CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

“A traveler without knowledge is like the bird without wings”.

- Sa’di, Gulistan (1258)

It has been universally acknowledged that no work can be meaningfully

conceived and soundly accomplished without critically studying what already exists

in relation to it. It is the study of already established knowledge pertaining to the area

that enable us to perceive clearly what is already lighted up in that area and what still

remained enveloped in darkness. Once we come to know about that what is already

researched and what portioned is left out, then we can proceed logically and

purposefully. There are very few direct studies available on this subject. Infact, in

India, studies has not been conducted related to the topic so far.

A research involves an in depth knowledge of the key factors which are

important to the study. Various libraries and institutes in the region were visited. The

available related literature in these libraries and institutes was studied which proved to

be very useful in getting an insight into the main objectives of the study and in

finalizing the methodology.

Internet shopping is still in evolutionary stage in India and very few studies

have undertaken research exploring customer acceptance and diffusion of internet

shopping in India. Although there has been a dearth of internet shopping related

studies in Indian context, theoretical exploration can be based on various international

studies carried out in other countries.

45
 The online consumer market place is growing at an exponential rate. At the

same time, technology has enhanced the capacity of online companies to collect,

store, maintains, transfer and analyze vast amount of data from and about the

consumer who visit their web sites. This increase in the collection and use of data has

raised public awareness and consumer concern about online privacy. Number of

studies has been done in this field some of which are discussed below:

Several past studies revealed the difference of shopping in the traditional

shopping channel and online shopping channels. Lusch and Lusch (1987) suggest that

in the traditional shopping environment, there are four unique characteristics of

services which differentiate services from goods. These characteristics are generally

summarized as intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity and perishability. However,

due to the lacks of social presence and product presence in the E-commerce

environment (Jahng, Jain and Ramamurthy, 2000), consumers may have different

perceptions of the differences between goods and services in the Ecommerce

environment, compared with the situation in the traditional shopping environment.

Thus, the dimensions of differences between services and goods need to be

reexamined in the context of E-commerce. In the traditional shopping environment,

services are intangible (Berkowitz et al. 1997; Kotler and Armstrong , 2001; Kotler et

al., 1999; Lusch and Lusch, 1987). They cannot be seen, held, touched, felt, heard,

tasted or smelled before they are bought (Berkowitz et al. 1997; Kotler and

Armstrong, 2001; Kotler et al., 1999). The major problem that intangibility brings to

the customer is ―the difficulty the customer has in judging the value of the service

before it is actually purchased‖ (Lusch and Lusch, 1987). In contrast, goods are

tangible. In the E-commerce environment, goods – as much as services – are

perceived to be intangible. This is because consumers cannot touch, taste, feel, hear

46
and smell goods before they make purchase decisions. In other words, consumers in

the E-commerce environment do not differentiate services from goods based on the

dimension of intangibility. Therefore, it may not be appropriate to use intangibility to

differentiate services and goods in the E-commerce environment. In the traditional

shopping environment, services are typically produced and consumed simultaneously

after they are sold (Kotler et al., 1999; Lusch and Lusch, 1987). That is to say, the

production and consumption of services are inseparable (Lusch and Lusch, 1987). In

the situation that the service is rendered by a person, the provider would be part of the

service (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001; Kotler et al., 1999). At the same time, the

customer is also present when the service is produced (Kotler and Armstrong , 2001;

Kotler et al., 1999). Thus, both the service provider and the customer will affect the

service outcome and the service quality (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001; Kotler et al.,

1999). Goods, however, are first produced, then stored, later sold, and finally

consumed (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001; Kotler et al., 1999; Lusch and Lusch, 1987).

Likewise in the E-commerce environment, the inseparability of production and

consumption distinguishes services from goods. But it also introduces additional

differences between the two that are unique to the E-commerce environment. Firstly,

the inseparability of production and consumption enables consumers to derive

immediate satisfaction from online transactions for services through being involved in

the production and consumption of services. In contrast, consumers‘ satisfaction from

goods purchased online is subject to a prolonged delay. For not only is the

consumption of goods separated from the production and thus make it necessary for

goods to be delivered to consumers before consumption, there is also a delay in the

delivery of goods in the E-commerce environment. The delay of delivery in turn

creates the uncertainty about the goods. Consumers may find it is difficult to check

47
whether the goods ordered are what they want. It is also difficult for consumers to

predict the quality of goods since they could not get the goods immediately after their

orders. Thus, people tend to be more concerned about risk involved when purchasing

goods rather services online. More also fear negative outcomes and potential losses

when considering purchasing goods than services. Secondly, the inseparability of

production and consumption of services may prompt the perception that online

transactions are more complex for services than for goods. This is because the

consumer is required to take part in the production and consumption of services

without the benefit of social presence, i.e., the presence of seller, in the E-commerce

environment. Moreover, the quality of services does indeed depend largely on the

consumers themselves. Thus, people tend to have more concerns and expectations of

the ease of use when they consider purchasing services rather than goods online. In

the traditional shopping environment, services are highly variable in quality as they

depend on who provides them as well as when, where and how they are provided

(Kotler et al., 1999; Kotler and Armstrong, 2001). In contrast, modern production

lines ensure that tangible products are at least consistent in quality, even though that

quality can be good or bad (Berkowitz et al., 1997). Thus, the quality of services in

the traditional shopping environment is perceived to be inconsistent while the quality

of goods, regardless of good or bad, is perceived to be consistent (Berkowitz et al.,

1997). Online services, however, are standardized and digitalized. So, their quality

does not depend on situational factors such as form, place and time. Thus, it is likely

that the quality of services in the E-commerce environment would be perceived as

consistent. Goods ordered online, however, may be damaged during the shipment and

delivery. So unlike goods in the traditional shopping environment, goods in the E-

commerce environment may not be perceived to be consistent in quality. It is

48
therefore very difficult and inappropriate to differentiate services from goods in the E-

commerce environment on the dimension of heterogeneity. In the traditional shopping

environment, the inventory of services differs from that of goods (Berkowitz et al.,

1997). Services cannot be stored or inventoried because they are intangible

(Berkowitz et al. 1997; Kotler and Armstrong, 2001; Kotler et al., 1999; Lusch and

Lusch, 1987). If there are not enough employees and resources available to meet the

demand for services, customers will leave dissatisfied (Lusch and Lusch, 1987). In the

E-commerce environment, although services still cannot be stored and inventoried as

in the traditional shopping environment, they are available for purchase at anytime,

anywhere, and according to consumers‘ individual convenience. Also, consumers do

not have to wait in a long queue for the services. On the other hand, some goods such

as foods are perceived to be perishable due to the delay of the delivery. It appears

therefore very difficult and inappropriate to differentiate services and goods in the E-

commerce environment on the dimension of perishability. Some relevant studies are

briefly discussed below.

Raymond A. Bauer (1967) introduced the notion of ―perceived risk‖ to consumer

behaviour research. He suggested, ―Consumer behaviour involves risk in the sense

that any action of a consumer will produce consequences that he cannot anticipate

with anything approximating certainty, and some of which are likely to be unpleasant.

Bagozzi (1974) in his study reveals that E-shopping behaviour is a complicated

decision process. First, consumers make a shopping decision based on their family

needs, budget limitations, and other constraints impinging on them. Accordingly, they

are likely to minimize transaction costs and maximize compatibility with needs.

Second, e-shopping behaviour is a social influence process and it is affected by social

49
influence (e.g., social norms), vendor and consumer characteristics, and third parties

(e.g., competitive offerings)

Anastasi (1982) studied on the ―Role of Cultural values on online business: An

empirical study‖ and the study found that as the importance of online businesses

increases, cultural differences should be considered accordingly in online business.

With the issue of cultural differences represented that cultural differences may impact

customer behavior, and consumers from different cultural backgrounds may evaluate

and perceive the same situations differently for online shopping.

Sheth (1983) also suggested that the consumers have two types of motives while

shopping, which are functional and non functional. The functional motives are mostly

about the time, shopping place and consumer‘s needs, which could be like one-stop

shopping to save time, the environmental of shopping place such as free parking

place, lower cost of products and available to choose from widely range of products.

The non-functional motives are more related with culture or social values, such as the

brand name of the store

Lusch and Lusch (1987) suggest that in the traditional shopping environment, there

are four unique characteristics of services which differentiate services from goods.

These characteristics are generally summarized as intangibility, inseparability,

heterogeneity and perishability.

Ellen R. et al (1993) opined that profession faced ethical conflicts because

application of these technologies commonly invades consumer privacy. They

examined the ethical dimensions of marketing practice in relation to consumer

privacy. The meaning of privacy in a marketing context was explored and specific

50
marketing threats to consumer privacy were described. After examining current and

potential mechanisms to safeguard consumer privacy, the authors concluded that

marketers must make an active commitment to ethical behavior in that area if

restrictive legislation was to be avoided.

Mehta & Sivadas, (1995) reported that the consumer‘s willingness to and preference

for adopting the Internet as his or her shopping medium was also positively related to

income, household size, and innovativeness.

Rowley Jennifer (1996) examined the challenges that shopping and other commercial

transaction on the internet pose for the retail industry. These include: - locating the

shape, comparison shopping, security especially in relation to financial transactions,

the customer base and profile, the nature of the shopping experience, and legal and

market-place control and lack of them. It is possible to make money on the Internet

without selling, but by using the internet to support other business process. Currently,

many retailers are exploring the potential of the Internet, but the market is still in its

infacncy.

Quelch & Klein (1996) conducted the study on ―the internet and international

marketing‖ and revealed that trust is an important factor in determining whether an

individual chooses to, or not to, acquire goods or services via the Web.

Shim (1996) conducted the study on ―Adolescent Consumer Decision-Making Styles:

The Consumer Socialization Process.‖ The Existing research of the study indicates

that there are distinct factors that influence teen decision-making style. In particular,

girls were found to be more concerned with novelty and fashion than boys, and girls

51
also reported that they were more concerned with value-for-money than boys, and that

they shopped as a recreational activity, which they found to be enjoyable.

Maigan and Lukas (1997) studied on the consumer perception towards e-shopping.

The study found that internet shopping involves more uncertainty and risk than

traditional shopping. Consumers‘ unwillingness to provide their credit card

information over the web has been cited as a major obstacle to online purchases.

Leverick Fiona, et al (1997) examined the various issues associated with IT

implementation and its relationship to change in the nature and scope of

organizational activity. Three areas in particular were addressed: changes in the nature

and scope of marketing activities, changes in the nature and use of marketing

information, changes to the role and position of marketing within the organizational

framework. It was concluded that IT has up to a point, created new opportunities and

led to market changes in the role of marketing, the range of marketing activities

performed and the manner in which these were undertaken. In terms of marketing

activities, of particular note were the major shift in emphasis from advertising to IT

driven direct marketing and the growth of electronic communication, both within and

between organizations.

DiMaggio and Louch (1998) show that, particularly for risky transactions,

consumers are likely to rely on social ties as a governance mechanism. Such ties are

more likely to exist between geographically proximate buyers and sellers, suggesting

that there may indeed be a preference for doing business with firms that are already

physically present in the local market.

52
Wolhandler (1999)Internet provides a big convenience for shopper as the main

reason for the shopping online has been agreed by most of researcher and customers.

Due to the feature of Internet, it allows customer to shopping online anytime and

anywhere, which means customer can browse and shopping online 24-hours a day, 7

days a week from home or office, which attracts some time-starved shoppers come to

Internet for save time to searching products in physical store.

Singh and Dalal (1999) in the study entitled ―Web Home pages as Advertisements‖

and the study concluded that: Visitors to a Web site can be classified into two broad

categories, low-involvement hedonistic surfers and high-involvement utilitarian

searchers - henceforth, surfers and searchers, respectively. Surfers are fun-seekers and

explorers who desire entertainment and stimulation; they are likely to land at a Web

site, linger for a brief period and then take off for another more attractive site in their

path. In contrast, searchers are goal-oriented, looking for specific information, and are

likely to spend more time at their preferred sites.

