the jail (the exception being the front door)
are of the same wood, and all are handmade. The section of the door around
the latch with the partial V 15Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail the walls,
window casing, and ceilings of the bedroom, but these are no longer
present and must have been repaired by the mid-1860s. In 1866, the
Carthage Republican reported that in 1857 bullet holes were still visible in
the window casing of the east window, the walls, and the bedroom door,
but that by 1866 the damage, excepting the bullet holes in the door, had
been repaired. When the plaster was stripped from the walls during
remodeling in the late 1930s or 1940s, no musket balls were found in the
plaster and oak lath. Writing in 1885, James W. Woods, one of Joseph
Smith’s attorneys, claims to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the
walls of the room.12 bullet holes was removed sometime after the
martyrdom as a souvenir by a resident of Carthage. A Church missionary
couple sent to be caretakers of the jail in the 1930s, the McRaes, heard of
its existence and prevailed on the resident’s descendants to return it. The
piece of wood was restored to the door, and its grain matched that of the
surrounding door. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 99. Another item of
interest related to the bedroom door was not mentioned in other accounts
we found. On inspecting this door in June 1999, we found that a wedge of
wood had been crudely cut, probably with a knife blade from the inside top
edge of the door, a long time ago. The wedge was about twelve inches long
and an inch at the top then tapering downward. Perhaps a souvenir hunter
from many years ago thought the door historic enough to cut a good-sized
piece off it. 12. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 116; James W. Woods,
“The Mormon Prophet: A True Version of the Story of His Martyrdom;
Reminiscences of an Old Timer, Who Was Joe Smith’s Attorney,” Ottumwa
Democrat, May 13, 1885, reprinted in Journal History of the Church, June
27, 1844, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, Salt Lake City, microfilm copy Fig. 9. Bullet holes in bedroom door.
These holes are the only extant physical evidence of the shooting of Joseph
and Hyrum Smith that still remains at Carthage Jail. Notice that the second
hole on the side is in a piece of wood that was cut from the door by a
souvenir hunter but later returned by one of his descendants. Photograph by
John W. Welch. 16 v BYU Studies A drawing made by Frederick Piercy in
1853 of the west wall of the bedroom has five discrete holes, four above the
line of the window sills, and what appear to be two clusters of about three
to four holes.13 The holes below the level of the windowsill could not have
been fired into the room from outside. Only the four balls higher up could
have come from outside the room. The two clusters low down had to have
been made by someone standing in the room and firing into the west wall.
The accounts by Willard Richards and John Taylor do not mention musket
balls hitting the west wall of the bedroom. The door to the jailer’s bedroom
is a handmade panel whose style is known as the Christian door, about 0.5-
inch-thick panels that are flat on the hall side but raised on the bedroom
side. The door is hinged on the north side to swing into the room as one
enters from the platform. The door is made of hardwood, likely black
walnut. One of the two bullet holes is on the south edge of the door, 46.5
inches above the floor. This is a partial hole, occupying about 0.5 inches of
space, where a musket ball grazed the edge of the door.14 Even though it is
partial, the hole we measured is approximately 0.75 inches in diameter and
is angled downward and to the south. This bullet hole is in a piece of wood
that was cut out of the door by a souvenir hunter and returned by one of his
descendants.15 The cutout in the door starts 42.25 inches above the floor
and extends to 48 inches above the floor. The cutout is several inches above
the current doorknob. The grain and color of the wood in the cutout match
that of the door. The current door latch is an external, metal-box-type latch
mounted on the bedroom side of the door with a doorknob mounted on the
hall side of the door below the cutout piece of wood. In 1844, the door
likely in Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. James Woods
claimed to have counted thirty-five bullet holes in the walls of the room.
However, his testimony of the actual martyrdom was unreliable in several
details. For example, Woods confused the two brothers, saying that Joseph
was wounded in the face and abdomen, but actually those were Hyrum’s
wounds. Woods did go to the bedroom and spend some time looking at it
and making a count of holes in the walls and ceilings. 13. Frederick
Hawkins Piercy, Route from Liverpool to Great Salt Lake Valley, reprint,
ed. Fawn M. Brodie (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 1962), illustration xvi. 14. John Taylor describes one ball
shot through the keyhole and another through the panel, striking Hyrum
Smith in the face. History of the Church, 7:102. 15. McRae and McRae,
Historical Facts, 98, 99. V 17Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail was held
shut by a simple metal latch near the location of this bullet hole.16 There is
no evidence of bullet holes in the doorjamb, nor is there evidence of a latch
plate being mounted there. The McRaes, a missionary couple sent by the
Church in the 1930s to be caretakers of the jail, noted that while the doors
were made of walnut, the door casings were made of oak. The couple also
reported that all the interior doors were original to the jail, but the front
door was a replacement.17 The second hole in the door is in an upper
panel, 10 inches from the south edge of the door and 51.75 inches above
the floor. This hole is circular on the corridor side of the door and
approximately 0.69 inches in diameter. There is a circular hole on the
bedroom side of the door of the same diameter, and pieces of wood have
been blown out of the wood panel above and below the exit hole. The type
of damage to the wood is compatible with that done when a high-velocity
ball exits from a hard substance such as dry wood and is called spalling.
Both holes are approximately 0.05 inches larger than the 0.64-inch
diameter of the ball fired by the U.S. Model 1795 and Model 1816 69-
caliber musket (the weapons most likely used in the attack). The soft lead
balls likely flattened slightly when hitting dried hardwood, or perhaps the
fingers and knives of many visitors over the years have expanded the holes
slightly. The pathway of the musket ball that made the hole in the door
panel was reconstructed using a laser pointer wedged into the bullet hole in
the door (figs. 10a and 10b). The ball was traveling in a downward
direction and was aimed slightly to the right (or toward the south side of
the room when the door was closed). If the door was closed when the
musket was fired, the ball would have struck the east wall just below the
east window, between 17 and 23 inches above the room’s floor.
Considering the bullet path and the length of the Model 1816 musket, the
butt of the musket would have been about 65.5 inches above the floor if the
muzzle was pressed against the door when fired. The Firearms The reports
of John Taylor and Willard Richards, both present in the room with Joseph
and Hyrum Smith, state that the attackers (members of the Warsaw Militia)
were armed with muskets, though John Taylor mentions that muskets and
rifles were fired through the door of the bedroom.18 In the early and mid-
nineteenth century, the federal government provided each state with U.S.
military firearms for use by local militias. The U.S. Model 1816 flintlock-
ignited musket (figs. 11 & 12) was the firearm most likely issued to the
militias of Hancock County, including those of Carthage, Warsaw, and
Nauvoo,19 though it was possible that some U.S. 18. History of the
Church, 6:616–22; 7:102–7. John Taylor’s comment appears in 7:103.
Unfortunately, he did not further amplify this statement. 19. When
Governor Ford came to Nauvoo the day Joseph and Hyrum Smith were
martyred, Ford told the assembled citizens that the large number of
privately owned firearms held by the Saints was a cause of prejudice
among their neighbors against them (see History of the Church, 6:623). We
believe the presence of these privately owned muskets was a decisive factor
in keeping the men in surrounding Figs. 11 & 12. A U.S. Model 1816
flintlock-ignited musket and a detail of the firing mechanism (top).
Photographs by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 20 v BYU Studies Model 1795 muskets
were also issued.20 The 1816 musket was made in much larger numbers
than the 1795 musket, and most 1795 muskets did not survive the War of
1812.21 The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were flintlock-ignited,
smoothbore weapons with a bore diameter of 0.69 inches or 69 caliber.22
Willard Richards says that during the attack the Carthage Greys, the
Carthage militia unit that was supposed to defend the prisoners, “elevated
their firelocks.”23 A “firelock” was another name for a flintlock musket.
The Model 1795 musket had an overall length of 59.5 inches, and the
Model 1816 musket was 57.5 inches long. The bayonet issued with both
muskets added an additional 16 inches to the overall length. As unlikely as
it seems, given the limited space within the jail, Willard Richards mentions
muskets with attached bayonets being thrust through the doorway into the
bedroom where the murders occurred. After Joseph Smith leaped from the
jail’s east communities from attacking Nauvoo at the time of the Smiths’
murders and in the weeks thereafter. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 114–15, 377.
20. An alternate explanation was that a 69-caliber pistol was used to shoot
through the door. This was also a possibility, but it was highly unlikely. The
United States made only a thousand Model 1816 flintlock pistols in 69
caliber, then changed to 54-caliber pistols, and by 1830 had produced about
thirty thousand pistols in this caliber. The thousand 69-caliber pistols were
sold as surplus with the adoption of the 54-caliber pistol, since musket
ammunition was not suitable for use in a pistol. Norm Flayderman,
Flayderman’s Guide to Antique American Firearms and Their Values, 9th
ed. (Iola, Wis: Gun Digest Books, 2007), 328–29. Neither Willard Richards
nor John Taylor mentions the mob being armed with or discharging pistols.
21. The U.S. Model 1795 and 1816 muskets were made at the two U.S.
armories at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harpers Ferry, Virginia, as well
as by a number of independent gunmakers who received government
contracts. About 150,000 Model 1795 muskets and 675,000 Model 1816
muskets were manufactured between 1795 and 1840 at the two federal
arsenals; an additional 100,000 Model 1816 muskets were made by
government contractors. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide, 538–40, 553–
54. Midwest militia units were using the percussion-converted, smoothbore
Model 1816 muskets as late as 1863. General Ulysses S. Grant reported
exchanging about 60,000 smoothbore militia muskets for new, rifled,
Britishmanufactured muskets imported by the Confederacy after the fall of
Vicksburg in July 1863. Most of General Grant’s troops at Vicksburg were
raised in the Midwest, including Illinois, and were armed with muskets
supplied to the militia units of each state. Ulysses S. Grant, Personal
Memoirs, ed. Caleb Carr (New York: The Modern Library, 1999), 306. 22.
