An Introduction to Animal

Diversity

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero

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 Overview: Welcome to Your Kingdom

• The animal kingdom extends far beyond humans

and other animals we may encounter

Video: Coral Reef

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Concept 32.1: Animal are multicellular, heterotrophic
eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

• There are exceptions to nearly every criterion for

distinguishing animals from other life forms
• Several characteristics, taken together, sufficiently
define the group

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 Nutritional Mode

• Animals are heterotrophs that ingest their food

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 Cell Structure and Specialization

• Animals are multicellular eukaryotes

• Their cells lack cell walls

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• Their bodies are held together by structural
proteins such as collagen
• Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to
animals

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 Reproduction and Development

• Most animals reproduce sexually, with the diploid

stage usually dominating the life cycle

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• After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote
undergoes cleavage, leading to formation of a
blastula
• The blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming
embryonic tissue layers and a gastrula

Video: Sea Urchin Embryonic Development

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LE 32-2_3

Blastocoel

Cleavage Cleavage

Zygote Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section

of blastula
Blastocoel

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Gastrula Gastrulation
Blastopore
• Many animals have at least one larval stage
• A larva is sexually immature and morphologically
distinct from the adult; it eventually undergoes
metamorphosis

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• All animals, and only animals, have Hox genes
that regulate the development of body form
• Although the Hox family of genes has been highly
conserved, it can produce a wide diversity of
animal morphology

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 Concept 32.2: The history of animals may span
more than a billion years

• The animal kingdom includes not only great

diversity of living species but also the even greater
diversity of extinct ones
• The common ancestor of living animals may have
lived 1.2 billion–800 million years ago
• This ancestor may have resembled modern
choanoflagellates, protists that are the closest
living relatives of animals

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LE 32-3

Single cell

Stalk
LE 32-4

Somatic cells Digestive

cavity

Reproductive cells

Hollow sphere
Colonial protist, of unspecialized Beginning of cell Infolding Gastrula-like
and aggregate of cells (shown in specialization “protoanimal”
identical cells cross section)
 Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion–524 Million Years Ago)

• Early members of the animal fossil record include

the Ediacaran fauna

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Paleozoic Era (542–251 Million Years Ago)

• The Cambrian explosion marks the earliest fossil

appearance of many major groups of living
animals
• There are several hypotheses regarding the cause
of the Cambrian explosion

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Mesozoic Era (251–65.5 Million Years Ago)

• During the Mesozoic era, dinosaurs were the

dominant terrestrial vertebrates
• Coral reefs emerged, becoming important marine
ecological niches for other organisms

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 Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the Present)

• The beginning of the Cenozoic era followed mass

extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals
• Modern mammal orders and insects diversified
during the Cenozoic

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 Concept 32.3: Animals can be characterized by
“body plans”
• Zoologists sometimes categorize animals
according to morphology and development
• A grade is a group of animal species with the
same level of organizational complexity
• A body plan is the set of traits defining a grade

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 Symmetry

• Animals can be categorized according to the

symmetry of their bodies, or lack of it

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• Some animals have radial symmetry, the form
found in a flower pot

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LE 32-7a

Radial symmetry
• The two-sided symmetry seen in a shovel is an
example of bilateral symmetry

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LE 32-7b

Bilateral symmetry
• Bilaterally symmetrical animals have:
– A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
– A right and left side
– Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends
– Cephalization, the development of a head

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 Tissues

• Animal body plans also vary according to the

organization of the animal’s tissues
• Tissues are collections of specialized cells
isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

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 • Animal embryos have concentric layers called
germ layers that form tissues and organs
• Ectoderm is the germ layer covering the embryo’s
surface
• Endoderm is the innermost germ layer
• Diploblastic animals have ectoderm and
endoderm
• Triploblastic animals also have an intervening
mesoderm layer
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 Body Cavities

• In triploblastic animals, a body cavity may be

present or absent
• A true body cavity is called a coelom and is
derived from mesoderm