Swaminathan et.al (1999) conducted the study entitled “Browsers and buyers in

Cyberspace? And found that consumer characteristics play an important role in the

consumer‘s decision to shop online. They identify that convenient oriented consumer

as the most potential online buyer since they value the convenience of shopping at

home as a large motive for purchase.

Donthu and Garcia (1999) conducted the study on “ Internet Shoppers” and the

study found that the online consumer as older; make more money, convenience

seeker, innovative, impulsive, variety seeker, less brand and price conscious and with

more positive attitude towards advertising and direct marketing.

53
Kargaonkar, Wolin (1999) explored a study on multivariate analysis of web usage

and it was found that gender and age to be significantly correlated to online shopping.

In this study it was found that online shoppers are more male and often young. Males

were also found to use the internet for downloading and purchasing activities to a

greater extent to females.

Ho and Wu (1999) demonstrate positive relationships between online shopping

behavior and five categories of factors, which include e-stores‘ logistical support,

product characteristics, web sites‘ technological characteristics, information

characteristics, and homepage presentation.

Lohse and Spiller (1999) studied on the online shopping and it was found that online

shopping is a result of convenient access to greater amounts of information that

enhances customer decision making and increases market penetration for the

merchants.

Goodwin (1999) in the study found that to most consumers, the issue of security and

privacy over the Internet is the most overwhelming barrier facing the adoption of

Electronic Commerce that caused them not to make any purchase on the Internet.

Widely publicised security lapses on the Internet, where hackers have accessed

personal financial information being sent electronically, have done little to boost

consumer confidence in the Internet as a conduit for commerce.

Bellman et al., (1999) conducted a study on ―Predicting online buying behavior‖

and the study indicated that typical online customers have wired lifestyles and have

been on the Internet for years, not just a few months .They have a tendency toward a

net-oriented lifestyle. Net-oriented people are interested in and make use of Internet

54
applications. The more experience online consumers have with the Internet, the more

money they are likely to spend shopping online.

Mohsen Attaran (1999) opined that "Internet based business opportunities and

buyers beware of scams. The online consumer market is growing geometrically.

Although online shopping offers convenience and saves times, it has its serious

drawback, as well. The Internet is a fabulous tool for shoppers and investors, as well

as a fabulous tool for scam artists.

Mackline Ben (1999) examined the top 200 most accessed websites in Australia. The

study highlighted that over 90% of the web sites were not adequately informing the

consumers of what personal information they are collecting, how it is to be used and

what safe guards are in place to secure it. This study also explored some of the

privacy and security issues such as cookies; spam, credit card fraud, anonymity and

consumer profiling that have emerged with Internet and e-commerce.

Austin et al (1999) framed a set of guidelines that would assist Internet marketers in

maintaining ethical marketing practices. Review of some of the Internet sites

commonly visited by children provides additional guidelines for Internet marketers.

Some of the issues discussed include: the use of kids' clubs to sell products,

appropriateness of content and terminology on the Web pages, information

gathering/information sharing practices, and marketing practices.

Steven Bellman(1999) in his study on predictors of online buying behaviour and the

study found that looking for product information on the internet is the most important

predictor towards online buying behaviour

55
Limayem et al. (2000) studied the impact of different social factors on consumers‘

online shopping intentions and behaviour based on the theory of planned behavior.

They especially examined and tested the construct ―subjective norms‖ (i.e., social

influence). They showed the different effects of social factors on consumer online

shopping behaviour and pointed out that ―for subjective norms, while media and

family influences were significant, friends‘ influence did not make a difference.

Caudill et al (2000) opined that Consumer privacy was a public policy issue that had

received substantial attention over the last thirty years. The phenomenal growth of the

Internet had spawned several new concerns about protecting the privacy of

consumers. It examined both historical and conceptual analyses of privacy and

discussed domestic and international regulatory and self regulatory approaches to

confronting privacy issues on the Internet. It also reviewed ethical theories that apply

to consumer privacy and offered specific suggestions for corporate ethical policy and

public policy as well as a research agenda.

Basho Kalinda (2000) opined that increase in use of individuals‘ personal

information raise a new threat to privacy in the electronic marketplace. Information

used to create customized advertising campaigns, make decision about which

customers to market product to and predict consumers‘ future purchase. Current

solutions to online privacy fail to give consumers control over how their information

is used or compensation for the data they share.

Jahng, Jain and Ramamurthy (2000), consumers may have different perceptions of

the differences between goods and services in the Ecommerce environment, compared

with the situation in the traditional shopping environment. Thus, the dimensions of

56
differences between services and goods need to be reexamined in the context of E-

commerce.

Chase and Franson (2000) in one of their study claimed that internet shopping is no

different from any other innovation. It is simply a new/innovative method of

purchasing products. Companies with online stores might be very interested to learn

how innovative their customers are.

Vrechopolous et al. (2000) found that the most highly valued characteristics on a

website include quality and the amount information provided for products/ services.

Discount/ promotions, product range, delivery quality and 24 * 7 accessibility are the

significant purchase motivators. The study suggests the need for internet retailers to

adapt their virtual environments as per consumer requirements. It also advises to

provide alternate payment options and more discounts and promotions to tap greater

number of customers.

Bulkely and Carlton (2000), the majority of Internet shopping behaviours consist of

one-time purchases, which is mainly according to consumer’s different shopping

motivations, such as convenience. Therefore, the Ecommerce shopping websites need

improve their services or reduce the cost of products in order to motivating these one-

time purchase shoppers to become loyal and regular consumers.

Krishnamurthy Sandeep (2000) opined that comprehensive overview of the spam

problem and a critical analysis of the solution. This was followed by an analysis of the

pernicious impact of spam on the major stakeholder groups:- Consumers, Internet

Service Providers, Legitimate Advertisers, E-commerce firms and employers. Next,

they analyzed the various proposed responses to spam ranging from laissez faire

57
arguments to legislative solutions. Then, they focused upon one proposed solution-

permission marketing.

Degeratu, Rangaswamy and Wu (2000) in their research shows that the internet has

become a useful tool for comparison shopping and users often click around various

sites to view and compare products, proceed to leave the site altogether, and then,

possibly, return days later to purchase a product, or they might buy locally.

Steinfield and Whitten (2000) focused on the opportunities for firms to combine

their physical presence and e-commerce channels to 1) build trust, 2) meet diverse

consumer needs and preferences, 3) exploit natural complementarities between virtual

and physical capabilities to enhance value for buyers, and 4) use their greater

knowledge of the local community to offer more targeted products and services.

Goldsmith (2000) in the study found that online innovators tend to exhibit a higher

level of self-confidence. It is likely that these shoppers will believe that they possess a

higher level of knowledge about shopping and buying online and will purchase more

products on the Internet. He found that innovative online buyers bought more online.

Vrechopolous et al. (2000) found that the most highly valued characteristics on a

website include quality and the amount information provided for products/ services.

Discount/ promotions, product range, delivery quality and 24 x 7 accessibility are the

significant purchase motivators.

Bette Ann et al (2001) opined that incredible growth of electronic commerce and

presents ethical issues that have emerged. Security concerns, spamming, web sites

that do not carry an ―advertising‖ label, cyber squatters, online marketing to children,

conflict o interest, manufacturers competing with intermediaries online, and

58
dinosaurs are discussed. The power of internet to spotlight issues was noted as a

significant force in providing a kind of self-regulation that supports an ethical e-

commerce environment.

Vijayasarathy (2001) conducted the study on ―The impact of shopping orientations,

product types, and shopping Aids on Attitude and Intention to use online shopping‖

and the study revealed the integrated web specific factors (online shopping aid) in

order to better explain consumer online shopping behavior.

Vasterby and Chabert (2001) studied on E-Marketing and found that the internet

can make it easier for companies to have information about their products or services

available to their customers or potential customers. A company can satisfy the

consumer‘s individual need of information at a low cost in comparison to sending out

product brochures and online shopping is one of the most rapidly growing forms of

shopping, with sales growths rates that outpace buying through traditional retailing

Shim, Eastlick, Lotz, & Warrington (2001) proposed an ―online prepurchase

intention model‖ in order to explain the prediction of online purchase intention and

found that consumers‘ positive attitudes toward online shopping significantly

influenced the use of the Internet for information searching and intentions to shop

online.

Lee and Turban (2001) studied on trust in internet shopping and it was found that

lack of trust is one of the commonly cited reasons as to why the consumers do not

prefer an online purchase and it plays a significant role in facilitating online

transactions. This might be because in an online environment the consumers have no

59
physical interaction with the seller. So website plays an important role to gain

customers trust online.

Bette Ann et al (2001) opined that incredible growth of electronic commerce and

presents ethical issues that have emerged. Security concerns, spamming, web sites

that do not carry an ―advertising‖ label, cyber squatters, online marketing to children,

conflict o interest, manufacturers competing with intermediaries online, and

dinosaurs are discussed. The power of internet to spotlight issues was noted as a

significant force in providing a kind of self-regulation that supports an ethical e-

commerce environment

Blackwell(2001) studied the customer investigation on e-shopping and his study

revealed that the study of consumer behaviour is a complex and broad subject which

encompasses the factor such as demographics, lifestyles, personality, values, culture

and family which play a part in consumer behaviour decision making process.

Kim & Lim, (2001) conducted the study on online shopping and in his study it has

become quite clear that in order to survive and be profitable, online businesses must

pursue the fundamentals of good retailing. One of these principles is knowledge about

existing and potential customers and their preferences Retailers must pay attention to

the target market's perceptions, attitudes, and behaviour rather than the technological

characteristics of their websites.

Childers(2001) studied on attitude of students for online shopping and it was found

that the degree of interactivity that a Web site offers is a strong factor in support of

stabilizing this relationship, because experiential shoppers usually find more

enjoyment in interactive environments than in pure text environments.

60
Koivumaki(2001) conducted a study on online shopping and the influence of online

shopping on the consumer buying behaviour. The study propounded a positive

relationship between the online shopping benefits and the frequency of purchases

made.

Shim, Eastlick, Lotz, & Warrington (2001) proposed an ―online prepurchase

intention model‖ in order to explain the prediction of online purchase intention and

found that consumers‘ positive attitudes toward online shopping significantly

influenced the use of the Internet for information searching and intentions to shop

online.

Teo (2001) has examined the effect of demographics and motivational variables

associated with Internet usage activities. Males are more prone to engage in

messaging and downloading activities than females. Also, younger generation is more

motivated to engage in messaging and downloading activities compared to the older

generation.

Rao T. (2001) opined that concerns on the digital divide and illustrates, through case

studies, how the recent developments in the information and communication

technology can be gainfully employed in social development and in digital divide. It

also addresses the phenomenon of E-Commerce and identifies the efforts made by

different industry groups, international organizations and ministries in addressing the

concerns relating to E-Commerce and consumer protection.

Bette et al (2001) opined that incredible growth of electronic commerce and presents

ethical issues that have emerged. Security concerns, spamming, web sites that do not

carry an ―advertising‖ label, cyber squatters, online marketing to children, conflict o

61
interest, manufacturers competing with intermediaries online, and dinosaurs are

discussed. The power of internet to spotlight issues was noted as a significant force

in providing a kind of self-regulation that supports an ethical e-commerce

environment.

Douglas, et al (2001) conducted an empirical study to explore key aspects of

consumer response towards shopping on the Internet. The major findings of study

were: - convenience was not a major inducement in local Internet shopping, probably

because of (its) geographical proximity. For instance "Pricing" was the major

motivation behind online shopping. Product variety and product brand name were also

important factors. Trust was a major concern for Internet shoppers.

Benedict et al (2001) in his study on perceptions towards online shopping reveals that

perceptions toward online shopping and intention to shop online are not only affected

by ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment, but also by exogenous factors like

consumer traits, situational factors, product characteristics, previous online shopping

experiences, and trust in online shopping.

Tamara Eisenschitz (2002) opined that E-mail law. The distinction was made

between regulation of the Internet in general and of e-mail. Five topics were

presented: identity and trust, employment, contents administration, record

management and security issues. In all of them the important step was to define the

issues and the actual regulation then develops from that of non-digital equivalents.