Caliber is a measurement of the diameter of the bore of a firearm measured
in hundredths of an inch; for example, a 69-caliber musket has a barrel with
an internal diameter of 0.69 inches. 23. History of the Church, 6:617. V
21Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail window, this eyewitness “withdrew
from the window, thinking it of no use to leap out on a hundred bayonets,
then around General Joseph Smith’s body.”24 Because commercial
firearms did not provide an attachment for a bayonet, Willard Richards’s
account establishes that the men who killed Joseph Smith were armed with
military muskets and that some of the Warsaw Militia had mounted their
bayonets on their muskets preparatory to attacking the jail. The bore of the
Model 1795 and 1816 muskets had a metal tube with a smooth, 0.69-inch
inside diameter similar to that found on modern shotguns. A smoothbore
musket was faster to load than a musket with a rifled barrel because the
bullet did not have to be hammered down the barrel so the ball engaged the
riflings when exiting the barrel. The ball used with the 1795 and 1816
muskets had a diameter 0.05 inches smaller than 0.69 inches. Both muskets
were loaded from a rolled paper container called a cartridge. The cartridge
held the correct amount of gunpowder and a 0.64-inchdiameter lead ball
weighing 397.5 grains (or about nine-tenths of an ounce). The paper of the
cartridge also covered the ball and was designed to make up the 0.05-inch
difference in diameter between the barrel and the ball as it was rammed
down the barrel. Ammunition may have been supplied by the federal
government or manufactured locally from lead and gunpowder. To load the
firearm, the soldier leveled the musket and pulled the cock (a device on the
right side directly above the trigger that held a piece of flint in its jaws) to
the half-cocked position. He next removed a paper cartridge from a leather-
covered box on his belt, tore the bottom off with his teeth, poured part of
the powder into a pan on the right side of the musket, and closed a spring-
loaded lid called a frizzen over it. He raised the musket vertically, poured
the remainder of the powder (about 100 grains or about a quarter of an
ounce) down the barrel, and placed the musket ball that was still wrapped
and tied in the end of the cartridge paper in the musket’s muzzle (probably
giving the paper a little push to keep it from falling off the end of the
barrel). The soldier then withdrew the ramrod stored under the barrel and
rammed down the cartridge-paper-covered lead ball until it rested on top of
the powder charge. The musket was leveled again, and the cock was pulled
all the way back. Next, the musket was brought to the shoulder and the
trigger pulled. This released the cock, which swung forward driven by
spring tension, striking the flint on an upright, curved metal projection on
the frizzen, pushing the frizzen up, and showering sparks into the
gunpowder. The gunpowder in the pan was ignited by the sparks, and the
flame traveled via a hole on the side of the barrel to the 24. History of the
Church, 6:620–21. 22 v BYU Studies main charge of gunpowder. The
powder then ignited, and the gas generated from its ignition propelled the
lead ball down the barrel. Due to the smoothbore barrel and the use of a
round ball, the effective range of such muskets was about 100 yards. Both
the 1795 and 1816 muskets had a sight on the front barrel band only, and,
typical of all smoothbore muskets of the day, they were not very accurate.
(To achieve accurate fire from any handheld firearm, a sight at the front and
rear of the weapon is necessary to guarantee proper alignment of the barrel
when the weapon is discharged. With only a front sight, the barrel is only
pointed in the general direction of the target.) The military accepted this
limitation, viewing musket fire as covering an area occupied by enemy
troops with deadly lead balls, and so did not bother with the expense of
adding a rear sight. A smoothbore musket can best be compared to a
modern 12-gauge hunting shotgun (bore diameter 0.73 inches), but the
musket fired a large lead ball rather than many tiny balls (birdshot).25 The
Initial Assault With an understanding of the firearms, we can now analyze
the events of the assassination. The members of the Warsaw Militia rushed
the jail shortly after 5:00 p.m. on the afternoon of Thursday, June 27, 1844.
An eight-man squad from the Carthage Greys had been charged with the
defense of the jail. They were to provide the initial protection for the
prisoners against an attack, and, if one occurred, the squad would be joined
by the remainder of their company who were camped in the town square,
about 600 yards away. The Carthage militiamen who were guarding the jail
were reported to have been aware of the assassination plot and to have 25.
In 1843 and 1844, experiments were conducted to test the gunpowder being
produced at the Washington Arsenal using an 1816 musket loaded with 80
grains of black powder. Using a ballistic pendulum, the velocity of a 0.64-
inch lead ball at the musket’s muzzle was estimated at 1,500 feet per
second and the energy at the muzzle of 2,060 foot-pounds. Captain Alfred
Mordecai, “Experiments on Gunpowder Made at the Washington Arsenal in
1843 and 1844.” Copy in possession of John Spangler, Salt Lake City.
Modern black-powder loading manuals could not confirm this and
suggested muzzle velocities on the order of 1,000 to 1,200 feet per second
with an 80-grain powder charge. C. Kenneth Ramage, ed., Lyman Black
Powder Handbook, 12th ed. (Middletown, Conn: Lyman Publications,
1997), 142. Since there were no values given for a 69-caliber ball, we have
interpolated between the 58-caliber and the 75-caliber data. Cartridges
were also issued that contained a 0.64-inch ball and three 0.33-inch balls.
These cartridges were used primarily for guard duty and referred to as
“buck and ball.” There is no evidence that such were used by those who
killed the Smith brothers. V 23Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail agreed to
fire blanks (muskets loaded with powder held in place with cartridge paper
but without a lead ball) at the Warsaw Militia to make it appear as if they
had put up resistance.26 The accounts of John Taylor and Willard Richards
state that the guards did fire at the attackers, but without any effect. Besides
attempting to drive off the attackers, the shots from the guards at the jail
were to alert the remainder of the Greys to an attack so they could come to
the jail. John Taylor states that the Carthage Militia stood off 10 to 12 rods
(55 to 66 yards) and fired at the jail windows, suggesting the Greys were
trying to kill him and the other men in the room.27 Once the main body of
the Carthage Militia became aware of the attack, the attackers would have
had only a few minutes to murder Joseph Smith and make their escape. The
Warsaw militiamen charged through the front door of the jail, ran up the
stairs, and fired into the door leading to the prison cells at the immediate
head of the stairs.28 The staircase was narrow (35 inches) and steep (the
steps rise 8 inches), so the attackers likely had to mount it single file. The
attackers then confronted an unanticipated problem. The prisoners were not
in the cells with metal bars, where the men would have been easy targets,
but in a bedroom, which was accessible through a single wooden door.
Realizing that Joseph Smith was not in the prison cell at the head of the
stairs, the attackers turned to their right. Joseph and his companions had
closed the door to the jailer’s bedroom when they first heard shouts and
shots.29 Both Hyrum Smith and Willard Richards held the door shut. John
Taylor said the latch on the door was worthless and that he and others had
tried to repair it before the assassination.30 In the hands of inexperienced
troops, or under the pressure of a conflict, the muskets of the day could
take up to a minute to load. The men at the top of the stairs, having fired
into the prison cell at the head of the stairs, now had empty muskets, so it
was not possible to immediately fire through the bedroom door. This pause
gave the men in the bedroom time to better position themselves against the
door. 26. Woods, “Mormon Prophet”; B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive
History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Provo, Utah:
Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 2:279–81 (hereafter cited as
Comprehensive History). 27. History of the Church, 7:104. 28. History of
the Church, 6:619. The front door to the jail had been replaced sometime in
the past. McRae and McRae, Historical Facts, 120. 29. History of the
Church, 6:616; 7:102. 30. Comprehensive History, 2:284. 24 v BYU
Studies The two bullet holes through the bedroom door were evidence that
two muskets were fired into the door by the attackers. Willard Richards and
John Taylor both mention two shots being fired through the door. The first
shot was fired through the keyhole31 and the second through the upper
door panel on the south side. Based on the holes, the musket muzzles were
pointing at a downward angle and to the right (or south) when both holes
were made. The angle toward the south suggests the shots were fired by
men standing slightly to the north of the door opening. The buttstocks of
the muskets when making these holes would have been higher than the
shoulder height of the average man of that day (about 5 feet 6 inches) and
the butt being about 5 feet 5 inches above the floor. To reconstruct how this
might have happened, we measured a 44-inch space horizontally from a 33-
inch-wide door and used a bench to simulate the railing of the jail hallway.
Because of the length of the 1795 and 1816 muskets and the narrowness of
the hallway, a man could not have shouldered his musket in the normal way
(with the barrel parallel to the floor) and fired into the closed door when he
was standing in the hallway at the head of the stairs. However, as will be
discussed herein, lack of space was not an insurmountable obstacle. Two or
three attackers probably began pushing on the bedroom door; the narrow
space in front of the door and the width of the door (33.5 inches) made it
unlikely that more than three men could have stood and pushed. Inside the
room, two or three of the four men were holding the door,32 knowing their
lives depended on keeping it shut. There would have been a contest of
strength between the attackers and their intended victims. Some of the men
lower down on the stairs likely began passing up loaded muskets in
exchange for those already discharged. One of the militiamen probably
decided to drive the prisoners away from the door by firing his musket at
the door latch. The door was slightly open because the hole goes through
the hallway part of the door and cannot be seen from the bedroom side of
the door, nor is there evidence of damage to the oak doorjamb. To fire in
the space at the top of the stairs, a militiaman had to hold the musket above
his shoulder and absorb the recoil with his hand and arms. The recoil from
a musket held in this fashion would have been uncomfortable, but a shot at
such a position was possible. A second musket was probably passed up the
stairs and a second shot fired through the door panel. Because of the height
of the bullet hole and its downward angle, the firer of this shot must also
have stood in the 31. History of the Church, 7:102. 32. History of the
Church, 7:102. V 25Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail hallway, holding the
musket with the trigger guard above his shoulder, and absorbed the recoil
with his hands and wrists. Two factors help determine the number of men
who could push on the door and fire into the bedroom. First is the muzzle
blast, and second is the side blast from the muskets. The 69-caliber musket
ball is 0.05 inches smaller than the 0.69-inch bore diameter so it can be
rammed down the barrel of the musket and still be surrounded with a thin
sheet of paper to act as a block and better capture the force of the
expanding gases. When a smoothbore flintlock musket is fired, a cloud of
burning powder particles is thrown out in a circular pattern around the
musket ball. These particles move at over 1,000 feet per second and can
penetrate clothing or skin. During our tests, we fired into a piece of dried
walnut wood with a 69-caliber musket from point-blank range (fig. 13). We
also fired at pocket watches held in hand-sewn pockets, and the flame from
the hot gas generated by the burning powder set the cotton fabric on fire
with every shot (fig. 14). If one man were pushing on the door and a second
man next to him fired his musket with the muzzle near the door, the first
man would be sprayed with burning powder particles thrown out by the
discharge of the musket. The second factor is the risk of damaging a
neighbor’s eyes or setting his clothing on fire from the burning powder in
the musket’s side pan and the discharge from the musket’s touchhole when
the main powder charge is fired.33 When the powder in the pan is ignited,
burning powder particles are thrown out from the pan several inches. When
the powder in the pan ignites the powder charge in the barrel, there is a
lateral discharge over the pan, to a distance of five feet or more, of a tiny,
high-pressure jet of hot gas equivalent to the pressure driving the ball down
the barrel. This jet of hot gas can damage skin and eyes. The burning
powder and gas jet from the side of the musket meant the attackers could
not have stood too close to each other without risking burned clothes or eye
damage. One point that has not been addressed in previous studies of the
martyrdom is the amount of white smoke generated when black powder is
fired. The amount of white smoke is substantial and this was a major factor
in all battles fought with black-powder weapons; it probably was the reason
for the phrase “the fog of war.” The top of the stairs and the bedroom
would have become extremely smoky once repeated firing started. This 33.
