King Saud University

Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department

PGE 481: Production Of Naturally Flowing Wells

Homework ( 2 )

Submitted to
Dr. Mustafa Kinawy.

Name: Ahmed Haitham Mohammed

ID:435107843
Date: 25/2/2018
Drill stem test (DST)

Introduction:

George (1987) suggested that “DST is an important test used for the qualitative and
quantitative evaluation of formations, because it replicates the condition of a completed
well”. The procedure essentially entails lowering a packer and a length of perforated tail pipe,
attached to the base of a drill pipe, with valve to the level of formation. The valve is then
turned on, dropping the pressure in the zone opposite the formation, thereby allowing
formation fluid to flow into the borehole and through the drill pipe.

Specialised devices are continuously been added to the test tool string, allowing for a more
comprehensive and accurate analysis. Such devices include pressure recorders, chokes and
shut in valves

Reservoir properties that can be deduced from DST:

1. Reservoir pressure
2. Average effective permeability
3. Well depletion
4. Permeability changes and fluid content

DST components:

 Anchor shoe: supports packers

preventing them from sliping.
 Perforated anchor pipe: supports the
weight of drill stem and mud
column
 Pressure readers: two pressure
recorders on the inside and outside
of anchor shoe to measure pressure
fluctuations
 Hydrostatic jars: deliver sharp Figure 1: typical drill stem test

impact blows if the testing process gets

stuck
  bypass valve: keeps the drill stem dry while tester is lowered into well bore
 Fluid sampler: takes samples of formation fluid under reservoir conditions

DST operational procedure:

 The packer is collapsed and lowered down the hole, allowing the displaced mud to
rise.
 When the drill stem reaches the bottom, the packer is then set (compressed and
expanded) and segregates the specific zone of interest from the rest of the open hole
 The bypass valve is closed as the tester valve is opened; in this case the packer
supports the hydrostatic pressure load of the well fluid, and the isolated section is
exposed through the open tester valve to the low pressure inside the empty drill pipe,
letting the formation fluid flow in, and the formation pressure can then be measured at
this point. At the end of the test the static formation “built up – in pressure” can be
measured if the tester valve is closed and any fluid in there is trapped.
 The pressure is then equalised across the packer, by opening the bypass valve
 By a process of reverse circulation, formation fluid obtained during the test can be
collected; the process is done by closing the blowout preventers. The received fluid
can be used as a sample at the surface.
 Finally the weight is removed and.......
wireline logs

 Wireline formation testers are used to obtain

• Pressure profiles
• Formation fluid samples
• Permeability indicators
 This information is crucial during exploration and development of oil and gas
fields

Why Wireline Testing?

1. Proper reservoir management requires formation pressure measurements in a

wide range of conditions. Collecting representative formation fluid samples and
determining premeability anisotropy are equally important.

2. Formation pressure measurements taken within a well can be plotted versus true
vertical depth to produce a pressure profile. The resulting pressure profile is
extremely valuable in analyzing virgin and developed reservoirs.
 In developed reservoirs, wireline testers are used to

1. Characterize vertical and horizontal barriers

2. Assess vertical permeability

3. Determine hydraulic communication between wells

4. Detect fluid contact movement

 In virgin reservoirs, vertical pressure profiles are obtained to

1. Determine fluid contact level

2. Determine formation fluid density in situ

3. Characterize reservoir heterogeneities

1. Wireline formation testers are also used to collect formation fluid samples, the MDT
tool attempts to improve the quality of samples by using techniques for downhole
fluid analysis

2. Tests from wireline testers provide mobility profiles that help to pinpoint zones of
better productivity. The recorded transient pressure response at each station can be
analyzed to estimate permeability

3. In homogeneous formations, the multirole tester scan estimate horizontal and vertical
mobility's

4. In laminated formations, this tool enables the study of potential permeability barriers
and their effect on vertical fluid movement

5. Wireline formation testing data are essential for analyzing and improving reservoir
performance and making reliable predictions, which are vital to optimizing reservoir
development and management
BASIC:

1. Connected directly to the hydraulic power module, the single-probe module contains a
probe assembly with packer and telescoping backup pistons, and connects the tool
flowline to the reservoir.

2. Can be placed anywhere on the string, but it must be directly connected to the
hydraulic power module

3. Extends against the borehole wall to provide a fluid path from the reservoir to the
flowline.

4. The pretest is used to ensure a good hydraulic seal, obtain accurate formation pressure
recordings and determine permeability

a. Max volume pretest chamber 20 cm3

5. Service unit controls the sampling pressure, pretest flow rate and volume from the
surface, allows selection of optimal values for the various formation characteristics
that can occur during a pressure measurement sequence.

6. Designed to take several measurements and fluid samples during one trip in the well

7. The configuration, which extend the capabilities of existing single-probe testers,

provides a basic tool to which additional modules – and therefore capabilities – can be
added.

8. Advantages over existing tools include flowline temperature and flowline fluid
resistivity determinations, collection of several fluid samples per trip, standard
operations in a larger range of hole sizes, extended pressure accuracy and dynamic
response, and surface controlled pretest rate, volume and sampling pressure.

9. Usually combined with a gamma ray device for depth control

References:

 Amanat U. Chaudhry (2004). Oil well testing handbook...Elsevier

Available online at:

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50VW0ZZ_iPQC&pg=PA387&dq=drill+stem+t
est&hl=en&ei=6brTTKyRJ8K7hAe-
6ODnBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAzgK#v
=onepage&q=drill%20stem%20test&f=false

 George V. Chilingar, John O. Robertson, Sanjay Kumar (1987). Surface operations in

petroleum productions volume 1...Elsevier
Available online at:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MCh_g00Yi9sC&pg=PA327&dq=drill+stem+tes
t&hl=en&ei=4rfTTK3iKcGEhQfFx6yeBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnu
m=10&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false