The key finding was the need for Education for all levels of users to clarify the issues.

Fareena, et al (2002) investigated the determinants and role of consumer trust in e-

business. The study has empirically demonstrated that web site characteristics indeed

62
significantly affect perceptions of trust in a web site. The study also found that

consumer characteristics such as past experience with the Internet and with a

particular web site, do significantly affect trust perceptions. The significant finding of

the study that trusts is mediating variable between web site, consumer characteristics

and consumer behaviour intent. The study also contributes to understanding the

dimensions of trust. They tested their hypotheses in a large-scale empirical study that

estimates this model from 6831 consumers across 25 Web sites and eight industry

categories.

Slyke et al. (2002), in their study of gender differences in perceptions of web-based

shopping, showed that gender is a significant predictor of an individual‘s intention to

make purchases over the Web. They also found that men perceived Web shopping

more positively than women.

Sami Alsmadi (2002) investigated possible factors that influence consumer attitudes

towards online shopping behavior. The study also examined if these attitudes vary by

demographic variables. The study based on an empirical research work, and a

convenience sample of 453. Frequencies, descriptive statistics, and One-Way

ANOVA tests were used in the analysis of data. The study concluded that Jordanian

companies need to have a better understanding of electronic shopping behavior, and

that special efforts must be made to improve security of electronic transactions.

Harris Lisa, et al (2002) explored the ethics of business-to-business electronic

commerce, with a focus on the banking sector. A case study of online foreign

exchange developments at an investment bank was used to help illustrate some key

moral issues. Important areas identified for further research-included freedom of

63
choice, trust and transparency of business-to-business transactions and limits to

responsibility with regard to the facilitation of fraud.

Rich (2002) critically examined that we losing trust through technology. The field of

marketing has had a history of Individuals and organizations attempting short term

gain through less than ethical mean. The advent of the web and other technological

advances has placed powerful resources in the hands of practitioner coupled with that

power is an acute public awareness of marketing abuses that have adversely hindered

subsequent marketing efforts. Marketers need to address basic marketing skills

through old-fashioned personal contact and personal relations that probably never will

be effectively replaced with modern IT methodology.

Christy M. K. Cheung, Lei Zhu, Timothy Kwong, Gloria W.W. Chan, Moez

Limayem, (2002) conducted the study that the topic of online consumer behavior has

been examined under various contexts over the years. Although researchers from a

variety of business disciplines have made significant progress over the past few years,

the scope of these studies is rather broad, the studies appear relatively fragmented and

no unifying theoretical model is found in this research area. In view of this, provide

an exhaustive review of the literature and propose a research framework with three

key building blocks (intention, adoption, and continuance) so as to analyze the online

consumer behavior in a systematic way. This proposed framework not only provides

us with a cohesive view of online consumer behavior, but also serves as a salient

guideline for researchers in this area.

Leitch and Warren (2002) founded Ethics is an important element in all aspects of

computing, but proves to be a real problem in the development and delivery of

electronic commerce systems There are many aspects of ethics that can affect

64
electronic commerce systems, but perhaps the most notable and worrying to both

consumers and developers is that of trust. In a world where so much information is

transmitted and shared electronically, ethical standards that in general society are

applied to this medium, are often ignored or forgotten.

Menon & Kahn (2002) in their study revealed that the Internet represents a

sufficiently different retail environment and a different atmosphere which can

significantly influence the emotions and motivations of shoppers and thereby affect

their buying behaviour.

Pheng and Yuquan (2002) conducted a study and found that a cultural framework is

especially useful for understanding people‘s conceptions of an organization, the

mechanisms that are considered appropriate in controlling and coordinating the

activities within it, and the roles and relations of its members. In this way, cultural

differences affect consumer‘s web behavior and are a good measurement by which to

study consumer‘s web behaviors or attitudes toward the web in the online marketing

area.

Koufaris, (2002) conducted a study on ―Applying the Technology acceptance model

and flow theory to online consumer behavior‖ and the study reveals that online

shopping behavior has been an important topic in online shopping research areas. The

main reason is that most consumers are computer users and the online consumers

perform all the functions of a traditional consumer on the computer with commercial

web sites.

Akhter (2002) in his study on adoption of online shopping in India and the study

indicated that more educated, younger, males, and wealthier people in contrast to less

65
educated, older, females, and less wealthier are more likely to use the Internet for

purchasing.

Pheng and Yuquan (2002) conducted a study and found that a cultural framework is

especially useful for understanding people‘s conceptions of an organization, the

mechanisms that are considered appropriate in controlling and coordinating the

activities within it, and the roles and relations of its members. In this way, cultural

differences affect consumer‘s web behavior and are a good measurement by which to

study consumer‘s web behaviors or attitudes toward the web in the online marketing

area.

Sharma, Gupta and Manhas (2002) in one of the article entitled ―Internet

marketing: Opportunities and Challenges‖ found that internet marketing will add a

new dimension to the concept of marketing. Due to the concept of internet marketing,

there is practically no geographical bar for the company. E-shopping is one such

marketing service which is available to the customer uninterrupted 24 hours a day and

7 days a week.

Forsythe (2002) conducted a study on e-shopping and the study showed a positive

and highly significant relationship between perceived benefits of Internet shopping

and both frequency of shopping and amount spent online. Consumers‘ characteristics

such as personality nature, online shopping benefits and perceptions have also been

found to influence consumers‘ online shopping behaviour and online shopping rate.

Burke, R.R. (2002), Trust is a key factor that determines the success of Business to

Consumer (B2C) e-commerce transactions. Previous researchers have identified

several critical factors that influence trust in the context of online shopping. This

66
research focuses on available security measures which assure online shoppers‘ safety

and great sales promotions and online deals which stimulate customers to shop online.

Abel Stephen (2003) in his paper represents the findings of research studies that

address e-commerce design and associated consumer behaviour. The innovation of e-

commerce has affected not only the marketplace through the facilitation of the

exchange of goods and services, but also human behaviour in response to the

mechanisms of online services.

Huizingh & Hoekstra, (2003) had explored the study on the e-shopping and studied

many factors that determine why customers return to a store or web-site. The study

found that It has been shown that longer lengths of time spent online by consumers

increases the likelihood of consumers revisiting a website or becoming customers by

buying a product As such, designing a website in such a way as to retain customer

attention and satisfaction, increases the likelihood of creating repeat customers.

Halstead and Becherer (2003) emphasized in their study that internet marketing is a

field which is going to grow and the online auction concept may be defining a totally

new and unique distribution alternative. The study found that people shopping on the

internet want delivery of their purchase quickly and easily. Speed and convenience

are the two driving factors essential for online buying.

Changchit & Vokurka, (2003) studied on understanding customer satisfaction

factors can increase the probability of attracting new customers and/or retaining

existing customers. A study reported that customers expressed that "customer service"

was a key factor in their decision to shop at a store or revisit the website.

67
Chen and Chang (2003) studied on ―A descriptive model of online shopping

process: some empirical results‖ and the study focused on the five important factors

explaining consumer online purchasing intentions; individual/consumer

characteristics, environmental influences, product/service characteristics, medium

characteristics and online merchant and intermediary characteristics. They framed the

relationship between five factors and three key steps necessary to encourage repeated

online shopping

Smith and Rupp (2003) in the study entitled “Strategic online consumer decision

making leveraging the transformational power of the internet‘‘ concludes that age

factor as determinant for online purchase intentions. They argued that older people

who had no frequent interactions with the internet and the computer would not use the

internet as a medium for purchases while young adults would.

Shwu-Ing (2003) conducted the study and found that consumers‘ benefits perception,

comprising convenience, selections freedom, information abundance, homepage

design and company name familiarity, had a significant relationship with attitude

toward online shopping. Consumers usually compare the perceived benefits between

shopping channels.

Ahuja, Gupta & Raman (2003) conducted the study entitled ―An Empirical

Investigation of Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior‖ and the study found that 4%

of people gave ―inability to touch and feel the product‖ as a reason ―for not shopping

online‖,

Joines et.al (2003) in his study entitled ―Exploring motivations for consumer web use

and their implications for e-commerce‖ and found that the internet is considered as a

68
mass medium that provides the consumer with purchase characteristics as no other

medium. They found that ability at any time view and purchase products visualize

their needs with products are the characteristics making it convening for the consumer

as traditional way of shopping.

Kossecki Pawel, et al (2003) opined that building customers‘ trust is essential for

internet supplier in acquiring consumers‘ loyalty, increasing their satisfaction,

encouraging customers to move their spending from traditional to e-market. They

analysis the two groups of factors : strictly connected with the process of making

transaction (e.g. communication before purchase, the security of payment, the

delivery cost, the means of dealing with claims and returns) and not related directly

(e.g. law regulations, protection of consumer rights and privacy, technical

infrastructure, transfer of external trust).

Beltramini, Richard (2003) opined that increased usage of marketing

communications on the Internet had presented a number of significant business ethics

issues. And, while regulatory agencies had increased their vigilance in protecting

consumers from injury, the uniqueness of business via the Internet had challenged

these agencies to respond in evolving ways. This paper provided a brief overview of

the application of the FTC's lesser known unfairness doctrine as a potential

framework for better understanding emerging privacy and e-commerce issues, and

specific examples were provided for illustration.

Luo et. al (2003) empirical tested that customers‘ perceived contextual marketing and

customer-oriented strategies were associated with site satisfaction and loyalty.

Departing from the simple linear association approach, the study also investigated the

moderating role of privacy concerns and site design complexity and the mediating

69
role of perceived site value. It found that the influence of contextual marketing and

customer-orientation strategy on site satisfaction was moderated by the perceived

complexity of the site design but not by consumer privacy concerns. Data for this

study were collected with an intercept survey method in a northeastern state of the

United States.

Cheung et al. (2003) in his study entitled ―Online consumer behavior: a review and

agenda for future research‖ and suggested the five main factors influencing

consumers‘ online purchasing intentions and adoptions. They are the consumer‘s

individual characteristics, the medium‘s characteristics, product/service

characteristics, environmental influences and merchant and intermediary

characteristics. These factors not only have some effects on purchasing intentions and

actual purchases, but may also affect the ways consumers interact with the website.

Schlosser, (2003) studied on ―online browsing‖ and found that another kind of

consumers is called a ―browser‖, who is experiential and try to find an entertaining

experience rather than information. Once searchers and browsers are satisfied by the

experiences they perceive, they may become purchasers.

Wu (2003) conducted the study on ―The relationship between consumer

characteristics and attitude toward online shopping‖ and the study identified the

consumer characteristics using four areas: consumer demographics, consumer

purchasing preference, and consumer benefit perception and consumer lifestyle (See

Figure 2.2). Consumers‘ characteristics have a significant relationship with the

attitude toward online shopping; the attitude toward online shopping has a significant

relationship with the online shopping rate

70
Chiang & Dholakia, (2003) conducted a study on ―Factors driving consumer

intention to shop online: An empirical investigation‖ and the researchers found that

web offers opportunities for competition in the present marketplace regarding web as

the channel of business. The rapid growth of online retailing has created a vibrant

market space and competition with all other shopping channels and it has challenged

traditional retailers and is reshaping consumers‘ shopping habits.

Siabecker R (2003) opined that comparative benefits of using a common law

approach to address the issue of cookies, however, should not seem all that stocking.

The federal statutes upon which Internet users relied in Double Click were adopted

years before the internet began to occupy its increasingly dominant position in

Commerce and cultures while status may effectively address existing problems,

crafting law to address what does not yet exist represent quite a difficult challenge.

And even if legislators were to act quickly on the problems of the day, it may simply

be too difficult for legislators to keep pace with the celerity of technological

innovation associated with the internet age. In contrast, the malleable nature of the

common law seems especially well suited to accommodating technological advances,

no matter how swift. Still, it does seem a bit peculiar to apply to cyber-space the some

legal principles that centuries ago helped give peasant farmers result for injuries

sustained to their livestock.