While shooting one day Joseph Lyon was hit on left side of his face with
burning powder particles from a 54-caliber flintlock pistol that was fired
from about five feet to his left. It was quite painful even though the grains
of powder did not break the skin. Fig. 13. A piece of dried walnut with a
69-caliber musket fired from point blank range Shots through the Door Of
the first two shots fired into the room, Willard Richards’s account states,
“As soon as we heard the feet at the stairs head, a ball was sent through the
door, which passed between us,” causing the men to spring back from the
door. He says a second “ball was sent through the door which hit Hyrum on
the side of his nose.”34 John Taylor believes the first ball actually came
through the keyhole of the door, while the second entered through the door
panel itself.35 The accounts of Willard Richards and John Taylor declare
that the second ball struck Hyrum Smith. Both eyewitnesses say that
Hyrum Smith had stepped away from the door after the first musket ball
was fired and was then shot through the door by the second ball. John
Taylor explains, “Dr. Richards and Brother Hyrum leaped back from the
door, with their faces towards it; almost instantly another ball passed
through the panel of the door, and struck Brother Hyrum on the left side of
the nose, entering his face and head.”36 If Hyrum Smith were standing
fully erect to his 74-inch height37 as people tend to be when they leap
backward, the ball through the door at 51.75 inches height would have
struck him in the upper abdomen, not the face. Since the ball was traveling
downward, the farther he stepped back from the door, the lower on his torso
would have been the entrance wound. We believe the second musket ball,
shot through the upper panel of the door, was the ball that struck Hyrum
Smith on the left side of his face, but we believe this occurred while he was
still braced against the door, and his leap backward was a reaction to being
shot. Discrepancies between the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence necessitate additional commentary. Hyrum Smith’s left shoulder
likely was braced against the door when the second ball was fired through
the panel.38 That means his head must have been bent forward, with his
left cheek turned toward the door and his face parallel to the floor. The
musket ball struck the left side of his face, just 34. History of the Church,
6:619. 35. History of the Church, 7:102. 36. History of the Church, 6:617,
619; 7:102. 37. Pearson H. Corbett, Hyrum Smith: Patriarch (Salt Lake
City: Deseret Book, 1963), 86. 38. History of the Church, 7:102. 28 v BYU
Studies medial to the left eye, then exited from underneath his jaw to the
right of the midline. Others have misidentified the wound to the floor of his
mouth as an entrance wound rather than an exit wound.39 Had the wound
in his neck or in the floor of his mouth been an entrance wound, the ball
would have done extensive damage to the top of the skull. The photographs
of Hyrum Smith’s and Joseph Smith’s skulls made in 1928 show no
damage to the top of either skull.40 Also, identifying this wound as an exit
wound would explain the bloodstains on the right side of Hyrum Smith’s
clothes. A review by Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord of the clothing
Hyrum Smith was wearing at the time of the assassination found the
majority of bloodstains on the right front of the shirt, with a small amount
of blood on the shirtfront and a blood splatter on the left shoulder.41 The
current owner of the vest, Eldred G. Smith, said Hyrum Smith’s vest was so
blood soaked on the upper right side, that a triangular shaped piece of
fabric from the top and bottom of the right armhole extending to the right
lapel was cut out. It is our assumption that this fabric was also cut out to
remove the clothes from the body because rigor mortis had set in, and the
fabric was likely blood soaked, as was the shirt underneath it.42 The right
lapel of his vest was about 2 inches shorter than the left lapel because of the
removal of this wedge (fig. 15). Hyrum Smith’s shirt (a pullover) was split
up the front and down 39. History of the Church, 6:617; Shannon M. Tracy,
In Search of Joseph (Orem, Utah: Kenninghouse, 1995), 57. See also,
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury on the Carthage Tragedy,” Deseret Evening
News, September 12, 1890. 40. Richard Neil Ord and Gayle G. Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom,” unpublished draft manuscript in authors’
possession; Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43, 52–53. 41. Ord and Ord,
“Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” Photographs of the clothing are printed in
Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42. We had not noticed that the vest had
a large piece of fabric removed from the right side until Eldred Smith
pointed it out and told us he had stitched the fabric together to hide the
defect. Fig. 15. Hyrum Smith’s vest. Notice that a wedge of the material
was cut out, making the right lapel about 2 inches shorter. Eldred G. Smith
Family Collection. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V 29Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail the right arm to remove it from his body. This cut
in the fabric was sewn together when we inspected the shirt. The
bloodstains on the right front of the shirt were likely made by blood from
the exit wound on the floor of his mouth soaking through the front of the
vest and onto the shirt (see figs. 16 & 17). After Hyrum Smith was shot in
the face, he was also shot in his lower back and in both legs. His clothing
shows no evidence of bloodstains around these wounds, but the clothing
may have been washed, removing or reducing some of the stains.43 Since
Hyrum Smith fell on his back and did not move after he was shot,44 the
extensive bloodstains on his right sleeve could only have come from a
wound on the right side of his neck or the floor of his mouth. Wounds in
either of these places likely would have severed major blood vessels,
causing massive blood loss and resulting in less bleeding from the other
wounds. In further support of a downward-angled gunshot traversing
Hyrum Smith’s face and exiting from the right side of his neck we offer the
following evidence. The men who reburied Hyrum Smith’s body in fall
1844 reported, “It was found at this time that two of Hyrum Smith’s teeth
had fallen into the inside of his mouth, supposed to have been done by a
ball at the time of the martyrdom, but which was not discovered at the time
he was laid out, in consequence of his jaws being tied up.”45 A musket ball
that struck the left side of his face and traveled downward would have
knocked 43. Joseph L. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket Watch,”
notes on a visit with Eldred G. Smith, Salt Lake City, April 26, 1999, in
authors’ possession. 44. History of the Church, 6:619; 7:102, 107. 45.
History of the Church, 6:629. A musket ball shot through the floor of the
mouth would have passed upward through the hard palate, through the
bottom of the skull, and into the brain. The short distance between the
hallway and Hyrum Smith’s body means the ball would have passed though
the top of the skull, shattering it. In the pictures of the Smith brothers’
skulls taken in January 1928 at the time of their reburial, there was no
evidence of fractures to the top or back of either skull. Compare with Tracy,
In Search of Joseph, 52, 53. Figs. 16 & 17. The shirt and trousers Hyrum
Smith wore the day he was murdered. Eldred G. Smith Family Collection.
Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. 30 v BYU Studies out two or more of
the left upper molars. These molars were undoubtedly being held in place
by the mucous membrane lining of his mouth and attached at one end to the
fragment of his upper jaw when he was first buried. By the time his body
was viewed again three months after his death, the mucous membrane
would have decomposed, and the two left upper molars would have
dropped into his mouth. We inspected a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask
at the Museum of Church History and Art in Salt Lake City (fig. 18). The
mask showed that Hyrum Smith’s left cheekbone was depressed about 2
millimeters compared to the right cheekbone. This depression appeared
only on the left side of his face and extended over that area from the left
side of his nose to the left side of the mask. The most likely cause of such a
depression is a fracture of the left maxillary bone. We also obtained access
to a copy of Hyrum Smith’s death mask owned by Grant Fairbanks, a Salt
Lake City plastic surgeon.46 The wound to the left side of Hyrum Smith’s
face was 1 inch to the left of the midline of his face and was plugged with
cotton when the mask was made, thus stretching the skin around the
wound. The cotton had been pushed toward Hyrum Smith’s nose when the
mask was 46. Joseph L. Lyon, “Cast of Hyrum Smith’s Death Mask,” notes
of a meeting with Grant Fairbanks, M.D., April 25, 1999, copy in authors’
possession. Fig. 18. Deathmasks of Hyrum Smith (left) and Joseph Smith
(right). Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V 31Physical
Evidence at Carthage Jail Effect of an 1816 Musket Ball on a Simulated
Human Skull John Spangler, a collector of historic military firearms, and
Joseph L. Lyon, one of the authors, performed an experiment to estimate
the damage done to a skull by a 69-caliber musket ball when fired through
a piece of hardwood similar to the door at Carthage Jail.1 We obtained an
artificial skull made of a synthetic material and used in training
neurosurgery residents to cut out sections of bone from the human skull.2
We used a rectangular box made of 0.75-inch pine boards to hold a
hardwood board and the skull. The skull sat on a wadded newspaper at the
back of the box behind a piece of well-dried, 0.8-inch-thick black walnut
board, held in place by half-inch wood cleats at the bottom and the middle.
The black walnut wood was likely similar to the wood used in the door of
the jailer’s bedroom. Our goal was to replicate the amount of resistance to a
musket ball that the bedroom door would have offered. The skull was
positioned on its side with the back lifted up so the ball would pass through
the walnut, strike the skull over the left maxilla just under the left eye, and
exit without striking the bones forming the floor of the cranium. We used a
397-grain, 0.64-inch musket ball. We propelled the ball with 75 grains of
commercially available rifle grade black powder, the same type used in
Model 1795 and 1816 military muskets. This load was less than the 80- to
100-grain load typically used in U.S. muskets because the age of the
firearm made us reluctant to use the full powder charge. But our purpose
was to determine if a musket ball fired through a piece of hardwood had
sufficient energy to fracture the maxillary bones of the human skull. The
ball was fired in a 69-caliber Model 1816 musket, converted to percussion-
cap ignition for use in the Civil War.3 (continued) 1. Notes describing test
of firepower of a Model 1816 musket, conducted by John Spangler and
authors, May 12, 2001, copy in authors’ possession. 2. Even though it
duplicated the hardness of the human skull, including the thickness and
resistance to breaking, this imitation did not replicate some of the finer
details of a human skull. 3. A flintlock-ignited musket was not available to
the authors for this experiment. A percussion-cap-ignited musket, the next
32 v BYU Studies The musket was discharged about 2 inches from the
walnut board. The force of the ball striking the skull knocked the left
maxilla and the base of the right maxilla off the skull and threw them about
15 feet from the box. Had this been the skull of a living person, the
overlying soft tissue (skin, muscles, fascia) would have prevented the
maxillae from being blown off the skull. However, we concluded that after
being fired through a piece of dried walnut a musket ball still had sufficient
force to fracture the maxillary bones. We also wanted to determine what the
effect would be if the musket ball had been moving parallel to the floor and
struck the back of Hyrum Smith’s skull as the eyewitness accounts suggest.
