Statistics & Probability | cris naz

RELATIVE DISPERSION, SKEWNESS, AND KURTOSIS

Coefficient of Variation (CV)
 It is a type of relative dispersion that expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of mean.

FORMULA:
𝝈
𝑪𝑽 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑿
where:
𝜎 = standard deviation
𝑋 = mean

Coefficient of Quartile Deviation (CQD)

 Another measure of relative dispersion that can be used if the 1st and 3rd quartiles are known.

FORMULA:
𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟏
𝑪𝑸𝑫 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑸𝟑 + 𝑸𝟏

Skewness (SK)
 It is the measure of the shape of a curve.
 It can be positive or negative, or even undefined
 A negative skew indicates that the tail on the left side of the probability density function is longer or fatter than
the right side and that the hump of a curve is located more on the right regions.
 A positive skew indicates that the tail on the right side is longer or fatter than the left side and that the hump of
a curve is located more on the left margins.
 Zero skew value indicates that the tails on both sides of the mean balance out and is a symmetric distribution.
Mean
Mode Mode
Median Median
Median

Mode

0 0.5 1
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
Positive Skew Zero Skew Negative Skew

To know the skewness value of a certain data, the mean, median, and standard deviation must be known.
FORMULA:
̃)
𝟑(𝑿 − 𝑿
𝑺𝑲 =
𝝈
where:
𝜎 = standard deviation
𝑋 = mean
𝑋̃ = median
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Kurtosis (Ku)
 It is the degree of how peak or how flat a curve of distribution is with respect to the normal distribution curve.

Type of Kurtosis
1. Mesokurtic - the distribution whose kurtosis is that of a normally distributed curved (Skew = 0).
- The kurtosis value is three (3)
2. Leptokurtic - the distribution whose curve of distribution is more peaked than that of a normally distributed
curve.
- The kurtosis value is greater than three (3)
3. Platykurtic - the distribution with flatter curve of distribution than that of a normally distributed curve.
- The kurtosis value is less than three (3)

Leptokurtic Mesokurtic Platykurtic

FORMULA for ungrouped data:

4
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋)
𝐾𝑢 =
𝑁𝜎 4

FORMULA for grouped data:

4
∑ 𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋)
𝐾𝑢 =
𝑁𝜎 4
where:
𝜎 = standard deviation
𝑋 = mean
𝑋 = class mark per class interval
𝑁 = total frequency

Example:
The data shown are the scores of 30 students in Statistics exam. Find the coefficient of variation, coefficient of
quartile deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of the given data if 9 class intervals shall be used in grouping the data.

47 65 81 65 68 55
56 69 61 75 71 67
61 87 50 74 49 66
49 89 77 75 79 85
68 90 57 63 54 90

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Soultion:

𝑓𝑥 2 2
Class Interval 𝑓 𝑋 |𝑋 − 𝑋| |𝑋 − 𝑋| 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋|
47 - 51 4 49 196 -18.83 354.69 1418.78

52 - 56 3 54 162 -13.83 191.36 574.08

57 - 61 3 59 177 -8.83 78.03 234.08

62 - 66 4 64 256 -3.83 14.69 58.78

67 - 71 5 69 345 1.17 1.36 6.81

72 - 76 3 74 222 6.17 38.03 114.08

77 - 81 3 79 237 11.17 124.69 374.08

82 - 86 1 84 84 16.17 261.36 261.36

87 - 91 4 89 356 21.17 448.03 1792.11

2
N = 30 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 2035 ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋| = 4834.17

Calculating the mean

∑ 𝑓𝑥 2035
𝑋= =
𝑁 30
𝑿 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟖𝟑
Calculating the standard deviation

∑ 𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋)2
𝜎= √
𝑁

4834.17
𝜎= √
30

𝝈 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟗

Therefore, the coefficient of variance is:

𝜎
𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑋

12.69
𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
67.83

𝑪𝑽 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟏%

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Solving for the Quartile Deviation

𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝐶𝑄𝐷 = × 100%
𝑄3 + 𝑄1

Calculating the 1st and the 3rd quartile:

Class Interval Class Frequency Less than Cumulative
(𝑓) Frequency
(< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 >
47 - 51 4 4
52 - 56 3 7
57 - 61 3 10
62 - 66 4 14
67 - 71 5 19
72 - 76 3 22
77 - 81 3 25
82 - 86 1 26
87 - 91 4 30
∑ 𝑓 = 𝑁 = 30

Solving for Q1:

𝑘𝑁 1(30)
𝑄1 = = = 𝟕. 𝟓
𝑞 4

Since Q1 is located at 7.5th element, therefore, the Q1 Class is 57 – 61

1. Lower boundary of the kth quantile class
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 57 − 0.5 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟓
2. Class size
𝑖 = 61 − 57 + 1 = 𝟓
3. Type of quantile (q). Q is for Quartile, so:
𝑞=𝟒
4. Class frequency of the kth quantile class.
𝑓𝑞𝑘 = 𝟑
5. Less than cumulative frequency before the kth quantile class.
< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝟕

𝑘𝑁
𝑞 −< 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑞𝑘 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 ( )
𝑓𝑞𝑘

1(30)
−7
𝑞𝑘 = 56.5 + 5 ( 4 )
3
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑𝟑

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Solving for Q3:

𝑘𝑁 3(30)
𝑄3 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓
𝑞 4
Since Q3 is located at 22.5th element, therefore, the Q1 Class is 77 – 81
1. Lower boundary of the kth quantile class
𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 77 − 0.5 = 𝟕𝟔. 𝟓
2. Class size
𝑖 = 81 − 77 + 1 = 𝟓
3. Type of quantile (q). Q is for Quartile, so:
𝑞=𝟒
4. Class frequency of the kth quantile class.
𝑓𝑞𝑘 = 𝟑
5. Less than cumulative frequency before the kth quantile class.
< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝟕

𝑘𝑁
𝑞 −< 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑞𝑘 = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 ( )
𝑓𝑞𝑘

3(30)
− 22
𝑞𝑘 = 76.5 + 5 ( 4 )
3
𝑸𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑
So,
𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝐶𝑄𝐷 = × 100%
𝑄3 + 𝑄1

77.33 − 57.33
𝐶𝑄𝐷 = × 100%
77.33 + 57.33

𝐶𝑄𝐷 = 0.149 × 100%

𝑪𝑸𝑫 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟖𝟓%

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Solving for Skewness:

̃)
𝟑(𝑿 − 𝑿
𝑺𝑲 =
𝝈

Class Interval 𝑓 𝑋 𝑓𝑥 < 𝑐𝑓𝑏 >

47 - 51 4 49 196 4
52 - 56 3 54 162 7
57 - 61 3 59 177 10
62 - 66 4 64 256 14
67 - 71 5 69 345 19
72 - 76 3 74 222 22
77 - 81 3 79 237 25
82 - 86 1 84 84 26
87 - 91 4 89 356 30
N = 30 ∑ 𝑓𝑋 = 2035

Calculating for the Median

30
𝑀= = 15, therefore Median class is 67 – 71
2

𝑋𝐿𝐵 = 66.5

𝑖 = 71 − 67 + 1 = 5

< 𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 14

𝑓𝑚 = 5

𝑁
−< 𝑐𝑓𝑏
𝑋̃ = 𝑋𝐿𝐵 + 𝑖 ( 2 )
𝑓𝑚

30
− 14
𝑋̃ = 66.5 + 5 ( 2 )
5

̃ = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟓
𝑿

Calculating the mean

∑ 𝑓𝑥 2035
𝑋= =
𝑁 30
𝑿 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟖𝟑

Using the standard deviation calculated while solving for the coefficient of variation:
𝝈 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟗
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̃)
𝟑(𝑿 − 𝑿
𝑺𝑲 =
𝝈

3(67.83 − 67.5)
𝑆𝐾 =
12.69

3(0.33)
𝑆𝐾 =
12.69

0.99
𝑆𝐾 =
12.69

𝑆𝐾 = 0.078
From the calculated SK, we can conclude that the curve of distribution of the given data is close to normally
distributed curve.

Solving for the Kurtosis

𝑓𝑥 2 4 4
|𝑋 |𝑋 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋| |𝑋 − 𝑋| 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋|
Class Interval 𝑓 𝑋 2
− 𝑋| − 𝑋|
47 - 51 4 49 196 -18.83 354.69 1418.78 125808.15 503232.60

52 - 56 3 54 162 -13.83 191.36 574.08 36619.07 109857.22

57 - 61 3 59 177 -8.83 78.03 234.08 6088.33 18265.00

62 - 66 4 64 256 -3.83 14.69 58.78 215.93 863.71

67 - 71 5 69 345 1.17 1.36 6.81 1.85 9.26

72 - 76 3 74 222 6.17 38.03 114.08 1446.11 4338.34

77 - 81 3 79 237 11.17 124.69 374.08 15548.70 46646.11

82 - 86 1 84 84 16.17 261.36 261.36 68309.63 68309.63

87 - 91 4 89 356 21.17 448.03 1792.11 200728.89 802915.56

2035 4
2 ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋| =
N = 30 ∑ 𝑓|𝑋 − 𝑋| =
4834.17 1554437.43

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4
∑ 𝑓(𝑋 − 𝑋)
𝐾𝑢 =
𝑁𝜎 4

1554437.43
𝐾𝑢 =
30(12.69)4

1554437.43
𝐾𝑢 =
30(25932.63)

1554437.43
𝐾𝑢 =
777978.9

𝑲𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗 𝒐𝒓 𝟐. 𝟎

From the calculated Kurtosis, we can conclude that the curve of distribution of the given data is a Platykurtic
since its kurtosis is less than 3.

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