Shah et al (2004) argued a central factor in how a technology affect a societal

concern stems from its institutional origin. The case study of the cookies technology,

which allows web sites to maintain surveillance on its visitors, showed the differing

influence of universities, firms and Consortia. Each of these institutions acted

according to their own norms and process and differentially shaped the cookies

71
technology. The result suggested societal institutions act in a systematic and

predicable fashion in shaping how communication technologies affect fundamental

societal concerns.

Rajeev Kamineni (2004) in his study finds that World Wide Web can change human

behaviour and human interactions to a very large extent. Web based shopping

behaviour is one major example to point out the trends in this direction. This study is

of a very exploratory nature and it intends to establish the differences between several

web-based shoppers from different parts of the world. Several critical factors

associated with online shopping behaviour have been explored. A cross cultural data

set has been collected and an illustrative description of the shoppers has been

provided. As a final step the cross cultural differences between several shoppers

explored.

Constantinides (2004) conducted the study on ―Influencing the online consumer‘s

behavior: the web experience‖ and found that the factor convenience is considered to

be the benefit in the eyes of consumers and a quality derived from purchasing over the

internet. I t is therefore considered to be the motivator and a benefit to consumers.

Ha & Stoel, (2004) conducted the research on ―Internet apparel shopping behaviors:

the influence of general innovativeness‖ and found in their study that purchasers,

browsers, and searchers may have different online shopping behaviors toward a

website and have different perceptions of relative advantages in online shopping

because of the different goals they pursue

Monsuwe, Dellaert and Ruyter (2004) conducted the research on ―What drives

consumers to shop online? A literature review‖ and the study found that personal

72
online consumer characteristics and concluded that in consumer has a vital role for

online purchasing behavior.

Willis (2004) conducted a research entitled ―What impact will E-commerce have on

the U.S economy‖ and the study found that E-commerce has emerged as the fast

growing field of global marketing. Many companies continued to enter and expand

their presence in E-commerce and consumers have been increased to purchase online.

Koyuncu & Bhattacharya, (2004) conducted the study on ―The Impacts of

Quickness, Price, Payment Risk, and Delivery Issues on On-line Shopping‖ and the

study found that Individuals tend to purchase less through the Internet because the

online payment of Internet shopping involves some risk Thirdly, risk to privacy refers

to the degree to which a consumer may sacrifice their privacy when they are required

to provide confidential information to process an EC transaction.

Suri Ajneesh et al (2004) opined that Advertisers are recognizing the internet's

potential for helping firms directly communicate with consumers using media rich

emails. Though the efficiency of such emails cannot be denied, their effectiveness

needs to be assessed. It was argued that components of promotional emails were

likely to be evaluated differently by males and females. The results from a survey

suggested that women and men differ in their evaluation of information content and

the visual presentation used in emails. Compared to men, women were also more

concerned about privacy and preferred to use the media to build social contacts.

Implications for using promotional emails were discussed. To investigate these

research questions, a survey was systematically administered at two university town

shopping malls in New York State. On an average it took 15 minutes to complete the

73
survey and, of the total 124 surveys collected, 119 surveys were complete and used in

the analysis.

Gorling Stefan (2004) studied and provided number of immoral business-models that

have been established as a part of the internet-economy. It discussed how breaking

into computers has become a viable business model for corporation and how the

internet underground is challenging our views of what a company is. The paper tried

to group a number of similar business models such as spyware, viruses, spam etc.

under a common term, parasites, and discussed how they are a part of viable business-

models rather than merely an annoyance to the computer users.

Gorling Stefan (2004) studied and introduced number of immoral business-models

that have been established as a part of the internet-economy. It discussed how

breaking into computers has become a viable business model for corporation and how

the internet underground is challenging our views of what a company is. The paper

tried to group a number of similar business models such as spyware, viruses, spam

etc. under a common term, parasites, and discussed how they are a part of viable

business-models rather than merely an annoyance to the computer users.

Winn K Jane (2005) analyzed whether it might be possible to reduce the volume of

unwanted software loaded on end users‘ computers by applying contract law doctrine

more strictly. Unwanted Programs are often bundled with programs that the end user

wants, but the dense from contacts. Even thought this makes it difficult for end users

to recognize that they are agreeing to have multiple programs installed at once and

that some of those programs may be objectionable, US courts are unlike to invalidate

those disclosures. This was because in business to consumer online contracting cases

74
in the US, courts have tended to be very deferential to the intentions of the merchants

in designing the contract interfaces.

Wall S. (2005) deconstructed and analyzed spamming behaviour before exploring the

boundaries between law and code (technology) as governance in order to inform and

stimulate the debate over the embedding of cyber crime prevention policy within the

code itself.

Pavlov et al (2005) contributed to understand the unsolicited commercial e-mail

(UCE) phenomenon by drawing on scholarly work in areas of marketing and

resource ownership and use. Adapting the tragedy of the commons concept to e-mail,

study identified a casual structure that drives the direct e-marketing industry.

Computer simulations indicate that although filtering may be an effective method to

curb UCE arriving at individual inboxes, it is likely to increase the aggregate volume,

thereby boosting overall costs Study also examined other response mechanisms,

including self-regulation, government regulation and market mechanisms. They

found that, of the various countermeasures, filtering appears to be the best currently

available but that none are a satisfactory solution. The analysis advances

understanding of the digital commons, the economics of UCE, and provides practical

implication for the direct e-marketing industry.

Sorce et al. (2005) in the study of online shopping found that younger consumers

searched for more products online and they were more likely to agree that online

shopping was more convenient.

Kim and Park (2005) conducted the study entitled ―A consumer‘s shopping

extension model: attitude shift toward the online store‖ and found that online

75
shopping is to be perceived as convenient of the consumers, the consumer must

perceive a certain amount of easiness with accessing the internet and also with

carrying out the behavior with shopping online.

Sinha and Uniyal (2005).in the study explored that the Shopping environment refers

to the landscape of shopping, changing as it did from the first departmental store to

present-day malls to virtual shopping through the Internet. It has been found that

shoppers behave differently depending on the type of shopping situations.

So et al. (2005) investigated the influences of promotional offers and product

categories on online shopping intentions. Results indicate a direct influence of web-

search behavior and webshopping adoption decisions on web-shopping intentions.

Promotional offers enhance web shopping intentions.

Shergill and Chen (2005) conducted the study on ―Enticing online consumers: an

extended technology acceptance perspective and considered in their research on

―Web-based shopping: Consumers‘ attitudes towards online shopping in New

Zealand‖. However, they only considered a few aspects of Web site design. For

example, they did not consider the issue of Web site content that was out of date.

Brengman, Gueness and Swinyard (2005) studied on ―Segmenting Internet

Shoppers based in their web usage related lifestyle: across cultural validation‖ and the

study found that the segment online consumers through first identifying the internet

usage lifestyle of every consumer, they believe internet experience is highly relevant

the identification of the online consumers.

Shi(2005) in his paper explained that 75% of the firms spent significant time in

managing cross channel coordination and conflicts, about 18% of the firms shared

76
information across channels in an effective way, and about half of the firms had taken

initiatives in adjusting management performance targets and incentives to encourage

cross-channel collaboration.

Richards Sarah (2005) studied on Internet shopping by carrying out a world wide

Survey of 1001 adults. The Survey aimed to identify why people do or don't shop

online, what they buy and how much they spend, if they have encounter any problems

and what proportion of their shopping they intend to do online in the future. This

study showed some interesting trend. Over six in ten people with internet access had

shopped online over the previous 12 months. Convenience was a large motivating

factor for people to shop online than prices. Most people shop once every two to three

months, with men being slightly more likely to do so than women. (CDs, tapes and

records were the most popular items to be purchased online, followed by DVDs,

videos, computer games, books and travel tickets. Fears over the security of websites

was the main reason why some people with Internet access choose not to shop online.

Katyal K. (2005) opined that our need to expand intellectual property protection must

be reconciled with the existing protections for informational privacy and personal

expression. The paper argued, it is imperative that we begin to restore the fragile

balance between property rights and privacy protections by creating parity between

real place and cyber space. The paper suggested that, both the protection of privacy

and intellectual property were in crisis in cyber space, permitting one to erode

protections for the other.

Aleja et al (2005) opined on the ethical challenges posed by Internet Commerce, with

special emphasis on those involving the content and users of the information. The

main ethical issues in e-commerce such as security, privacy, identity and no

77
refutability of transactions. It proposed measures which both governments and the

private sector could adopt to address these issues on different levels. Finally, the

paper reflected on the creation of value by leveraging trust and proposed two

universal principal to be up held in internet commerce: online-offline consistency and

technology neutrality.

Evangelos Moustakas et al (2006) provided a conceptual overview of the process of

unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE), proposed a typology of UCE, and delineated

key stakeholders of UCE, their roles and potential responses through a stakeholder

analysis. Based on the extant literature, this paper provided a conceptualization of the

UCE process, delineating specific types of UCE. It used stakeholder analysis to

identify key members in the UCE process and the potential roles to be played by them

in combating UCE. This paper proposed a four-way typology of the UCE process,

identified key stakeholders, and also mechanisms for tackling UCE. Given the limited

empirical research on this topic, this paper was exploratory in nature, integrating

concepts from marketing and e-commerce research streams.

Changi Nam et al (2006) studied and proposed a model incorporating antecedents,

privacy concern, and intent to disclose personal information. To test the proposed

model, an online survey was conducted. A Website was created for the Web survey

and five thousands of emails requesting participation were sent to Internet users in

Korea. E-mailing list was purchased from a research company. There were 395 online

participants over a two-week period. After eliminating responses with insincere

answers and excessive amounts of missing data, 323 responses were analyzed to test

the proposed model. Sixty-eight percent of the respondents were male, almost all in

their 20s or 30s.

78
Mattsson Jan et al (2006) presented a framework for treating ethical issues in E-

marketing. Study started by recalling some of the ethical problems that confront the

marketing profession. On this basis, study argued for more emphasis on basic ethical

principles to protect the autonomy, dignity, integrity and vulnerability of human

persons and of different stakeholder groups. In order to cope with this need for a

decision-making frame study proposed a formal theory of values that can be the basis

for a concrete approach to values in e-marketing. Such a formal theory of the value

realm (Hartman, 1967) can be used to make an overview of different kinds of ethical

challenges firms face when implementing e-marketing and e-advertising. Eighteen

value types and nine value levels, study argued, can be used as a frame with the intent

to illustrate ethical dilemmas in e-business.

Ann E. Schlosser et al (2006) investigated the impact of Web site design investments

on consumers‘ trusting beliefs and online purchase intentions. Such investments

signal the component of trusting beliefs that was most strongly related to online

purchase intentions: ability. These effects were strongest when consumers‘ goals were

to search rather than to browse and when purchases involved risk. The sample

consisted of 111 respondents who participated in exchange for $10 and were recruited

through an electronic and a printed newsletter distributed to university employees.

The sample was 68% female, with a mean age of 37.5 and a mean income of $35,000

to $49,999. Respondents had a median education of four years of college and used the

Internet an average of four to six times per week.

Shuk Ying HO, (2006) opined that numerous companies were taking advantage of

interactive technology to personalize their interactions with users. However, in

contrast to the proliferation of personalized web services worldwide, Information

79
Systems (IS) research on users‘ attitudes towards personalized service was minimal.

Our research examined how users‘ web experience and their perceptions towards

personalization influenced their attitudes towards switching to a personalized website.

A survey study with 238 subjects was conducted. The findings provided empirical

evidence showing that if users had involved interactions with their current site, then

personalized services were not attractive enough to motivate them to migrate from

one site to another. Users wanted useful personalized services, but at the same time,

they were concerned with the manner in which firms used their data for

personalization.