We repositioned the skull so it faced another walnut panel and was parallel
to the bottom of the box. Using the same powder charge, we fired another
ball through the walnut board into the right maxilla, medial and slightly
below the right eye socket. The musket barrel was parallel to the floor of
the box when discharged and was about 1 inch from the walnut board. The
musket ball created a fracture of the skull that extended from the point of
entry diagonally across the bridge of the nose and then upward 7 inches
into the left frontal bone. Much of the right side of the face, including the
right eye socket, maxilla, temporal bone, half the right parietal bone, and
the entire occipital bone were fractured, pulverized, or blown off the skull.
The entire occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull, about 4 inches
long by 3.5 inches wide, was blown to small fragments, leaving a massive
exit wound. We concluded that if Hyrum Smith had been struck by a ball
from a 69-caliber musket fired through the door that then traversed his
skull parallel to the floor, it would have left a massive exit wound at the
back of his skull. However, neither eyewitness account mentions such a
wound nor was such a wound evident when his skull was exhumed and
photographed in 1928. best alternative, was used instead. The difference in
muzzle energy between a flintlock-ignited musket and a percussion-cap-
ignited musket was negligible, so the results of the experiment would have
been similar regardless of which weapon was used. V 33Physical Evidence
at Carthage Jail made, exposing the outer edge of the bullet hole. The
diameter of the hole was 0.7 inches, consistent with a wound inflicted by a
69-caliber musket ball. We also confirmed this dimension with the mask at
the museum. The pictures of Hyrum Smith’s skull taken in January 1928,
just before his final interment, showed that the left and right upper
jawbones and nasal bones were missing from his skull and that the bone
edges were rounded, suggesting they had been exposed to the elements for
a long time.47 These missing bones from Hyrum Smith’s skull undoubtedly
were fractured by the force of the musket ball that struck him just below his
left eye. As the overlying tissue decayed, the bones fell away and were lost
when the skeletal remains were exhumed. The photographs of his skull also
showed no evidence of damage to the occipital (back) area of the skull.48
This was the area where a musket ball traveling parallel (or almost parallel)
to the long axis of his body would have struck if he were shot while
standing erect. A downward-angled wound through the skull also resolved
one physically impossible aspect of the eyewitness accounts of Hyrum
Smith’s death. Both report Hyrum Smith as saying immediately after he
was shot in the face, “I am a dead man!” and then falling backward on the
floor.49 If he were standing erect (6 feet 2 inches) with his face vertical to
the floor when struck by the musket ball, as the accounts of Willard
Richards and John Taylor suggest, the ball would have struck his brain
stem (medulla oblongata) at the base of his brain. The brain stem controls
speech, respiration, and all muscular movements. Any damage to this vital
part would have rendered him instantly speechless and paralyzed all
muscles, making a verbal statement impossible. But if his face were tilted
forward, parallel to the floor, the musket ball would have severed the
arteries in the floor of his mouth and exited on the right side of the neck,
under the jawbone. He would have had difficulty speaking from the injury
to his 47. Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 41–43. 48. The skull we have
identified as Hyrum Smith’s was originally identified as Joseph Smith’s.
Shannon Tracy asserted that the skulls of the Smith brothers were
misidentified when they were reburied in 1928 by the Reorganized Church
of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (now Community of Christ). We
concur with this assertion. The skull identified by the excavators as Hyrum
Smith’s had no hole in the left maxilla, but a small defect to the right
maxilla. The skull identified as Joseph Smith’s was missing the bones of
the nose, the floor of the mouth, the frontal sinuses and upper jaws. This
would be consistent with a traumatic fracture to these structures such as
that caused by a 69-caliber musket ball striking the left maxilla. Tracy, In
Search of Joseph, 48–60. 49. History of the Church, 7:102; 6:620. 34 v
BYU Studies tongue, but it would have been possible before blood loss led
to unconsciousness and death. To test whether a 6-foot-2-inch man bracing
against a door would have been hit in the face by a shot fired 51.75 inches
above the floor, we enlisted the aid of a man of that height and had him
brace himself against a door opening to his right. If he braced with his left
shoulder and turned his head to the right, his face was between 49 and 54
inches above the floor. Retaliation When Hyrum Smith fell to the floor, the
attackers pushed the door partly open. After seeing his brother mortally
wounded, Joseph Smith responded to the murderers. Because of the
continual death threats he had received by the various militia units in
Carthage and overheard by many Mormons present, he had been given a
six-barreled, percussion-capignited, Allen “pepper box” revolver earlier in
the day by Cyrus H. Wheelock for protection.50 Designed to be carried in a
pocket, these pistols were produced in three calibers: 28, 31, and 36.51
Common sense dictates that Joseph Smith probably waited until the
attackers had fired a volley into the room. Then standing on the right side
of the partly open door to protect himself and holding the revolver around
the door, he would have pulled the trigger six times.52 Three of the six
barrels were fired. The balls from the pistol struck three men, two in the
upper arm and a third in the face. None of these wounds was immediately
fatal, though one of the men was said to have died later from the injuries.53
The wounded men would have had to walk or have been carried down the
stairs. Because of the narrow hallway and stairs, this likely caused a lull in
the firing. During this short lull, the men in the room probably tried to
rectify the problem that caused three barrels to misfire, but no evidence
suggests they were successful. 50. History of the Church, 6:617, 620;
7:102–3. Writing about Joseph Smith’s assassination for Atlantic Monthly
in 1869, John Hay, who knew many of the attackers personally, reflected
their anger that the victims were armed and blamed the “Jack Mormon”
sheriff of Hancock County, Miner Deming, for allowing the prisoners to
have firearms. John Hay, “The Mormon Prophet’s Tragedy,” Atlantic
Monthly 24 (December 1869): 676. 51. Flayderman, Flayderman’s Guide,
56–57. 52. History of the Church, 6:620; 7:103. 53. History of the Church,
7:103. B. H. Roberts quoted John Hay, who said that four men were
wounded and that three of the wounds were in the upper arms and one in
the face. One man was said to have died at a later time from an arm wound.
See Comprehensive History, 2:285 n. 19. V 35Physical Evidence at
Carthage Jail However, this firing by Joseph Smith produced enough fear
to restrain the attackers from immediately rushing through the door and
killing everyone in the room. Records show that Hyrum Smith was also
armed with a single-shot pistol given to the prisoners for their defense by
John S. Fullmer.54 This pistol was not fired during the attack, but it is now
in the possession of the Church Museum of History and Art along with the
one Joseph Smith fired (see fig. 19). When Joseph Smith’s pistol was
empty, the only defense left to the men in the room was their walking
sticks. Undoubtedly, both John Taylor and Willard Richards put pressure on
the door to prevent it from being pushed open completely, and both report
striking at the musket barrels with their canes to deflect the bullets
downward.55 Since Willard Richards, John Taylor, and Joseph Smith were
still trying to push the door shut after it was partially forced open, at least
one of the attackers would have had to continue pushing on the door, while
others fired around him. That man might have resisted the prisoners’ efforts
by holding a musket butt in the space between the doorjamb and the door.
54. History of the Church, 6:607–8. 55. History of the Church, 7:103–4.
Fig. 19. Pistols given to Joseph and Hyrum Smith while they were in
Carthage Jail. Courtesy Richard Neitzel Holzapfel. 36 v BYU Studies The
attackers did not hit anyone in the northwest corner of the room. This
suggests that the door and the narrow hallway blocked those trying to shoot
into this corner of the room. As the frequency of musket fire increased,
John Taylor left the temporary safety of the door and ran to a window; he
says he did this to look for friends and to escape.56 Perhaps he also hoped
to draw the attackers away from Joseph Smith and be mistaken for him.
John Taylor undoubtedly waited until immediately after a volley was fired,
which would have given him a few precious seconds before musket fire
resumed—otherwise he never would have reached the window without
being shot. This action required considerable courage because the door had
been forced partly open and the south and east windows were visible to the
men firing from the hallway. John Taylor reached the window, then turned
the left side of his body to the bedroom door before mounting the
windowsill. While in this position, he was shot from the doorway in the left
thigh and fell to the floor. He lost all control over his muscles and fell limp
for a brief period.57 Although John Taylor believed he started to pitch
headfirst out the window and was saved only when a musket ball struck his
watch (fig. 20), Neil and Gayle Ord have established—based on the linear
dents in the back of the watch—that his watch was not hit by a musket ball,
rather the watch broke as he fell across the edge of the windowsill before
falling to the floor.58 John Taylor then regained muscle control and
crawled or rolled under the bed in the southeast corner of the room.59
While making his way toward the bed, he was shot from the door three
more times. The fact that he was shot once in the thigh, fell to the floor, lay
still for a few seconds without being shot again immediately, and then
started crawling toward the bed before being 56. History of the Church,
7:104. 57. History of the Church, 7:104–5. 58. Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom.” 59. History of the Church,
6:620. Fig. 20. John Taylor’s pocket watch, which probably broke as he fell
on the window sill. Courtesy Museum of Church History and Art. V
37Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail shot three more times suggest that the
attackers were firing volleys of two to three muskets every twenty to thirty
seconds.60 The men at the door probably knew what Joseph Smith looked
like and that the man they had just wounded was not the man they sought.
Joseph Smith must have realized that the attackers’ fear of another firearm
in the room would soon diminish, and they would shortly burst into the
room and kill him and Willard Richards. Joseph Smith probably then
decided he might be able to save Willard Richards’s life by moving into the
line of fire and attempting to jump from the east window, which was the
nearest window to Joseph Smith’s haven in the northwest corner of the
room. This action would draw the attackers outside. He would have timed
his run to the east window immediately after a discharge of muskets from
the door, knowing it took several seconds to replace the fired muskets. This
pause would have given him a few seconds free from musket fire. He
reached the east window and must have had his legs part way out when, as
reported by Willard Richards, he was shot two times from the door and
once by someone outside the jail. 60. In our minds, John Taylor’s account
is subject to two interpretations concerning the window to which he ran.
His 1856 account said, “I made a spring for the window which was right in
front of the jail door, where the mob was standing.” History of the Church,
7:104. The south window in the bedroom looks down on the front door of
the jail, and there were people standing in front of that door. John Taylor’s
use of the words “jail door” could also refer to the door to the jailer’s
bedroom, but he refers to the bedroom door simply as “the door” adding no
modifier in the other parts of his account. He does use the words “jail door”
once again in his account: “Immediately afterwards I saw the doctor going
toward the jail door, and as there was an iron door at the head of the stairs
adjoining our door which led into the cells for criminals, it struck me that
the doctor was going in there, and I said to him, ‘Stop, Doctor, and take me
along.’ He proceeded to the door and opened it, and then returned and
dragged me along to a small cell prepared for criminals.” Here, John Taylor
uses “jail door” to mean the entrance into the iron-barred cells on the north
end of the second floor. B. H. Roberts wrote, “[John Taylor] rolled under
the bed, which was at the right of the window in the south-east corner of
the room.” History of the Church, 6:618. Willard Richards adds, “Joseph
attempted, as the last resort, to leap the same window from whence Mr.
