8/24/2012

MICROPROCESSOR
AND
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

By Bui Quoc Anh

Hanoi University of Technology
1984-2012

Part 1. Digital Electronics Review

Chapter 1. Combination Logic
• Logic variables and functions
– Logic variables, the combination logic function
– Combination of logic or vector
– AND, OR, NOT, XOR
• Decoders, logic MUX and DeMUX
• Transcoder:
• Physical signal specification
• Buffers

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Chapter 2. Sequential Logic

2.1. The Sequential Elements
• What is status variables
• The specific sequential function
• Flip-flops
• Reset-Set FF
• Data FF
• Toggle FF
• J-K FF
• Master-Slave FF
• Asynchrounous and Synchromous FF

2.2. Registers
• A seri of D flip flop are connected in parallel, some
control signals are connected together (common
control), likes Latch, Clear, 3-state output control…
• 4/6/8 bit register is available for latching data when
occur rising edge of Latch [and clock] signal and
theses bit are remain until next Latch signal occur or
power off.
• 74LS273, 74LS373, 74LS374… 8 bit latch
• A basic element of SRAM

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2.3. SHIFT REGISTERS

• Notion: Shift Registers: A group of Master-
Slave D FFs (J-K), connected in seri, (Qn-1
connected to Dn) so that after 1 clock cycle, all
bit will be shifted to the left or the right to the
next postion.
• b(i)n=b(i-1)n-1 or b(i)n=b(i+1)n-1
• Some type of SRs
– Shift left or right
– Serial in - Parallel out or PI-SO

2.3. SHIFT REGISTERS

– Universals
– 4, 6, 8, 12 or 16 bit is available
• Signals:
– Data (serial or parallel)
– Clock
– Enable (Option)
– Shift/-Load (Opt.)
– L/-R (Opt.)

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2.3. SHIFT REGISTER (Con’t)

• Applications:
– Convert format or present of data from P to S for
sending via transmission line, then vs.
– Serial ports (communication ports, Network, most
peripheral interfacing... now).
– Student opinions: Tell more applications of
serialized data (stream)
– Case Study: 74LS164, 74LS165, 74LS194,
74LS595, MBI5026

2.3. SHIFT REGISTER (Con’t)

• Questions and Homeworks:
– Why don’t connect to the remote site in parallel?
– Distinguish and tell clearly the signals for
individual application.
– List the computer ports which data is transmited in
serial
– Create the synchronous (1 clock sourcer) serialized
data between 2 sites, by the way of using 74LS165
and 74LS164.

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2.4. THE DIVIDERS/COUNTERS

• Definition:
– The dividers: The group of Master-Slave T FF (J-K) are
connected into seri Qn-1 connected to Clkn, so that input
frequyency will be divided into halves, in other words, the
output frq. is half of input one. Putting 2 stages of T FF
together, the input freq. will be divided in 4.
– The Counters: including 2, 3, ...n T Master-Slave FFs are
connected together in seri, Qn-1 connected to Clkn, the
output vector will be changed in the given rule, after
occuring 1 even of input of counting or clock edge (down)

2.4. THE DIVIDERS & COUNTERS

• Block diagram of a multi choise – binary clock
divider by T or J-K FF
• The counters specifications:
– Binary, BCD, Gray... counters
– Asynch or Synchronous ~
– Up/down ~
– Preload/Preset ~
– Block and timing diagram of the 4 bit - binary
counter

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2.4. THE DIVIDERS & COUNTERS

• Case study:
– 74LS90/92/93(393), Decimal/Bin, Asynch, 4 bit
counters, (dual)
– 74LS190/192/193 BCD/Bin, preset, synch.,
up/down counters
– Often not use in normal rate of counting for today,
why?

2.4. THE DIVIDERS & COUNTERS

• Q & HW:
– In some cases (Freq. Counter), the engineer has to
design some hi-speed counter stages to divide
frequency in first stages, explain these phenomena.
– Design a clock divider in 6 (fin = 6 times fout)
– Creating any modulo counter, for example modulo
6 from 74LS393
– Fine and difficult question: In many cases, it can’t
be used asynchronous counter?

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Chapter 3. Timing Circuitries

• Definition of an Oscillator:
– The source signal of basic time for all sequential systems,
keeping all parts in system work in synchronization and
harmony
– It’s built from an active (BJT, FET, inverter-logic gate) and
some passive component: R, L, C
• Calculating some oscillator period/frequency:
74LS00 NAND gates, NE555
• The Quartz (or Crystal/ Xtal) oscillators
• The Ceramic Resonant Oscillators
• One-shot