Chiung-wen , Hsu (2006) studied and disapproved the common assumptions of

research into privacy concerns from an adversarial paradigm, which did not work in

the context of the internet. These assumptions usually claimed that internet users who

had higher privacy concerns would disclose less information, and that data subjects

were always adversarial to data users without considering social contexts. The study

surveyed 400 respondents from China, The Netherlands, Taiwan and the USA. It

examined not only their privacy concerns, but also their actual practices, in order to

identify any similarities between concerns and practices. This study proved that

internet users‘ privacy concerns did not reflect their privacy practices and showed

how social contexts (Web category) influence users‘ privacy practices. This study

suggested that legislation provided the basic protection, while self-regulation supplied

the detailed principles of online privacy.

Liu et al. (2006) focus in his paper on how the decision to introduce the online

channel can be strategically used by a store retailer for deterring the entry of a pure e-

retailer. The study found that online channels are now widely used by store retailers.

80
Allred, Smith and Swinyard (2006) in the study entitled ―E-shopping lovers and

fearful conservatives: a market segmentation analysis‘‘ and found that online

consumer tends to have the following characteristics: younger, wealthier, better

educated having a higher computer literacy and are bigger retail spenders.

Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI, 2006) conducted the study in

collaboration with cross tab marketing services, clearly established the dominance of

people-to-people (P2P) reference in online shopping space, with 31% respondents

finding such sites through word of mouth. As much as 55%visitors to e-commerce

sites have adopted internet as a shopping medium, out of which 25% of regular

shoppers are in the 18-25 age group, while 46% in the 26-35 age group and 18% in

the 35-45 age group.

Oppenheim, C. and Ward, L. (2006) conducted the study on ―Evaluation of

websites for B2C e-commerce‖ and the study reveals that the current primary reason

that people shop for the internet is the convenience. They found that the previous

primary reason for shopping online was price which has now changed to convenience.

Atchariyachanvanich & Okada, (2006).in their study about a preliminary online

survey of the factors affecting online shopping in Japan, the consumer behaviour of

Japanese online consumers showed that price is the dominant factor in their choice to

shop online.

D. Venkaba rao(2006) Determinants of Purchase Behaviour of Online consumers the

study found that the Online consumer behaviour is a broad and interesting area of

study that can benefit organizations in their efforts to market and sell products online.

As consumers‘ attitude towards online shopping is a prominent factor affecting actual

81
buying behaviour, this research attempts to investigate a modest part of that area. The

results of study of perceptions of 200 online purchasers in Hyderabad reveal trust,

security, Internet speed, and responsiveness significantly affect online purchasers‘

behaviour.

Boudhayan Ganguly, Satya Bhushan Dass (2006) from IIM Lucknow in his study

―website characteristics, Trust and Purchase Intentions in online stores: An empirical

study‖ in Indian context found that there is a strong relationship between the website

features and purchase intention.

Lavin Mariyn (2006) investigated ―What do consumers know and what can they

learn‖. The research investigated consumes knowledge about tracking cookies and

considers the values of the information on those devices appearing in the privacy

polices of two major websites. The study found that the majority ot the sample

believed cookies are used to collect the personally-identifiable information and that,

as a result, many regularly reject or delete all cookies on their computers. Sample

members also found that the material related to cookies in the two websites increased

their understanding of the consumer benefits from such tracking software. The report

based on the telephone survey of 2001 adults.

Boudhayan Ganguly, Satya Bhushan Dass (2006) from IIM Lucknow in his study

―website characteristics, Trust and Purchase Intentions in online stores: An empirical

study‖ in Indian context found that there is a strong relationship between the website

features and purchase intention.

Hsiu (2007) in his study about a research model developed for understanding the

influences of website quality dimensions concludes that system quality variables

82
(website design and interactivity), information quality variables (informativeness and

security), and service quality variables (responsiveness, trust, and empathy) are

identified as critical variables that have an impact on customer satisfaction

Subba Rao, Truong, Senecal and Le, ( 2007) conducted the study on ―How Buyers‘

Expected Benefits, Perceived Risks, and E-Business Readiness Influence their E-

Marketplace Usage and claims that buyer‘s E-business readiness moderated the

relationship between expected benefits and usage of electronic marketplaces

Dash and Saji (2007) conducted the study on "Role of effective Website-Design in

online shopping: A large scale empirical study in the Indian Context" and the study

found in his empirical that increase in customer trust increases purchase intention

towards online shopping.

Hsiu (2007) in his study about a research model developed for understanding the

influences of website quality dimensions concludes that system quality variables

(website design and interactivity), information quality variables (informativeness and

security), and service quality variables (responsiveness, trust, and empathy) are

identified as critical variables that have an impact on customer satisfaction

Subba Rao, Truong, Senecal and Le, ( 2007) conducted the study on ―How Buyers‘

Expected Benefits, Perceived Risks, and E-Business Readiness Influence their E-

Marketplace Usage and claims that buyer‘s E-business readiness moderated the

relationship between expected benefits and usage of electronic marketplaces

Dash and Saji (2007) conducted the study on "Role of effective Website-Design in

online shopping: A large scale empirical study in the Indian Context" and the study

83
found in his empirical that increase in customer trust increases purchase intention

towards online shopping.

JuxtConsult, (April 2007), a Delhi-based online research firm conducted the study

on 10,000 households in 31 cities (of population sizes 20,000 plus) revealed some

interesting facts about the Internet shopping scenario in India. As per research

findings, eBay (excluding online travel websites) is the most preferred site for online

shopping followed by Rediff, Google and Yahoo. eBay leads with 34 per cent online

shoppers still preferring to visit it the most. Rediff follows at the second spot with 25

per cent online shoppers preferring to visit it.

M.J.W. Trent (2007) conducted the research entitled ―An exploratory study to

identify the concerns that New Zealand consumers have about business-to-consumer

e-commerce‖ and found that that now consumers‘ concerns focus on the fact that

Internet shopping is a form of shopping – as a result of which they are now only

prepared to use the Web sites of ―reputable companies‖, and they now require to be

able to evaluate an item adequately before buying it. And it seems that another result

of this is that consumers now expect that the ―reputable companies‖ whose Web sites

they visit will – as a matter of course - address to their satisfaction issues such as the

privacy of their personal information. While there are some types of products that

consumers are prepared to buy on-line (e.g., air travel), there are many about which

they are reluctant.

Terry Nolan et al (2007) examined the notion of trust as an enabler or restrictor to

online engagement. The purpose of the inquiry was to improve knowledge acquisition

within small businesses (SMEs) through engagement in an online network. The paper

explained the outcomes from a three-year long Action Research (AR) study into

84
online participation utilizing a purpose built Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) based networking tool. The paper found that the overall notion of

trust was deconstructed into component conditions, which were shown to represent

conflicting priorities for individuals.The paper provided an insight into the

complexities of socio-technological engagements in an online environment. The paper

shown that the proposed model was context-specific and had not been subjected to

testing for replicability within other settings. The model proposed in this paper was of

use to Information System (IS) developers, helping to identify the reasons for

participation or non-participation in online networks/communities. The paper build

upon existing theories, by applying an extended notion of trust incorporating

interrelated individual factors, such as risk, interest, power and information utility, to

the development of online communities. A total of 16 semi-structured interviews with

SME owner managers were conducted.

Petrovic Dejan (2007) explored the most relevant behavioural characteristics of

online consumers and examines the ways they find, compare and evaluate product

information. Comparison of the newly collected survey data with the existing

consumer behaviour theory resulted in detection of a number of issues related to a

specific consumer group. The purpose of this report was to translate findings into a set

of implementation activities on strategic and technological level. Execution of these

recommendations would result in better conversion of visitors into customers and

encourage customer loyalty and referrals. The focus group of study were young adults

aged between eighteen and thirty-four interested in buying a mobile phone or a related

product.

85
Jonna Jarvelainen (2007) opined that Security and privacy issues had drawn much

attention in the electronic commerce research area, and e-vendors had adjusted their

online shopping systems to convince customers that vendors and systems were trust

worthy. Study concentrated on how consumers choose their purchasing channel when

the environment was relatively secure. Was the choice based on preferring

conversation with customer service, complexity of product, prior online shopping

experience, social influence or perception of system usefulness or ease-of-use? The

technology acceptance model, media richness theory and social influence model were

combined in a research model tested with a Web survey. Based on the responses of

1,501 customers of a passenger cruise company, prior experience of traditional and

online channels and perceived usefulness had a substantial effect on behavioral

intention to use the online channel in the future. To get an extensive data set,

quantitative survey was chosen as the research method. As the research question

concerned online information seekers and the reasons for choosing the online channel

in a secure Internet environment, the target population included both customers who

had some online shopping experience and those who had not yet made purchases

online but used the Internet for seeking product information. Therefore, a Web survey

was chosen for the data collection method. This setting omitted those who had not

adopted Internet technology yet, as they did not have either means or motive for

online shopping, and therefore it would not have been meaningful to include them in

the target group. The data were collected between February 1, 2002, and February 11,

2002. The total number of responses was 2,511, of which 2,479 were unique and

valid.

Choudhury and Karahanna (2008) opined that Internet has the potential to

fundamentally change the structure of marketing channels, but only if consumers

86
choose to adopt electronic channels. Thus, paper aimed to develop a more nuanced

understanding of consumer channel choices. Specifically, it contended that it was

important to examine consumers‘ intent to adopt electronic channels, not as a

monolithic decision, but as a choice they made at each of four stages in the purchase

process: requirements determination, vendor selection, purchase, and after-sales

service. Innovation diffusion theory suggested that consumers make adoption

decisions based on their perceptions of the relative advantage of the innovation. The

relative advantage of electronic channels was conceptualized as a multidimensional

construct involving a cumulative assessment of the perceived relative merits of

channels on three dimensions: convenience, trust, and efficacy of information

acquisition. Survey data were collected from faculty and staff at a large university

about their intention to use the web for auto insurance transactions. The results

provide support for the multidimensional nature of relative advantage, although the

emergent factors do not align neatly with the hypothesized dimensions (convenience,

trust, and efficacy of information acquisition) or stages. Results of the study support

three conclusions. First, the dimensions along which consumers assess relative

advantage blend hypothesized dimensions such as trust and convenience with stages

of the purchase process. Second, consumers consider the relative advantage of

channels at two distinct stages of the purchase process: gathering information and

executing the transaction. Third, different dimensions of relative advantage were

critical in predicting consumer channel choice at each stage.

MasterCard worldwide, (December 2008), in the survey on 5037 respondents

across 10 markets: Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Singapore, South

Korea, Thailand, UAE and South Africa, revealed that Online shopping in the Asia-

Pacific region is accelerating at an annual rate of 23.3 percent to hit US $168.7 billion

87
by 2011, with the region's new markets such as China and India fuelling this growth.

MasterCard Worldwide published its latest Insights Report, ―Economic Crisis and

Preference for Online Shopping in Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa‖, which

shows that in India the average frequency of online purchases increased to 2.9 in

fourth quarter of 2008, up from 2.6 during the same quarter in 2007. The survey

showed that the Asia-Pacific region was found to be an active one for online

shopping, where 76 percent of respondents said they intend to make a purchase in the

next six months. The survey also highlighted the rise of shoppers in the fast-growing

markets of China and India. The rising population of upper-middle income urban

elites is likely to boost the online shopping markets in China and India underpinned

by a paid pace of urbanization, robust economic expansion and rising spending

power.

Lee (2008) studied on online consumer and their buying behaviour. The finding of his

study illustrates how a high proportion of negative online consumer reviews can elicit

a conformity effect, with consumers showing a tendency to conform to the

perspective of the negative reviews when the proportion of negative reviews

increases.

Pooja Mordani (2008) explored the study on investigation of consumer‘s perception

towards internet based e-shopping and the study involved an experiment in which the

respondents were asked to go through the online shopping process and relate their

experiences. The study found that the positive experience with a website plays a vital

role in forming consumers trust while shopping online and if consumers trust the

website then they will perceive ease of use, perceive enjoyment and perceive the

88
website to be less risky which would finally culminate into an intention to transact

with the website.

Pooja Mann, Nidhi (2008) studied on the role of internet in marketing and her study

found that the internet marketing offers a number of advantages hence it must be used

with utmost precaution along with other medium of approaching the target customer.

Internet marketing is finally evolving in a much more constructive direction.