Taylor fell.” Willard Richards’s account was written closer to the event, so
the east window is most likely, but it presents a problem. To reach the
relative safety under the bed, John Taylor would have had to crawl
backward, facing the door and dragging his already wounded left leg. This
would have been much more difficult than crawling forward if he was
wounded by the south window. We know this because he was again
wounded in his left arm, hip, and leg before reaching the bed, so his left
side had to be facing the bedroom door. 38 v BYU Studies The men who
prepared Joseph Smith’s body for burial reported a wound to the lower
abdomen and another wound to the right hip. (This wound may have been
an exit wound from the abdominal wound, but it is impossible to tell from
their description.) The men also reported a wound to the right breast, a
wound under the heart, and a wound in the right shoulder near the neck.
The coroner’s jury mentions two wounds, one to the right side of the chest
and one in the right neck near the shoulder, but the jury mentioned only
some of the wounds to both bodies.61 Willard Richards’s account says
Joseph Smith was shot twice from the door and once from below. We think
it most likely that Joseph Smith had turned the right side of his body
toward the door and was trying to get his left leg out the window when he
was first shot and that these shots came from the doorway. When John
Taylor was shot, he fell back into the room, but Joseph Smith’s upper body
must have been very near the window opening, and the shots from the door
likely caused him to fall out the window rather than back into the room. We
think the wound on his left side under his heart came from someone
standing below the east window. The shot would have been fired at an
upward angle. The ball would have been traveling upward and likely
traversed his chest cavity, exiting in the area above the right collarbone
near the right shoulder. The pathway of a musket ball fired at this angle
would have struck his heart and/or the great vessels associated with it. Such
a shot would have been immediately fatal. He then fell through the open
window to the ground below. It could not have taken Joseph Smith more
than twenty seconds to cross the room, mount the wide windowsill, and get
his left leg part way out the window. This again gives us an estimate of the
time it took the attackers to pass loaded muskets to those firing through the
door. Joseph Smith’s final act of self-sacrifice ensured that there were two
friendly eyewitnesses to the murders. Situation in the Hallway Reloading
their weapons would have been a difficult task for the men in the hallway.
To reload a flintlock musket required about 62 to 64 inches of space. The
leveled musket occupied 42 to 44 inches of space in front of the loader,
while the person occupied the remaining 20 inches. Soldiers performed
drills to load and fire their muskets rapidly with the claim that 61.
“Findings of the Coroner’s Jury.” For example, only two of Hyrum Smith’s
six wounds are mentioned. V 39Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail well-
drilled troops could fire three shots per minute,62 but the narrow hallway in
front of the bedroom door would have restricted movement and slowed
down this process. The length of the floor in front of the door was 3 feet 8
inches wide in front of the door; the distance from the cellblock south wall
to the door was 2 feet 2.5 inches, with the door adding another 2 feet 9.5
inches and the width to the stair railing 3 feet 8 inches. John Taylor
reported more and more muskets being pressed into the room and attributed
this to men on the stairs pushing those in front of them into the room.63
Given the space limitations of the hallway and the danger of standing close
to the side of a flintlock musket, we think a more likely explanation was
that the men standing on the stairs and outside the front door of the jail
passed their loaded muskets up the stairs to the small number of men
closest to the bedroom door, who then fired into the room. Afterward, the
fired muskets were passed down the stairs in exchange for loaded muskets.
This type of reloading was common when muskets were muzzle loaded on
battlefields. The process would have shortened the time interval between
the musket volleys and given the impression that more men were standing
in front of the door. A 69-caliber musket ball fired through the door would
have had sufficient energy to severely wound or kill anyone on the other
side of the door; yet only two shots were fired through the door. Since the
door was being held firmly shut, the simplest course of action for the
attackers would have been to fire multiple times through the door, killing or
wounding anyone attempting to hold it closed. The fact that only two balls
were fired through the solid part of the door confirm the eyewitness
accounts that the attackers were able to force the door partly open quickly
and then begin firing into the room.64 The southeast corner where the bed
was located would have been the one first exposed, then the area on the
south wall over the 62. Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk’s Army (College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997), 92–94; Ernest F. Fisher Jr.,
“Weapons and Equipment Evolution and Its Influence upon the
Organization and Tactics in the American Army, 1775–1963,” unpublished
manuscript, Office of the Chief of Military History, 1963, File 2-3.7, AB.Z,
U.S. Army Center of Military History (CMH), Washington, D.C. A
summary can be found at http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/
Antietam/Small_Arms.htm. 63. History of the Church, 7:103. John Taylor
states, “Every moment the crowd at the door became more dense, as they
were unquestionably pressed on by those in the rear ascending the stairs,
until the whole entrance at the door was literally crowded with muskets and
rifles.” He did not further define the use of the word rifle. 64. History of the
Church, 6:619–20; 7:102–4. 40 v BYU Studies front door to the jail. As the
door was forced further open, the east wall would have been exposed. Once
committed to this course of action, the attackers continued firing into the
room, pushing the door farther and farther open, trying to reach the
northwest corner where they knew Joseph Smith was. The unpleasant
surprise of finding the prisoners armed undoubtedly caused the attackers to
remain in the hallway and try to kill those in the room without exposing
themselves. We believe three men were the maximum that could have fired
into the room with any degree of personal safety. This assertion is based on
the space at the head of the stairs and the hazards to those standing nearby
when a flintlock was fired. Our belief is supported by the number of men
Joseph Smith is said to have wounded and by the wounds to John Taylor
and Joseph Smith. John Taylor received a wound in the thigh, fell to the
floor and lay there briefly, then crawled toward the bed in the southeast
corner of the room, where he received three more wounds. Joseph Smith’s
wounds suggest that he was shot two or three times from men at the
bedroom door, while one shot was believed to have been fired by someone
standing under the window. This suggests that shots were coming from the
door in twos and threes with a pause of several seconds between them.
Some of the attackers may have positioned themselves in the short space to
the south of the door. These men would have had the best angle to shoot
toward the northwest corner of the room, but the width of the platform
would have made it impossible to aim their muskets into the room without
thrusting the muzzles partway through the doorway and running the risk of
having the barrels knocked down. Willard Richards comments that as the
door was pushed farther open, musket barrels protruded into the room
about half their length (roughly 2.4 feet).65 Based on the evidence from the
wounds received by those in the room, the accuracy of those firing into the
room was poor, despite the 15-foot maximum range. The initial wounds
John Taylor and Joseph Smith received were not immediately fatal and in
John Taylor’s case not fatal at all. John Taylor’s initial wound was in his
thigh. Joseph Smith’s initial wounds were in his upper thigh/lower
abdomen.66 This suggests problems in aiming the muskets, difficulty with
visibility, and an inability to hold the muskets steady in the cramped space
at the top of the stairs. 65. History of the Church, 6:620. 66. History of the
Church, 6:620, 627; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147–48; Jessee, “Return to Carthage,” 17 n. 30. V
41Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail In addition, the musket barrels were
being vigorously deflected downward by the canes of John Taylor and
Willard Richards. Wounds Received Willard Richards made three reports
about the Smiths’ wounds. The first was in his June 27, 1844, recital for the
Times and Seasons, “Two Minutes in Jail.” The second was in a letter to
Brigham Young three days later, on June 30.67 The third was in a letter to
the Saints in England, dated July 9, 1844.68 Willard Richards reported six
wounds in Hyrum Smith’s body. These were as follows: (1) a wound to left
of his nose; (2) a wound under his chin to the right of the midline (which
we believe was an exit wound for the ball that struck the left side of his
face); (3) a wound through his lower back without an exit wound at the
front of his abdomen, but with sufficient force to shatter the watch in his
vest pocket; (4) a graze wound to his breast bone; (5) a wound just below
the left knee; and (6) a wound to the back of the right thigh. Four of these
wounds were confirmed by defects found in Hyrum Smith’s clothing.69
Joseph Smith was shot through the right upper thigh, right lower abdomen,
right breast, right shoulder near the neck, and under his heart— with a
likely exit wound behind the right clavicle. The wound in his right hip and
shoulder may have been exit wounds. Unfortunately, none of his clothes
have survived. Several accounts claim that Joseph Smith’s body was
propped against the well and that he was shot in the chest by four of the
militia acting under 67. History of the Church, 6:619–20, 627; Willard
Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in History of the Church,
7:147. 68. Willard Richards and John Taylor to Elder Reuben Hedlock and
the Saints in the British Empire, July 9, 1844, in Journal History. 69.
History of the Church, 6:619–20. The clothes Hyrum Smith was wearing
when he was shot are in the possession of his great-grandson Eldred G.
Smith. There was an entrance hole through the left trouser leg, another hole
through the back of the right trouser leg, and a hole through the back of the
right side of his vest, pants, and shirt. The right edge of the front of the vest
had also lost an irregular section of fabric approximately two inches wide
by three inches long. The defect in the vest was larger at the top and came
to a point at the bottom. It had been stated that this defect was made by a
musket ball that struck Hyrum Smith’s chest and then continued into the
floor of his mouth. But the defect in the fabric was broad at the top, coming
to a point at the bottom, instead suggesting it was made by a musket ball
exiting the skull and tearing the fabric from the top downward. The lack of
damage to the top of the skull also suggested the damage to the fabric was
made by an exiting musket ball. Lyon, “Hyrum Smith’s Clothes and Pocket
Watch.” See also Tracy, In Search of Joseph, 75–77. 42 v BYU Studies the
direction of Colonel Levi Williams.70 Another account claims one of the
Warsaw militiamen drove a bayonet through his body and left him
transfixed to the well casing.71 None of the wounds reported by Willard
Richards to Brigham Young supports these stories.72 John Taylor was shot
first through his left thigh, then, several seconds later while making his way
to the bed, he was hit in his left leg below the knee, in his left forearm, and
in his left hip.73 He also believed he had been hit in the abdomen by a ball
from outside the window that shattered his watch, but Neil and Gayle Ord
have established that the watch was not hit by a musket ball but rather was
shattered when John Taylor fell against the windowsill after being shot
from the door.74 Willard Richards’s left earlobe was grazed by a musket
ball.75 The musket balls fired from the hallway—and that struck the four
occupants of the room—total at least thirteen: Hyrum Smith, five; John
Taylor, four; Willard Richards, one; Joseph Smith, three or possibly four.