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LE 32-8a

Coelom
Body covering
(from ectoderm)

Tissue layer
lining coelom
Digestive tract and suspending
(from endoderm) internal organs
(from mesoderm)
Coelomate
• A pseudocoelom is a body cavity derived from the
blastocoel, rather than from mesoderm

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LE 32-8b

Body covering
(from ectoderm)

Pseudocoelom Muscle layer

(from
mesoderm)
Digestive tract
(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelomate
• Acoelomates are organisms without body cavities

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LE 32-8c

Body covering
(from ectoderm) Tissue-
filled region
(from
mesoderm)

Wall of digestive cavity

(from endoderm)
Acoelomate
 Protostome and Deuterostome Development

• Based on early development, many animals can

be categorized as having protostome or
deuterostome development

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 Cleavage

• In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and

determinate
• In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial
and indeterminate

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LE 32-9a

Protostome development Deuterostome development

(examples: molluscs, (examples: echinoderms,
annnelids, arthropods) chordates)
Cleavage
Eight-cell stage Eight-cell stage

Spiral and determinate Radial and indeterminate

 Coelom Formation

• In protostome development, the splitting of solid

masses of mesoderm to form the coelomic cavity
is called schizocoelous development
• In deuterostome development, formation of the
body cavity is described as enterocoelous
development

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LE 32-9b

Protostome development Deuterostome development

(examples: molluscs, (examples: echinoderms,
annnelids, arthropods) chordates)
Coelom formation
Coelom

Archenteron

Coelom
Mesoderm Blastopore Blastopore Mesoderm
Schizocoelous: solid Enterocoelous:
masses of mesoderm folds of archenteron
split and form coelom form coelom
 Fate of the Blastopore

• In protostome development, the blastopore

becomes the mouth
• In deuterostome development, the blastopore
becomes the anus

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LE 32-9c

Protostome development Deuterostome development

(examples: molluscs, (examples: echinoderms,
annnelids, arthropods) chordates)
Fate of the blastopore
Anus Mouth

Digestive tube

Mouth Anus
Mouth develops Anus develops
from blastopore from blastopore
 Concept 32.4: Leading hypotheses agree on major
features of the animal phylogenetic tree

• Zoologists recognize about 35 animal phyla

• Current debate in animal systematics has led to
the development of two phylogenetic hypotheses,
but others exist as well

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• One hypothesis of animal phylogeny based mainly
on morphological and developmental comparisons

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LE 32-10

“Radiata” Deuterostomia Protostomia

Bilateria

Eumetazoa

Metazoa

Ancestral colonial
flagellate
• One hypothesis of animal phylogeny is based
mainly on molecular data

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LE 32-11

“Radiata”

Deuterostomia Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa

Bilateria

Eumetazoa

Metazoa

Ancestral colonial
flagellate
 5 Points of Agreement

1. All animals are indeed a monophyletic group. share a

common ancestor.
2. Sponges are basal animals. Sponges from Phylum
Porifera.
3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals which possess true
tissues.
4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
5. Within the Bilateria, the Protostomia and the
Deuterostomia represent true clades. Vertebrates
and some other phyla belong to the Deuterostomia
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 Disagreement over the Bilaterians

• The morphology-based tree divides bilaterians into

two clades: deuterostomes and protostomes
• In contrast, recent molecular studies assign two
sister taxa to protostomes: the ecdysozoans and
the lophotrochozoans

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• Ecdysozoans shed their exoskeletons through a
process called ecdysis

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Lophotrochozoans have a feeding structure called
a lophophore
• Other phyla go through a distinct larval stage
called a trochophore larva

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LE 32-13

Apical tuft
of cilia

Mouth

Anus

An ectoproct, a lophophorate Structure of trochophore larva

 Future Directions in Animal Systematics

• Phylogenetic studies based on larger databases

will likely provide further insights into animal
evolutionary history

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