Sawney (2008) has identified various performance indicators critical to success of

online retailing. Some of them include ease of navigation, quick loading times,

accurate product/service delivery system, Clear transaction policies, online

interactivity between buyer and seller, transaction safety, and transaction privacy.

Kiran et al. (2008) have not only identified the factors affecting online buying

behavior in India, they have also explored how online advertisements influence

consumers to buy online.The authors have identified product information and

reliability as the key contributing factor to internet retailing adoption. Yet another

contributing factor is audience attitude towards e-shopping. Various constituent

variables include responsiveness of websites for the information, positive outcome of

the websites and the influencing power of advertisements. Influence of internet

advertisements on e-shopping has emerged as another important determinant of online

buying behavior.

Syed Shah Alam, (2008) conducted the study on “Young Consumer online

shopping in Malaysia” and the study found that Young consumers are playing an

important role in online shopping. The increasing use of Internet by the younger

generation in Malaysia provides an emerging prospect for online retailers. If online

89
retailers know the factors affecting Malaysian young consumers‘ buying behaviour,

and the associations between these factors and type of online buyers, then they can

further develop their marketing strategies to convert potential customers into active

ones.. Besides that this study also examined that website design, website, reliability,

customer service and privacy are the four key factors which influence young

consumers‘ perceptions of online shopping. However, there is no significant

difference among the various races in terms of online shopping behaviour in

Malaysia.

Syed Shah Alam(2008) in the study revealed that young consumers are playing an

important role in online shopping. The increasing use of Internet by the younger

generation in Malaysia provides an emerging prospect for online retailers. It was

discovered that website design, website reliability, customer service and privacy are

the four key factors which influence young consumers‘ perceptions of online

shopping.

Syed Shah Alam(2008) in the study revealed that young consumers are playing an

important role in online shopping. The increasing use of Internet by the younger

generation in Malaysia provides an emerging prospect for online retailers. It was

discovered that website design, website reliability, customer service and privacy are

the four key factors which influence young consumers‘ perceptions of online

shopping.

Prasad and Aryasri (2009) have explored the determinants of shop behavior such as

convenience, customer service, trust, web store environment and web shopping

enjoyment and examine the effect of these factors towards online buying behavior.

90
Prasad and Aryasri (2009) have explored the determinants of shop behaviour such

as convenience, customer service, trust, web store environment and web shopping

enjoyment and examine the effect of these factors towards online buying behaviour.

S. L Gutpa and Nirupama Gupta (2009) in their study Online shopping behaviour

by Urban Indian youth and study highlights that urban Indian youth is more an online

surfer than an online shopper. Only a very small percentage of Indian youth has

started appreciating the role of Internet in shopping. It is well equipped for using the

Internet as an online surfer but needs time and experience to be an online shopper.

Vijay, Sai. T. & Balaji, M. S. (May 2009) in the study revealed that Consumers, all

over the world, are increasingly shifting from the crowded stores to the one-click

online shopping format. However, in spite of the convenience offered, online

shopping is far from being the most preferred form of shopping in India. A survey

among 150 internet users, including both users and non-users of online shopping, was

carried out to understand why some purchase online while others do not. The results

suggested that convenience and saving of time drive Indian consumers to shop online;

while security and privacy concerns dissuade them from doing so.

Tan et al. (2009) found that navigation and content are the most sought after factors

while designing a web-site. Other important factors include categorization of

information, color usage, layout / space usage, graphics usage, establishing website‘s

identity and presentation of information.

ACNielsen (2009) conducted the study on covering 38 markets and over 21,100

respondents across the globe has revealed that more Indians are taking to shopping

online. It suggested an upward trend in online shopping across the world. A

91
significant observation of this study was that India beat the global counterparts in

number of purchases per month, with a mean of 5.2 purchases against the global

average of 4.9. In India, books followed airline reservations closely, with 35% of

netizens buying them online. Nearly 24% have bought electronic items and more than

20% have purchased items such as apparel, music and electronic entertainment such

as movies, DVDs and games.

Prasad and Aryasri (2009) have explored the determinants of shopping behavior

such as convenience, customer service, trust, web store environment and web

shopping enjoyment and examine the effect of these factors towards online buying

behavior.

Brynjolfsson et al., Overby and Jap (2009) found that in order to leverage the

online channel effectively, retailers must recognize that the customers have different

value propositions from transacting on store and online channels. Past empirical

studies show that the products that are either comparatively rare or have low quality

uncertainty sell better in the online channel On the other hand, common products or

products with high quality uncertainty sell better on the physical channel. Products

with high quality uncertainty sold in the online channel have a price discount whereas

those with low quality uncertainty do not have such a discount. The fundamental

reason for such behavior is that the customers may find it hard to evaluate products in

the Internet channel.

Narges Delafrooz, Laily Hj. Paim and Ali Khatibi (2010) in their study title

―Students‘ Online Shopping Behaviour: An Empirical Study and the study reveals

that consumers have different personalities that affects online shopping and can be

classified into two orientations of utilitarian and hedonic. Consumer who have

92
utilitarian have goal oriented, rational, deliberate, task oriented shopping behaviour

whereas hedonic have experiential, fun, fantasy, arousal, excitement, entertaining

behaviour. The findings showed that utilitarian orientations had higher effect on

attitude towards online shopping and this may be due to the low level of young

consumers who have experience in online shopping. Moreover convenience, price and

a wider selection influenced consumers‘ attitudes towards online shopping.

Ankur Kumar Rastogi (2010) conducted the study on ―a study on Indian online

consumers and their buying behaviour and the study attempts to analyze the features

related to the buying behaviour of online shoppers. Consumer buying behaviour in

respect of online shopping was studied using different socio-economic variables. It

also provides a support that helps researchers understand the drivers of consumers‘

attitude and goal to shop on the Internet, and consumers‘ perceptions regarding ease

of use and usefulness. Conclusions derived from the analysis can be used as useful

guide for market orientation. The outcomes of the study suggest that assessment of

consumer buying behaviour can contribute to a better understanding of consumer

buying behaviour in respect of online shopping.

Grashaw(2010) in his paper revealed that adopting Internet as an additional channel

for offering products is not an easy decision for traditional brick-and-mortar retailers

because it faces the challenge of store sales cannibalization.

Lobaugh (2010) conducted the study an executive remarked: ―The idea that store-

only sales will decrease as multi-channel sales increase, scares me. Our store based

costs seem to increase at a constant rate; if that is out of line with our growth, or how

customers behave, I‘m not sure of the impact. The result will be an imbalance in our

investment model.‖ According to the same report, organizations continue to think that

93
the purpose of multi-channel retailing is to drive traffic into the store and not away

from it. This is because many stakeholders are anxious about rationalizing the prior

and substantial investments in real estate needed for the brick and mortar business.

Zhang et al. (2010) conducted the study and found that retailers are now realizing the

need to have an integrated approach towards store and online channels to exploit the

growth potential of multi-channel retail.

Demery (2010) reports, the advantage of the online channel is that some customers

find it convenient, think that it saves their time, and observe that it is easier to find a

particular item in online store.

Ruchi Nayyar (2010) in the study of website factors on online shopping buying

behaviour and the study found that online shoppers perceive different factors such as

website design, fulfillment/reliability, privacy/security and customer service affecting

online purchase activity differently.

Ruchi Nayyar (2010) in the study of website factors on online shopping buying

behaviour and the study found that online shoppers perceive different factors such as

website design, fulfillment/reliability, privacy/security and customer service affecting

online purchase activity differently.

Dr. S.G Gupta (2010) in the study ―impact of changing demographics profile of

Indian customers on their internet shopping behaviour and the study concluded that

demographic profiles of online users; gender, age and education have significant

association to web shopping in the current Indian scenario. However, it won't be very

late for these differences to evaporate keeping into account fast changing social habits

and growing technological developments.

94
Archana Shrivastava, Ujwal Lanjewar, (2011) in online buying, the rate of

diffusion and adoption of the online buying amongst consumers is still relatively low

in India. In view of above problem an empirical study of online buying behavior was

undertaken. Based on literature review, four predominant psychographic parameters

namely attitude, motivation, personality and trust were studied with respect to online

buying. The online buying decision process models based on all the four parameters

were designed after statistical analysis. These models were integrated with business

intelligence, knowledge management and data mining to design Behavioral Business

Intelligence framework with a cohesive view of online buyer behavior.

Dr. Durmaz(2011) in the study entitled ― impact of cultural factors on online

shopping behaviour and the study found that while buying goods and services,

culture, beliefs and traditions take an important position, while the environment,

friends and social groups stated 48.6% .In this case the impact of cultural factors

means a lot.

Wells et al. (2011) in his study entitled ― Online impulse buying: understanding the

interplay between consumer impulsiveness and website quality‖ focused on the direct

relationships between the website and online impulse buying. The study found and

proposed the model considered the direct influence of website quality on the urge to

buy impulsively.

Dahiya Richa(2012) in the study entitled ― Impact of demographic factors of

consumers on online shopping behaviour: a study of consumers in India‖ and the

study found that On-line shopping is a recent phenomenon in the field of E-Business

and is definitely going to be the future of shopping in the world. Most of the

companies are running their on-line portals to sell their products/services on-line.

95
Though online shopping is very common outside India, its growth in Indian Market,

which is a large and strategic consumer market, is still not in line with the global

market. The potential growth of on-line shopping has triggered the idea of conducting

a study on on-line shopping in India. The results of study reveal that on-line shopping

in India is significantly affected by various Demographic actors like age, gender,

marital status, family size and income. The results of the study could be further used

by the researchers and practitioners for conducting future studies in the similar area.

Realizing the importance of E-commerce, companies would like to discover more

business opportunities and to bring back more customers. As such, it is very important

to understand consumers‘ E-commerce adoption behavior and their online shopping

behavior. This is believed to be different from their behavior in the traditional

shopping environment. Thus, there is a need for the theory of consumer online

shopping behaviour.

REFERENCES

A. Rangaswamy and G.H. Van Bruggen (2005); ―Opportunities and challenges

in multichannel marketing: An introduction to the special issue‖, Journal of

Interactive Marketing, 19(2),p.:5-11

Ahuja, M. K., Gupta, B., & Raman, P. (2003): An Empirical Investigation of

Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior [Electronic version]. Communications of

the ACM, 46(12ve), pp. 145-151. Retrieved 18 April 2005

fromhttp://portal.acm.org/cacm/ve1203.

96
Alba J, Lynch J, Weitz B, Janiszewki C, Lutz R, Sawyer A and Wood,S(1997) ―

Interactive Home shopping: Consumer Retailer and Manufacturer incentive to

participate in Electronic Market places, ―Journal of Marketing,61(3),pp38-54

A. Ansari, C.F. Mela, and S.A. Neslin (2008); ―Customer channel migration‖;

Journal of Marketing Research; XLV: pp.:60-76.

Adams, Dennis A., R . Ryan Nelson, & Peter A. Todd, (1992), "Perceived

Usefulness, Ease of Use, Usage of Information Technology: A replication", MIS

Quarterly (June), pp.: 227-247

Aladwani, Adel M., & Prashant C. Palvia, (2002), "Developing and Validating

and Instrument for measuring User-Perceived Web Quality", Information and

Management, 39, pp.:467-476.

Allred, R.C., Smith M.S and Swinyard, R.W (2006), ‗E-shopping lovers and

fearful conservatives: a market segmentation analysis‘, International Journal of

Retail and Distribution Management.34-45, pp.:308-333

Ankur Kumar Rastogi(2010): A study of Indian online consumers and their

buying behavior, International Research Journal Vol 1 Issue 10 pp.:80

Allred, R.C., Smith M.S and Swinyard, R.W (2006), ‗E-shopping lovers and

fearful conservatives: a market segmentation analysis‘, International Journal of

Retail and Distribution Management.34-4/5,308-333

Ahuja, M. K., Gupta, B., & Raman, P. (2003): An Empirical Investigation of

Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior [Electronic version]. Communications of

the ACM, 46(12ve), pp. 145-151. Retrieved 18 April 2005 from

http://portal.acm.org/cacm/ve1203.