One account written forty-one years after the martyrdom claims there were
thirty-five holes in the walls.76 Given the number of wounds received by
those in the room and the account by Wood, we think it likely that
somewhere between forty-five and fifty-five musket balls were fired into
the room. Since it was probable that no more than three men were able to
fire into the room at any given time, they would have had to reload or
receive loaded muskets up to eighteen times to inflict the damage
catalogued here. Willard Richards titled one of his reports of the
martyrdom “Two Minutes in Jail.” We think the actual time was longer,
perhaps as long as nine minutes. First, it would have taken twenty to thirty
seconds to exchange muskets with those firing, and with only three men
able to fire 70. See Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 50. 71. Woods, “Mormon
Prophet.” 72. Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30, 1844, in
History of the Church, 7:147. The wounds reported by Willard Richards in
Joseph Smith’s body do not support the story that he was propped up
against the well and shot by a firing party of four men after he fell to the
ground. Willard Richards counted four wounds in Joseph Smith’s body, two
of them in the chest. Both of the chest wounds are believed to have
occurred when Joseph Smith was trying to jump from the window. The
wound Willard Richards mentioned above Joseph Smith’s clavicle probably
was an exit wound; had he been shot after falling to the ground, we would
expect Richards to have found three or four more chest wounds. 73.
History of the Church, 6:618; Willard Richards to Brigham Young, June 30,
1844, in History of the Church, 7:147. 74. History of the Church, 7:104;
Ord and Ord, “Artifacts of the Martyrdom”; Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47.
75. History of the Church, 6:619. 76. Woods, “Mormon Prophet.” V
43Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail into the room and between forty-five
and fifty-five shots fired into the room at an interval of between twenty and
thirty seconds, it would have taken between five and nine minutes to fire
into the bedroom that many times. Second, the attackers were also
confronted with two unexpected developments: the intended victims were
not in the jail cells and they were armed. Remember, the men in the room
wounded at least three of the attackers. All of this increased the time it took
to complete their murder of Joseph Smith. Wound to Hyrum Smith’s Lower
Back The most perplexing physical aspect of the assassinations was the
wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back. We can reconstruct the wound from
his clothes. The ball entered the lower part of his back on the right side,
about 47 inches from his trouser cuff. The ball then traversed his abdomen,
striking the pocket watch in his right vest pocket with sufficient energy to
smash the crystal and the ceramic face of his watch, but the ball did not
penetrate the skin of the abdominal wall. Both John Taylor and Willard
Richards claim the ball that produced this wound came through the open
east window.77 John Taylor believes a member of the Carthage Greys fired
the shot. This was possible, yet it was just as likely that a member of the
Warsaw Militia fired the shot. We explored the possibility the shot came in
through the window from two perspectives: a shot from a tree and a shot
from the ground. A drawing made by Frederick Piercy on site in 1853 and
published in 1855, eleven years after the martyrdom, shows a tree on the
southeast corner of the jail lot. However, this tree was too far to the
southeast to provide a pathway to the bedroom where Hyrum Smith was
standing. A second tree was in line with the east window but was too small
to support the weight of a man.78 This left the possibility of a shot from the
ground. We calculated the distance from the jail a shooter would have
required to hit Hyrum Smith in the lower back. If the bullet pathway
increased 1 inch from the back to the front of his body, assuming a standard
10-inch-body thickness, then a musket would have to have been fired from
32 yards away. If the rise on the 77. History of the Church, 7:102; History
of the Church, 6:617, 619–20. 78. Comprehensive History, 2:256; Piercy,
Route from Liverpool, illustration xv. No trees are evident in a woodcut
published in William M. Daniels, A Correct Account of the Murder of
Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith at Carthage, on the 7th Day of June;
18 by Wm. M. Daniels, an Eye Witness (Nauvoo, Ill.: John Taylor,
1845), nor in an engraved version of the image in a later publication. See
the illustration in Leonard, Nauvoo, 393. 44 v BYU Studies bullet is
reduced to half an inch, the distance would increase to 64 yards, and if
dropped to 0.25 inches, the distance would lengthen to 128 yards. We stood
outside Carthage Jail about 25 yards from the jailer’s bedroom door on
June 16, 1999, at about 4:20 p.m. (CDT or 5:20 p.m. CST), approximately
the same time as the assassinations likely occurred and eleven days earlier
in the year. The day was sunny, as it was in 1844. The sun shone above the
roofline of the jail, and the east window was in shadow. We could not see
individuals in white shirts standing in the jailer’s bedroom unless they
stood at the windowsill. Considering these circumstances and the poor
accuracy of a smoothbore military musket, we concluded that if a shot from
the ground hit Hyrum Smith, then it was not an aimed shot, rather one that
found its mark by chance. We also concluded that either the ball came from
some distance away or that Hyrum Smith’s skin absorbed a substantial
amount of energy. The skin is the most elastic organ in the body and when
struck from within will stretch outward considerably. Even a bullet from
modern firearms will stretch the skin outward several inches. The damage
to Hyrum Smith’s watch was sufficient to break the crystal, knock off the
hands, knock off most of the enamel finish from the watch face, split the
front of the watch case, and indent the watch face about 0.125 inches. Yet
the damage to the watch was substantially less than that expected from a
69-caliber musket ball fired with a powder charge equivalent to a pistol
(see figs. 21 and 22, pictures of Hyrum Smith’s watch and a watch struck
by a 69-caliber Fig. 22. Face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket watch hit by a 69-
caliber musket ball on June 27, 1844. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Fig.21. Damage to a twentieth-century pocket watch with a metal face
protector. The watch was hit with a 69-caliber musket ball driven by a
black-powder charge of 20 grains, equivalent to that fired by a smoothbore
musket about 100 yards away. Photograph by Joseph Lynn Lyon. V
45Physical Evidence at Carthage Jail musket ball fired with a velocity
equivalent to a shot fired from about 75 yards away). However, the
diameter of the depression the ball left in the face of Hyrum Smith’s pocket
watch was consistent with what we expected from the impact of a 69-
caliber musket soft-lead ball.79 There was a circular depression on the face
of the watch between the 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock positions. The depression
was asymmetrical, being 0.75 inches at its longest diameter and 0.70 inches
at its shortest. When we fired musket balls into eight different pocket
watches, the balls made irregular holes through the watchcases, varying in
width from 0.535 inches to 0.85 inches and in height from 0.30 inches to
0.92 inches. Although the wound to Hyrum Smith’s lower back may have
occurred after he was dead, the eyewitness accounts and the physical
evidence do not support this option. Both Willard Richards and John Taylor
agree that Hyrum Smith fell to the floor on his back and did not move
again, and neither eyewitness mentions Hyrum Smith being shot again after
Joseph Smith was killed. John Taylor could see Hyrum Smith’s body from
the head of the stairs, where he was waiting to be moved after Joseph
Smith’s death, and declared the body had not moved.80 Willard Richards
says that after the attackers ran outside the jail, some returned while he was
hiding John Taylor in the iron prison cell. However, the men turned and ran
as soon as the cry “The Mormons are coming” was heard.81 This and the
fact that the attackers knew their shots would summon the main company
of the Carthage Greys, encamped on the town square about 600 yards
away, precluded any lingering at the jail. The Greys were said to have
arrived within a few minutes of the start of the attack, just in time to see the
attackers running into the woods.82 The suggestion that the wound on
Hyrum Smith’s lower back was made after his death also was not supported
by the clothing he was wearing at the time of the martyrdom. Such a
wound, if made after death, would have been made by someone firing at
very close range into his body after turning the body over. There is no
evidence of powder burns, or their residue, on the light-colored fabric of
the vest where the ball entered his back.83 If Hyrum Smith were shot after
death, it would have been at very 79

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John Taylor afirma: "Cada momento la multitud en la puerta se hizo más


densa, ya que fueron presionados, sin duda, por los que están en la parte
trasera de ascender por la escalera, hasta que toda la entrada a la puerta
estaba literalmente llena de fusiles y rifles." No lo hizo definir aún más el
uso de la palabra rifle. 64. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 619-20; 7: 102-4.
40 v BYU Studies
puerta de entrada a la cárcel. Cuando la puerta se vio obligado más abierta,
la pared este habría sido expuesto. Una vez comprometido con este curso
de acción, los atacantes continuaron disparando en la habitación,
empujando la puerta cada vez más abierta, tratando de llegar a la esquina
noroeste donde sabían que José Smith era. La desagradable sorpresa de
encontrar a los prisioneros armados, sin duda, hizo que los atacantes a
permanecer en el pasillo y tratar de matar a los de la sala sin exponerse.
Creemos que tres hombres fueron el máximo que podría haber disparado en
la habitación con cualquier grado de seguridad personal. Esta afirmación se
basa en el espacio a la cabeza de las escaleras y los peligros a los que
estaban cerca cuando se disparó un fusil de chispa. Nuestra creencia es
apoyada por el número de hombres que se dice Joseph Smith haber heridos
y por las heridas a John Taylor y Joseph Smith. John Taylor recibió una
herida en el muslo, cayó al suelo y se quedó allí un instante y luego se
arrastró hacia la cama en la esquina sureste de la sala, donde recibió tres
heridas más. Las heridas de Joseph Smith sugieren que le dispararon dos o
tres veces a los hombres en la puerta de la habitación, mientras que un
disparo se creía que había sido disparada por alguien de pie debajo de la
ventana. Esto sugiere que los disparos venían de la puerta en parejas y tríos
con una pausa de varios segundos entre ellos. Algunos de los atacantes
pueden haber posicionado en el corto espacio al sur de la puerta. Estos
hombres habrían tenido el mejor ángulo para disparar hacia la esquina
noroeste de la habitación, pero la anchura de la plataforma habrían hecho
imposible para apuntar sus fusiles en la habitación sin empujar los bozales
punto intermedio de la puerta y correr el riesgo de tener los barriles
derribados. Willard Richards comenta que cuando la puerta fue empujada
más abierta, barriles de mosquete sobresalían en la habitación cerca de la
mitad de su longitud (aproximadamente 2,4 pies) .65 Con base en la
evidencia de las heridas recibidas por los de la sala, la precisión de los
disparos al habitación era pobre, a pesar de la distancia máxima de 15 pies.
Las heridas iniciales John Taylor y Joseph Smith recibieron no estaban
inmediatamente fatal y, en el caso de John Taylor no fatales en absoluto.
herida inicial de John Taylor estaba en su muslo. heridas iniciales de José
Smith eran en su muslo superior / inferior abdomen.66 Esto sugiere
problemas en el objetivo de los fusiles, dificultad con la visibilidad, y una
incapacidad para mantener estables los fusiles en el estrecho espacio en la
parte superior de la escalera.
65. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 620. 66. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 620, 627;
Willard Richards a Brigham Young, 30 de Junio de 1844, en la Historia de
la Iglesia, 7: 147-48; Jessee, "Volver a Cartago", 17 n. 30.