Anastasi, A. (1982). Psychological testing (5th ed.), New York: Macmillan. An,

D., (2003). An empirical study of Hall and Hofstede‘s cultural values; A content

97
analysis of Internet advertising in Korea and United States, Submitted the

partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in

the College of Mass communications and Information Studies, University of

South Carolina.

Allred, R.C., Smith M.S and Swinyard, R.W (2006), ‗E-shopping lovers and

fearful conservatives: a market segmentation analysis‘, International Journal of

Retail and Distribution Management.34-4/5,308-333

Acquisti and Varian (2005), ―Conditioning Prices on Purchase History‖,

Journal of Marketing Science, Vol. 24(3), pp.: 367–381.

Ahmad. S. (2002), ―Service failures and customer selection: A Closer look at

online shopping experiences‖, Journal of Managing Service Quality, Vol. 12(1),

pp19-29.

Alan D. Smith and Dean R. Manna (2004), ―Exploring the trust factor in e-

medicine‖, Online Information Review, Vol. 28(5), pp. 346-355.

Abdesselam, R. (2002), ―Guidelines for Improving the Development of Web-

Based Applications Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Web

Site Evolution‖, (WSE‘02) IEEE page 93-94.

Aleja I, Sisan and Joan Fontradona (2005), ―Ethical Aspects at E-Commerce:

Data Subjects and Context‖, New York Times, March 20.

Ann E. Schlosser, Tiffany Barnett White, & Susan M. Lloyd (2006),

―Converting Website Visitors into Buyers: How Web Site Investment Increases

Consumer Trusting Beliefs and Online Purchase Intentions‖, Journal of

Marketing, Vol. 70 (April 2006), pp.:133–148

Armstrong, G. & Kotler, P. (2005), “Marketing: an introduction”, USA:

Pearson, New Jersey, 7th Edition.

98
Augustine S. Ihator (2001), ―Communication Style in the Information Age‖, An

International Journal of corporate communication, Vol-6 (4), pp.: 199-204.

Austin M. Jill and Reed Mary Lynn (1999), ―Targeting children online: Internet

advertising ethics issues‖, Journal of consumer Marketing, Vol. 16, pp.: 590-

602.

B. Graham. Cannibalization as a growth strategy. Adscovery, November 30,

2009. Available at http://adscovery.wordpress.com/2009/11/30/cannibalization-

as-a-growth-strategy

B. Deleersnyder, I. Geyskens, K. Gielens, and M.G. Dekimpe; ― How

cannibalistic is the Internetchannel? A study of the newspaper industry in the

United Kingdom and The Netherland‖; International Journal of Research in

Marketing, 19:337-348, 2002.

Bagozzi, Richard P. (1974). Marketing as an organized behavior system of

exchange. Journal of Marketing, 38 (4), pp.:77-81.

Black, Gregory S. (2005), ―Is e-bay for everyone? An assessment of Consumer

Demographics‖, Advancement Management Journal, Vol70, No.1, winter pp

50-59

Bellman, S., Lohse, G. L., & Johnson, E. J. (1999), ―Predictors of online buying

behavior‖, Communications of the ACM, 42(12), pp. 32-38.

Brengman, M., Guenes, M., Weijters, B., Smith, M.S and Swinyard R.W (2005)

―Segmenting Internet Shoppers based in their web usage related lifestyle: across

cultural validation‖, Journal of Business Research Vol 58, pp.:79-88

Bakos, J. Y. (1991), ―A Strategic Analysis of Electronic Marketplaces‖, MIS

Quarterly, Vol.15 (3), pp. 295–310.

99
Basho Kalinda (2000), ―The Licensing of Our Personal Information: Is it a

Solution to Internet Privacy?‖, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol.15 (3),

pp.142–150

Beauchamp, T.L. (1980), ―Ethical theory and its application to business‖,

Prentice-Hall, 3rd Edition.

Becker, S., Berkemeyer, A and Zou, B (2000), ―A goal driven approach to

assessing the usability of an E-Commerce System‖, Cutter IT Journal, Vol.13

(4), pp. 25-34.

Belch, G.E. & Belch, M.A. (2004), ―Advertising and promotion: an integrated

marketing communications perspective‖ New York: McGraw-Hill, 6th Edition.

Beltramini, Richard (2003), ―Application of the Unfairness Doctrine to

Marketing Communications on the Internet‖, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.

42(4), pp. 393-400.

Benjamin, R. and Wigant R. (1995), ―Electronic Market and Virtual value chain

on the Information Superhighway‖, Management Review, winter, pp 62-72.

Biswas, A., Krishnan, R. (2002), "The Internet's impact on marketing‖,

Introduction to the JBR special issue on ―Marketing on the Web – behavioral,

strategy and practices and public policy", Journal of Business Research,

B.S Bureau (2009): ―Indians using internet more frequently to shop‖: study

Business Standard August 17 p-3

Bernroider W N Edward, Hampel Alexander(2004), ―E-Business Adoption in

Marketing and its Relationship with Factors in SWOT Analysis: an Empirical

Investigation of Small Software Businesses‖, The 4th International Conference

on Electronic Business - Shaping Business Strategy in a Networked World,

Academic Publishers/World Publishing Corporation, pp. 284-289.

100
Bette Ann stead and Jackie Gilbert (2001), ―Ethical issues in Electronic

Commerce‖ Journal of business Ethics, Vol.25 (1), pp 167-186.

Bajdak A (2003), "Internet marketing" www.internetmarketing.com

Bothma. C.H. (2000),‖ E-commerce for South African Managers‖, Irene, South

Africa: Interactive Reality.

Brenkert. G. (2002), ‗Marketing ethics‘, A Companion to Business Ethics,

Oxford: Oxford Blackwell Publishing, pp.178–194.

Buchholz, Rogene A. (1989), ―Fundamental Concepts and Problems in Business

Ethics‖ Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Bush, Victoria D., Venable, Beverly T., Bush and Alan J (2000), ―Ethics and

Marketing on the Internet: Practitioners' Perceptions of Societal, Industry and

Company Concerns‖, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 23 (3), pp. 237-248.

Business Time (1996), ―The Internet get a board on be left behind‖, Business

Times, Weekend Edition, February 17-18.

Bakos, Y.J. (1991), ―A Strategic Analysis of Electronic Marketplaces‖, MIS

Quarterly (15:3), pp.295-310.

Bellman, S., Lohse, G. L., & Johnson, E. J. (1999). Predictors of online buying

behaviour.Communications of the ACM, 42(12), pp. 32-38.

Brengman, M., Guenes, M., Weijters, B., Smith, M.S and Swinyard R.W (2005)

―Segmenting Internet Shoppers based in their web usage related lifestyle: across

cultural validation,’ Journal of Business Research 58, 79-88

Bakos, Y.J. (1997), ―Reducing Buyer Search Costs: Implications for Electronic

Marketplaces,‖ Management Science (43:12), pp. 1676-1692.

Bakos, Y.J. (1998), ―The Emerging Role of Electronic Marketplaces on the

Internet‖, Communications of the ACM (41:8), pp. 35-42.

101
Braga, CA., (2002), ―Globalization and Technology: You Can‘t Put the Genie

Back in the Bottle Again‖, March.

Burroughs, Richard E., & Sabherwal, Rajiv, (2001), ―Determinants of retail

electronic purchasing : a multi-period investigation‖, INFOR, 40 (1):35-56

Caudill Eve M. and Murphy Patrick E. (2000), ―Consumer Online Privacy:

Legal and Ethical Issues‖, Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 19(1),

pp. 7-19.

Chandra Ashish, Andrew Sikula and David P. Paul (2004), ―Ethical

considerations in the marketing of e-health products‖, International Journal of

Medical Marketing, Vol. 4(2), pp. 110–118.

Changi NamChan Ik Park , Euehun Lee, Chanhoo Song (2006), ―Consumers‘

Privacy Concerns and Willingness to Provide Marketing-Related Personal

Information Online‖, Journal of the American Society for Information Science

and Technology, Vol. 57(4), pp. 479-492.

Chaudhari Chetan and Marathe Milind (2007), ―Marketing to Children—Issues

and Remedies‖ Journal of Consumer Markets & Marketing, Vol. 4(2), pp. 199-

223

Cheeseman. H.R. (2000), ―Contemporary Business and E-Commerce Law‖,

USA: Pearson, New Jersey, 2nd Edition.

C. Shi. Rites of passage: How e-tail is growing up. Multichannel Executive

Symposium, 1-10, January 17-18, 2005. Available at

http://www.mckinsey.com/practices/retail/knowledge/articles/ multichannel

executive symposium summary

Cheung Christy M K and Lee Matthew K O (2006), ―Understanding consumer

trust in Internet shopping: A multidisciplinary approach‖, Journal of the

102
American Society for Information Science and Technology”, Vol. 57(4), pp.

479-492.

Childers, T.L, Carr, C.L, Peck J, Carson S. (2001), "Hedonic and utilitarian

motivations for online retail shopping behaviour", Journal of Retailing, Vol.77,

No. 4, pp 11-39

Changchit C. and Vokurka R. (2003). "Factors Influencing the Internet

Shopping Behaviour,‖ Proceedings of the Decision Sciences Institute Annual

Meeting, November 22-25, Washington, D. C.

Chiu Yu-Bin; Lin Chieh-Peng; Tang Ling-Lang, (2005), ―Gender differs:

assessing a model of online purchase intentions in e-tail service‖, Vol. 16(5),

pp. 416-435.

Constantinides, E. (2004), ―Influencing the online consumer‘s behavior: the

web experience‘, Internet Research 14:2,111-126

Chiang, K. P., & Dholakia, R. R. (2003). Factors driving consumer intention to

shop online: An empirical investigation. Journal of consumer psychology, 13

(1&2), 177-183.

Chen, L.-d., Gillenson, M. L., & Sherrell, D. L. (2002) Enticing online

consumers: an extended technology acceptance perspective [Electronic version].

Information &Management, 39(8), pp. 705-719. Retrieved 30 November 2004

from Science Direct.

Cheung, C.M.K., Zhu, L., Kwong, T., Chan, G.W.W. & Limayem, M. (2003,

June).Online consumer behavior: a review and agenda for future research, 16th

Bled eCommerce Conference, Bled Slovenia, pp.:194-218

103
Chen, S. -J., & Chang, T. -Z. (2003), ―A descriptive model of online shopping

process: some empirical results‖, International Journal of Service Industry

Management, vol 14(5), 556-569.

Constantinides, E. (2004) ‗Influencing the online consumer‘s behavior: the web

experience‘, Internet Research 14:2,111-126

Cafiero, W., (1996), ―First Electronic Commerce World 1996‖ Conference,

Columbus, OH.

Chaudhury, A., & Kuilboer, J.(2002), ―E-Business and Infrastructure‖,

McGraw-Hill,

Choudhury, V., (1998), ―Uses and Consequences of Electronic Markets: An

Empirical Investigation in the Aircraft Parts Industry,‖ MIS Quarterly (22:4),pp.

471-507.

Chiang, K. P., & Dholakia, R. R. (2003). Factors driving consumer intention to

shop online: An empirical investigation. Journal of consumer psychology, 13

(1&2), 177-183.

Chen, L.-d., Gillenson, M. L., & Sherrell, D. L. (2002) Enticing online

consumers: an extended technology acceptance perspective [Electronic version].

Information &Management, 39(8), pp. 705-719. Retrieved 30 November 2004

from Science Direct.

Cheung, C.M.K., Zhu, L., Kwong, T., Chan, G.W.W. & Limayem, M. (2003,

June).Online consumer behavior: a review and agenda for future research, 16th

Bled eCommerce Conference, Bled Slovenia, 194-218

Chen, S. -J., & Chang, T. -Z. (2003). A descriptive model of online shopping

process: some empirical results. International Journal of Service Industry

Management, 14(5), 556-569.

104
Chiung-wen (Julia) Hsu (2006), ―Privacy concerns, privacy practices and web

site categories‖, Online Information Review, Vol. 30(5), pp. 569-586.