Evidencia V 41Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
Además, los barriles de mosquete estaban siendo desviados enérgicamente
hacia abajo por las cañas de John Taylor y Willard Richards.
Heridas recibidas Willard Richards hicieron tres informes sobre las heridas
de los Smith. La primera fue en sus 27 junio de 1844, considerando para el
Times and Seasons, "dos minutos en la cárcel." El segundo fue en una carta
a Brigham Young, tres días más tarde, de junio 30.67 El tercero fue en una
carta a los santos de Inglaterra, de fecha 9 de julio de 1844.68 Willard
Richards reportó seis heridas en el cuerpo de Hyrum Smith. Estos fueron
los siguientes: (1) una herida a la izquierda de la nariz; (2) una herida
debajo de la barbilla a la derecha de la línea media (que creemos que era
una herida de salida para la bola que golpeó el lado izquierdo de la cara);
(3) una herida a través de su baja de la espalda sin un orificio de salida en
la parte delantera de su abdomen, pero con fuerza suficiente para romper el
reloj en el bolsillo del chaleco; (4) un rasguño herida en el esternón; (5) una
herida debajo de la rodilla izquierda; y (6) una herida a la parte posterior
del muslo derecho. Cuatro de estas heridas fueron confirmados por defectos
encontrados en clothing.69 de Hyrum Smith José Smith recibió un disparo
a través de la parte superior del muslo derecho, el abdomen inferior
derecho, pecho derecho, hombro derecho cerca del cuello, y bajo su
corazón- con un orificio de salida detrás de la probable clavícula derecha.
La herida en la cadera derecha y el hombro puede haber sido heridas de
salida. Por desgracia, ninguno de sus ropas han sobrevivido. Varias cuentas
afirman que el cuerpo de Joseph Smith estaba apoyado contra el bien y que
le dispararon en el pecho por cuatro de la milicia que actúa bajo
67. Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 619-20, 627; Willard Richards a Brigham
Young, 30 de Junio de 1844, en la Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 147. 68. Willard
Richards y John Taylor al pastor Rubén Hedlock y los Santos en el Imperio
Británico 9 de julio de 1844, en la revista Historia. 69. Historia de la
Iglesia, 6: 619-20. La ropa Hyrum Smith llevaba cuando le dispararon están
en la posesión de su bisnieto Eldred G. Smith. Había un agujero de entrada
a través de la pernera izquierda, otro agujero a través de la parte posterior
de la pierna derecha del pantalón, y un agujero a través de la parte posterior
del lado derecho de su chaleco, pantalones y camisa. El borde derecho de la
parte delantera del chaleco también había perdido una sección irregular de
tejido de aproximadamente dos pulgadas de ancho por tres pulgadas de
largo. El defecto en el chaleco era más grande en la parte superior y llegó a
un punto en la parte inferior. Se ha dicho que este defecto fue hecha por
una bala de mosquete que golpeó el pecho de Hyrum Smith y luego
continuó en el piso de la boca. Sin embargo, el defecto en la tela era amplia
en la parte superior, llegando a un punto en la parte inferior, en lugar lo que
sugiere que fue hecho por una bala de mosquete que sale del cráneo y
desgarrar el tejido desde la parte superior hacia abajo. La falta de daño a la
parte superior del cráneo también sugirió que el daño a la tela fue hecho
por una pelota de mosquete de salir. Lyon, "Ropa de Hyrum Smith y reloj
de bolsillo." Véase también Tracy, En busca de José, 75-77.
42 v BYU Studies
la dirección del Coronel Levi Williams.70 Otro relato afirma uno de los
milicianos Varsovia condujo una bayoneta a través de su cuerpo y lo dejó
paralizado al pozo casing.71 Ninguna de las heridas reportadas por Willard
Richards a Brigham Young apoya estos stories.72 John Taylor recibió un
disparo en primer lugar a través de su muslo izquierdo y, a continuación,
unos segundos más tarde, mientras que haciendo su camino hacia la cama,
fue golpeado en la pierna izquierda debajo de la rodilla, en su antebrazo
izquierdo, y en su izquierda hip.73 también creía que había sido golpeó en
el abdomen por una pelota desde fuera de la ventana que se rompió su reloj,
pero Neil y Gayle Ord han establecido que el reloj no fue alcanzado por
una bala de mosquete, sino más bien se hizo añicos cuando John Taylor
cayó contra el alféizar de la ventana de un disparo de la puerta lóbulo de la
oreja izquierda de 0,74 Willard Richards fue rozado por un mosquete
ball.75 las balas de mosquete disparados desde el pasillo y que afectó a los
cuatro ocupantes de la habitación-total de al menos trece: Hyrum Smith,
cinco; John Taylor, cuatro; Willard Richards, uno; Joseph Smith, tres o
posiblemente cuatro. Un relato escrito cuarenta y un años después del
martirio de reclamaciones había treinta y cinco agujeros en la walls.76
Dado el número de heridas recibidas por los de la sala y la cuenta por
Wood, creemos que es probable que en algún lugar entre cuarenta y cinco y
cincuenta y cinco balas de mosquete fueron disparados en la habitación. Ya
que era probable que no más de tres hombres eran capaces de disparar en la
habitación en cualquier momento dado, habrían tenido que recargar o
recibir fusiles cargados hasta dieciocho veces para infligir el daño
catalogado aquí. Willard Richards tituló uno de sus informes de martirio
"dos minutos en la cárcel." Creemos que el tiempo real fue más largo, tal
vez hasta nueve minutos. En primer lugar, habría tomado veinte a treinta
segundos para intercambiar con los fusiles de tiro, y con sólo tres hombres
capaces de disparar
70. Véase Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 50. 71. Woods, "profeta mormón." 72.
Willard Richards a Brigham Young, 30 de Junio de 1844, en la Historia de
la Iglesia, 7: 147. Las heridas reportadas por Willard Richards en el cuerpo
de Joseph Smith no son compatibles con la historia de que estaba apoyado
contra el pozo y un disparo de un pelotón de ejecución de cuatro hombres
después de que cayó al suelo. Willard Richards contó cuatro heridas en el
cuerpo de Joseph Smith, dos de ellos en el pecho. Tanto de las heridas en el
pecho se cree que se han producido cuando José Smith estaba tratando de
saltar de la ventana. La herida Willard Richards se mencionó anteriormente
clavícula de Joseph Smith, probablemente, era una herida de salida; si se le
hubiera disparado después de caer al suelo, esperaríamos Richards haber
encontrado tres o cuatro más heridas en el pecho. 73. Historia de la Iglesia,
6: 618; Willard Richards a Brigham Young, 30 de Junio de 1844, en la
Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 147. 74. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 104; Ord y Ord,
"Artefactos del Martirio"; Leonard, Nauvoo, 397 n. 47. 75. Historia de la
Iglesia, 6: 619. 76. Woods, "profeta mormón."
Evidencia V 43Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
en la habitación y entre cuarenta y cinco y cincuenta y cinco disparos en la
habitación en un intervalo de entre veinte y treinta segundos, que habría
tomado entre cinco y nueve minutos al fuego en el dormitorio que muchas
veces. En segundo lugar, los atacantes también se enfrentaron con dos
acontecimientos inesperados: las posibles víctimas no estaban en las celdas
de la cárcel y estaban armados. Recuerde, los hombres de la sala heridos al
menos tres de los atacantes. Todo esto aumenta el tiempo que se tardó en
completar su asesinato de Joseph Smith.
Herida de espalda baja de Hyrum Smith El aspecto físico más
desconcertante de los asesinatos era la herida a Hyrum Smith de baja de la
espalda. Podemos reconstruir la herida de su ropa. El balón entró en la
parte baja de la espalda en el lado derecho, cerca de 47 pulgadas de su
manguito del pantalón. La bola entonces atravesó su abdomen, golpeando
el reloj de bolsillo en el bolsillo del chaleco derecha con la energía
suficiente para romper el cristal y la cerámica cara de su reloj, pero el balón
no penetró en la piel de la pared abdominal. Tanto John Taylor y Willard
Richards afirman que la bola que produjo esta herida entró por el este
abierta window.77 John Taylor cree que un miembro de la Cartago grises
hizo el disparo. Esto fue posible, sin embargo, era igual de probable que un
miembro de la milicia de Varsovia hizo el disparo. Exploramos la
posibilidad de que el disparo a través de la ventana desde dos puntos de
vista: un disparo desde un árbol y un disparo desde el suelo. Un dibujo
hecho por Frederick Piercy en el lugar en 1853 y publicado en 1855, once
años después del martirio, muestra un árbol en la esquina sureste de la gran
cantidad de cárcel. Sin embargo, este árbol era demasiado para el sureste de
proporcionar una vía a la habitación donde Hyrum Smith estaba de pie. Un
segundo árbol estaba en línea con la ventana del este, pero era demasiado
pequeña para soportar el peso de un man.78 Esto dejó a la posibilidad de un
disparo desde el suelo. Se calculó la distancia desde la cárcel un tirador
habría requerido para golpear Hyrum Smith en la espalda baja. Si la vía de
bala aumentó de 1 pulgada de la parte trasera a la parte delantera de su
cuerpo, suponiendo un espesor de 10 pulgadas de cuerpo estándar, entonces
un fusil tendría que haber sido disparado desde 32 yardas de distancia. Si el
aumento en el
77. Historia de la Iglesia, 7: 102; Historia de la Iglesia, 6: 617, 619-20. 78.
Historia Integral, 2: 256; Piercy, ruta de Liverpool, ilustración xv. No hay
árboles son evidentes en un grabado publicado en William M. Daniels, una
cuenta correcta del asesinato de los generales José y Hyrum Smith en
Cartago, en el 7th Día de junio; 18 por Wm. M. Daniels, un testigo
ocular (Nauvoo, Illinois .: John Taylor, 1845), ni en una versión grabada de
la imagen en una publicación posterior. Vea la ilustración en Leonard,
Nauvoo, 393.
44 v BYU Studies
bala se reduce a la mitad de una pulgada, la distancia aumentaría a 64
yardas, y si se deja caer a 0,25 pulgadas, la distancia se alargaría a 128
yardas. Nos quedamos fuera de la cárcel de Carthage aproximadamente 25
yardas de puerta de la habitación del carcelero el 16 de junio de 1999, cerca
de las 4:20 pm (CDT o 17:20 CST), aproximadamente el mismo tiempo
que los asesinatos ocurrieron probable y once días antes en el año. El día
era soleado, como lo fue en 1844. El sol brillaba por encima de la línea del
techo de la cárcel, y la ventana del este estaba en la sombra. No pudimos
ver a las personas con camisas blancas de pie en la habitación de al
carcelero a menos que se situó en el alféizar de la ventana. Teniendo en
cuenta estas circunstancias y la poca precisión de un mosquete de ánima
lisa militar, llegamos a la conclusión de que si un disparo desde el suelo
golpeado Hyrum Smith, entonces no era un tiro dirigido, más bien uno que
dio en el blanco por casualidad. También concluimos que, o bien el balón
vino de cierta distancia o que la piel de Hyrum Smith absorbe una cantidad
sustancial de energía. La piel es el órgano más elástica en el cuerpo y
cuando es golpeado desde dentro se extenderá hacia el exterior
considerablemente. Incluso una bala de armas de fuego modernas se estira
la piel hacia afuera varias pulgadas. El daño al reloj de Hyrum Smith fue
suficiente para romper el cristal, desprender las manos, golpear de la mayor
parte del acabado de esmalte de la cara del reloj, dividir la parte frontal de
la caja del reloj, y sangrar la cara del reloj alrededor de 0,125 pulgadas. Sin
embargo, los daños en el reloj era sustancialmente menor que el esperado
por una bala de mosquete 69 calibre disparada con una carga de pólvora
equivalente a una pistola (véanse las Fig. 21 y 22, fotos del reloj de Hyrum
Smith y un reloj golpeado por un 69-calibre
Higo. 22. Cara de reloj de bolsillo de Hyrum Smith fue golpeado por una
bala de mosquete de calibre 69 el 27 de junio de 1844. Fotografía por
Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Fig.21. El daño a un bolsillo del siglo XX reloj con un protector de cara
metálica. El reloj fue golpeado con una bala de mosquete de calibre 69
accionado por una carga en polvo negro de 20 granos, equivalente a la
disparada por un mosquete de ánima lisa cerca de 100 yardas de distancia.
Fotografía por Joseph Lynn Lyon.
Evidencia V 45Physical en la cárcel de Carthage
bala de mosquete disparó con una velocidad equivalente a la de un disparo
efectuado desde aproximadamente 75 yardas de distancia). Sin embargo, el
diámetro de la depresión de la bola a la izquierda en la cara del reloj de
bolsillo de Hyrum Smith fue coherente con lo que se espera de los efectos
de un calibre 69 mosquete blando de plomo ball.79 Hubo una depresión
circular en la esfera del reloj entre las posiciones de las 4 y las 8 en punto.
La depresión fue asimétrica, siendo de 0,75 pulgadas en su diámetro más
largo y 0,70 pulgadas en su más corta. Cuando disparamos balas de
mosquete en ocho diferentes relojes de bolsillo, las bolas hechas agujeros
irregulares a través de los watchcases, que varía en anchura desde 0.535
pulgadas a 0.85 pulgadas y una altura de 0.30 pulgadas a 0.92 pulgadas. A
pesar de la herida para la espalda baja de Hyrum Smith pudo haber
ocurrido después de su muerte, los testimonios y las pruebas físicas no son
compatibles con esta opción. Tanto Willard Richards y John Taylor de
acuerdo en que Hyrum Smith cayó al suelo de espaldas y no se movió de
nuevo, y tampoco menciona testigo Hyrum Smith se disparó de nuevo
después de que José Smith fue muerto. John Taylor podía ver el cuerpo de
Hyrum Smith desde el rellano de la escalera, donde se le espera de ser
trasladado después de la muerte de José Smith, y declaró que el cuerpo no
había moved.80 Willard Richards dice que después de que los atacantes
corrieron fuera de la cárcel, algunos regresaron, mientras se había
escondido John Taylor en la celda de la prisión de hierro. Sin embargo, los
hombres se volvieron y corrieron tan pronto como el grito de "Los
mormones están llegando" era heard.81 Esto y el hecho de que los
atacantes sabían que sus disparos sería convocar a la empresa principal de
la Cartago Grises, acampado en la plaza del pueblo cerca de 600 yardas de
distancia, excluida cualquier persistente en la cárcel. Los grises se dice que
han llegado a los pocos minutos del inicio del ataque, justo a tiempo para
ver a los atacantes que se ejecutan en el woods.82 La sugerencia de que se
hizo la herida en la parte posterior inferior de Hyrum Smith después de su
muerte tampoco fue apoyada por la ropa que llevaba puesto en el momento
del martirio. Tal herida, si se hace después de la muerte, habría sido hecho
por alguien disparando a muy corta distancia en su cuerpo después de girar
el cuerpo terminado. No hay evidencia de quemaduras de pólvora, o sus
residuos, sobre la tela de color claro del chaleco donde el balón entró en su
back.83 Si Hyrum Smith fueron asesinados después de la muerte, que
habría sido a muy

corta distancia dada de 4 pies 9 pulgadas de longitud de 4 pies y 11


pulgadas del mosquete y la corta estatura de la gente de esa época. Sin
embargo, no hay carbonización del chaleco, pantalón, o una camisa que
llevaba. Proponemos otra posible explicación de la herida. Recuerde que
Hyrum Smith estaba presionando contra la puerta con el hombro izquierdo.
Cuando le dispararon a través de la cara, se puso de pie, la liberación de la
presión sobre la puerta. La puerta se abrió parcialmente abierta, golpeando
su hombro izquierdo y le volviéndose hacia fuera de la puerta, dejando al
descubierto el lado derecho de la espalda a la apertura. Uno de los
atacantes, con su mosquete celebrada bajo el brazo derecho cerca de 49
pulgadas por encima del suelo, disparó a través de la abertura de la puerta y
el balón golpeó Hyrum Smith en la parte posterior. La fuerza de la bola y
luego lo volvió otros 180 grados, y cayó al suelo con la cabeza fuera de la
puerta. La falta de manchas de sangre en la parte posterior de la ropa
interior, camisa, pantalón de Hyrum Smith, y el chaleco era sorprendente.
Incluso con una hemorragia masiva arterial de la herida en el suelo de la
boca, una cantidad considerable de sangre se han aislado en el sistema
venoso de las piernas y abdomen y se habría mantenido en forma líquida
por varios minutos. La gravedad habría causado algo de esta sangre fluya
de la herida en la espalda. Si Hyrum Smith había caído sobre su lado
izquierdo, esta sangre se habría conformado a este lado de su cuerpo, pero
si hubiera caído de espaldas, como John Taylor y el estado Willard
Richards, a continuación, una cantidad considerable de sangre debería
haber salido de la herida durante varios minutos después de que le
dispararon. No tenemos ninguna explicación para la falta de sangre en la
parte posterior de estos artículos de ropa, pero es posible que la ropa se
lavaron en algún momento en el pasado por un miembro de la familia. Con
la cooperación de Eldred G. Smith, un bisnieto de Hyrum Smith,
inspeccionamos y medimos la ropa que llevaba puesta cuando se les
dispara. La bala de mosquete que golpeó el reloj de Hyrum Smith pasa a
través de la parte posterior del chaleco, pantalón, camisa y ropa interior.
Todos estos agujeros medidos entre 0,5 pulgadas a 0,62 pulgadas, eran
ligeramente alargada, y se localizaron 47 pulgadas por encima del
manguito de la pernera derecha. Los pantalones también tenían un agujero
en la parte posterior de la pierna derecha y en la parte delantera de la pierna
izquierda, donde le dispararon después de caer al suelo (fig. 23). No había
ninguna herida de salida de cualquiera de estas heridas, y los orificios de
entrada en el tejido se alarga hacia la cabeza, lo que sugiere las dos bolas
introducidos en un ángulo ascendente. Cuando Hyrum Smith cayó, su
pierna derecha debe haber caído hacia el exterior en una posición de pata
de rana. (Algunas de las heridas en sus piernas estaban en los lados y la
parte posterior de las piernas, no en el frente, y su pierna derecha debe
haber sido extendidas a cabo la exposición de la parte trasera, no en el
frente.) Las heridas en la pierna derecha y la pierna izquierda fueron
realizados por atacantes dispararon desde la puerta y fueron probablemente
el resultado de los barriles de mosquete que son golpeados abajo por
Willard Richards y John Taylor. El defecto de la tela en la rodilla izquierda
fue de 0,625 pulgadas por 1,5 pulgadas, y el defecto de tela sobre el muslo
derecho era más irregular, pero sobre
Higo. 23. pantalones de Hyrum Smith. Observe el daño de un agujero de
bala en la rodilla izquierda y la cadera derecha. Eldred G. Smith Family
Collection. Fotografía de Alan Wood.
50 v BYU Studies
0,625 pulgadas de diámetro. También había un agujero de 0.625 pulgadas
en el chaleco con un defecto lineal en el lado frontal derecho del chaleco de
la medición de 0,62 pulgadas por 1,5 pulgadas, alrededor de una pulgada
por debajo de ella, y un defecto correspondiente en la pechera de la camisa
derecha. La naturaleza circular del orificio superior y la naturaleza irregular
del agujero inferior sugieren daños causados por una bola que viaja hacia
abajo. El diámetro más probable de la pelota que hizo estos agujeros es de
0,64 pulgadas. Los agujeros en las varias piezas de ropa fueron sólo
ligeramente más pequeño que el diámetro de la bala de mosquete que los
hizo, y la tela probablemente estiran un poco en lugar de ser
completamente destruido.
Resumen Esta investigación multidisciplinar del martirio ha examinado la
exactitud de los informes de primera mano y se evaluó la escena del
crimen. La evidencia física que sobrevive es consistente con un asalto de
hombres armados con fusiles-69 del calibre de fusil estándar publicadas a
las unidades de milicia en Illinois. Que los fusiles militares se utilizaron
con el apoyo de mención de Willard Richards, de bayonetas, 84 por el
diámetro de los agujeros de bala en la puerta, por el diámetro de los
agujeros de bala en clothing85 y la cara de Hyrum Smith, y por el hueco en
su reloj. El espacio limitado en el rellano de la escalera, la dificultad de
volver a cargar un fusil de avancarga, y las heridas a John Taylor y Joseph
Smith sugiere que no más de tres hombres estaban disparando en la
habitación en cualquier momento. El número de disparos realizados indica
que los atacantes tenían sólo unos minutos para matar a los hombres en la
habitación. El hecho de que los atacantes permanecieron en el pasillo, en
lugar de entrar en la habitación para disparar a los cuatro hombres, se
explica mejor por el temor a las armas de fuego que poseen los hombres en
el dormitorio. Una vez que José Smith había cumplido su pistola de seis
cañones, sus compañeros utilizan sólo sus bastones para la defensa, pero
los atacantes no lo saben y continuaron disparando desde el pasillo hasta
que estuvieron seguros de que habían matado al líder religioso. Joseph
Smith se sacrificó a sí mismo mediante la ejecución en la línea de fuego de
la puerta abierta. Este acto se aseguró de que había dos versiones del
testigo del martirio de amistad y reveló su valor y dedicación desinteresada
a las personas que amaba.
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