Choudhury Vivek and Karahanna Elena (2008), ―The Relative advantages of

electronic channels: A multidimensional view”, MIS QUARTERLY, VOL. 32(1),

pp. 179-200.

Chung W. and Paynter J, (2002), ―Privacy issues on the internet‖, Journal:

System Sciences, Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International

Conference, pp. 2501-2509.

Churchill, Gilbert A., Jr. (1991), ―Marketing Research: Methodological

Foundations‖, Chicago, IL: Dryden Press, 5th Edition.

Cohan John (Nov 2004), ―Towards a New Paradigm in the Ethics of Women'

Advertising‖, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 15(3) pp. 142–150.

Donthu, N. and Garcia, A. (1999)‘ ‗The Internet Shopper‘, Journal of

Advertising Research vol 39.

Dash S.B. and Saji K.B. (2006). "Role of effective Website-Design in online

shopping: A large scale empirical study in the Indian Context". NASMEI

International conference on 'Marketing in the new global order' Dec 18-20, IIM

Indore.

Dreze, X., & Zufryden, F., (2004), ―Measurement of Online Visibility and its

impact on internet traffic‖, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 20-37

Dash S.B. and Saji K.B. (2007). "Role of Self-Efficacy and Website Social-

Presence in Customers' Adoption of B2C Online Shopping: An Empirical Study

in the Indian Context". Journal of International Consumer Marketing. Vol. 20,

No. 2, pp 33-48.

105
Data monitor (Published June 2007),―Internet Access in India‖,

www.datamonitor.com.

Donthu, N. and Garcia, A. (1999)‘ ‗The Internet Shopper‘, Journal of

Advertising Research vol 39.

David Luna, Laura A. Peracchio and María Dolores de Juan (2003), ―The

Impact of Language and Congruity on Persuasion in Multicultural E-

Marketing‖, Journal of consumer Psychology, Vol. 13(1&2), pp. 41–50.

Davidson Alistair, Copulsky Jonathan (2006), ―Managing webmavens:

relationships with sophisticated customers via the Internet can transform

marketing and speed innovation‖, Journal of Strategy and Leadership, Vol.

34(3), pp. 14-22.

Dawn G. Gregg and Judy E. Scott (2006), ―The Role of Reputation Systems in

Reducing On-Line Auction Fraud‖, International Journal of Electronic

Commerce, Vol.10 (3), pp. 95–120.

Dawson Ron, Dawson Tasra, (2007), ―Building your business with Video

Blogging‖, Journal Event DV, Vol. 20(4), pp. 22-24, 26-27.

De George, R.T. (2003), ―The Ethics of Information Technology and Business‖,

Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 20(4), pp. 243-251.

Debasish Banerjee, Thomas W. Jones and Timothy Paul Cronan(1996), ―The

association of demographic variables and ethical behaviour of information

system personnel‖, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 96(3), pp. 3–

10.

Deckmyn D. (1999), ―Critics Say Self-Regulation effort may' legitimists Spam‖

Computer world, Vol. 33 (35), pp. 41-42.

106
Dennis L. Duffy, Asheville (2005), ―Affiliate marketing and its impact on e-

commerce‖, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 22(3), pp. 161–163

D. Sharma and J.B. Gassenheimer(2009); ―Internet channel and perceived

cannibalization: Scale development and validation in a personal selling

context”; European Journal of Marketing, 43(7/8):1076-1091.

Dobele Angela, Lindgreen Adam; Beverland Michael; Vanhamme Joëlle, van

Wijk Robert, (2007), ―Why pass on viral messages?.Because they connect

emotionally‖, Journal: Business Horizons, Vol. 50(4), pp. 291-298.

Digital Strategy Consulting (2009), ―Digital Strategy Consulting & Partners‖

Report.

Dobio, K. Grant J. and Reedy, K. (2001), ―Product Motivation and purchasing

activity and explanatory study of consumer‘s Internet purchasing activity‖,

Journal of Promotion Management. Vol. 6, pp. 31-43

Douglas, Ching Shan HUI (Oct. 2001), ―Key Aspects on Consumer Behaviour

of Hong Kong Internet Shopper‖, Social Science Research Network Electronic

Paper Collection: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=287997

Douglas, Ching Shar Hui, (Oct. 2001), ―How to facilitate Internet shopping in

HongKong-An Empirical Study‖, http//papers.ssrna.com/abstract-287997.

Du Plessis, F, Bothma, N., Jordaan, Y. & van Heerden, N. (2003), ―Integrated

marketing communication‖, South Africa Education., Edition 2nd.

Duffy L Dennis. (2005), ―Affiliate marketing and its impact on e-commerce‖,

Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 22, pp. 42–53.

Efrim Boritz, Sundar Raj, June (2006), ―Internet Privacy Research: Framework,

Review and Opportunities‖, Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol.

20, pp. 1-63.

107
E. Brynjolfsson, Y. Hu, and M.S. Rahman(2009); ―Battle of the retail channels:

How product selection and geography drive cross-channel competition‖;

Management Science, 55(11):1755-1765.

E. Overby and S. Jap; ―Electronic and physical market channels: A multiyear

investigation in a market for products of uncertain quality‖; Management

Science, 55(6):940-957, 2009.

Ellen R. Foxman and Paula Kilcoyne (1993), ―Information Technology,

MarketingPractice, and Consumer Privacy: Ethical Issues‖, Journal of Public

Policy & Marketing, Vol. 12 (1) pp. 106-119.

Evangelos Moustaka.C. Ranganathan and Penny Duquenoy (2006), ―E-mail

marketing at the crossroads‖, Journal of Internet Research, Vol. 16 ( 1), pp. 38-

52.

Friedman, Batya, Peter Kahn, and Daniel Howe, (2000), "Trust Online",

Communications of the ACM, 43 (12), 34-40.

Fareena Sultan, Urban Glen L. , Shanker Venkatesh and Bart Lakov Y. (Dec.

2002), ―Determinants and Role of trust in E. Business‖, working paper 4282-02,

MIT Slon School of Management, http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=380404

Federal Trade Commission (June, 2005), ―The UD safe web Act, protecting

consumers from Spam, spyware and fraud.‖ A legislative recommendation to

congress, June 2005, www.ftc.gov.

Fergusan, K.G. (2001), ―Call ID- whose privacy is it Anyway‖, Journal of

Business Ethics, Vol. 29, pp. 227-237.

Goldsmith, R.E. (2000). ―How innovativeness differentiates online buyers‖,

Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 323-33.

108
Gene R. Laczniak and Patrick E. Murphy (2006), ―Marketing, Consumer and

technology, Perspectives for Enhancing Ethical Transactions‖, Business Ethics

Quarterly, Vol. 14(2), pp. 81-87.

Gervey. B. and J. Lin (2000), ―Obstacles on the Internet: a new Advertising

Age survey finds privacy and security concerns are blocking the growth of e-

commerce,‖ Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 19(3), pp. 12-26.

Gorling Stefan (2004) ―An Introduction to the Parasite Economy‖ Online

InformationReview, Vol. 28(2), pp. 146-165

Grabner-Kraeuter and Sonja (2002), ― The Role of Consumers' Trust in Online-

Shopping‖, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 39(1/2), pp. 43-50.

Gurgeon B. Slawiszynakim (2002), ―e-commerce‖ Internetional Journal of

Retail and distribution Management, Vol-30(13), pp. 595-602.

Ha, Y. & Stoel, L. (2004). Internet apparel shopping behaviors: the influence of

general innovativeness. International Journal of Retail & Distribution

Management, 32(8), 377-385.

Hellenes S. (2004); Global Marketing- A Decision Oriented Approach, (3rd

Edition) Edinburgh Gate, Pearson Higher Education

Haubl, G., Trifts, V. (2000); Consumer Decision Making in Online Shopping

Environments: The Effects of Interactive Decision Aids; Faculty of Business,

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R6. Vol. 19, No. 1, pp.

4–21

Hsiu-Fen, L. (2007). ―The Impact of Website Quality Dimensions on Customer

Satisfaction in the B2C E-commerce Context,‖ Total Quality Management and

Business Excellence, 18(4), 363–78.

109
Harris Lisa and Spence Laura J. (2002), ―The Ethics of E-banking‖, Journal of

Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3(2), pp. 59-66.

Hayes and David (1996), ―Child-Friendly Internet Sites: Fine Fun, or Sly

Salesmanship?‖, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, Vol.10

(4), pp. 309 – 335.

Helen Robinson, Anna Wysocka and Chris and (2007), ―Internet advertising

effectiveness The effect of design on click-through rates for banner ads‖,

International Journal of Advertising, Vol.26(4), pp. 527–541

Hwiman Chung and Euijin Ahn(2007), ―The Effects of Web Site Structure: The

Role of Personal Difference‖ Cyberpsychology & behavior, Vol. 10(6), pp.749-

755.

Hooker, J.N. (Oct. 1996), ―Three kinds of Ethics‖, available on

http://www.gsia.cmu.edu/afs/andrew/gsia/jh38/jnh.html.

Hong Youl Ha (2004), “Journal of Product & Brand Management Volume 13 ·

Number 5 · 2004 · pp. 329–342 Emerald Group Publishing Limited · ISSN

1061-0421.

Ha, Y. & Stoel, L. (2004). Internet apparel shopping behaviors: the influence of

general innovativeness. International Journal of Retail & Distribution

Management, 32(8), 377-385.

Hellenes S. (2004), ―Global Marketing- A Decision Oriented Approach‖

Edinburgh Gate, Pearson Higher Education 3rd edition.

Hoffman, D.L., Novak, T.P., and Peralta, M(1999) "Building consumer trust

online," Association for Computing Machinery‖, Communications of the ACM

(42:4) 1999, pp. 80.

Hanson W. (2000). Principles of Marketing Management .West Publishing

110
I. Geyskens, K. Gielens, and M.G. Dekimpe(2002), ―The market valuation of

internet channel additions‖ Journal of Marketing, 66(2) pp.:102-119.

Jayewardene, C. (2004), "Measurement of Service quality in Internet delivered

services: the development and validation of an instrument", Journal of

Marketing Management, vol 9 pp.:10-15

Jayewardene, C., Wright, L.T., Masterson, R. (2003), "An investigation of

online purchasing", Journal of Qualitative Market Vol 8 pp.40-45.

Judy Strauss, Adel el Ansary, Raymond Frost (3rd edition). E-Marketing.

Pearson Education, New Delhi

Joines, L., Scherer, W, & Scheufele, A. (2003), ― Exploring motivations for

consumer web use and their implications for e-commerce‖, Journal of

Consumer Marketing; 20(2/3). 20:2, 90-108

Jackson Anita and Decarmier Ray (1999), "Email Survey response rate:

targeting increase response, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 17(3), pp.

135-139.

Jacques Nantel and William A. Weeks (1996), ―Marketing ethics: is there more

to it than the utilitarian approach?‖ , European Journal of Marketing, Vol.

30(5), pp. 9-19.

J. Chu, P.K. Chintagunta, and N.J. Vilcassim(2007); ―Assessing the economic

value of distribution channels: An application to the personal computer

industry‖, Journal of Marketing Research,XLIV:29-41, 2007.

J. Avery, T.J. Steenburgh, J. Deighton, and M. Caravella(2009); ―Adding bricks

to clicks: The contingencies driving cannibalization and complementarity in

multichannel retailing‖ Harvard Business School Working Paper, 07-043.

111
J., Hess, E. Gerstner, and W. Chu (1996); ―Controlling product returns in direct

marketing‖; Marketing Letters, 7(4):307-317.

J. Zhang, P.W. Farris, J.W. Irvin, T. Kushwaha, T.J. Steenburgh, and B.A.

Weitz (2010); ―Crafting integrated multichannel retailing strategies‖; Harvard

Business School Working Paper 09-125.

Janusz Wielki, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland (2007), ―The

social andethical aspects connected with e-space development‖, Journal of

Information, Communication & Ethics in Society, Vol. 5(4), pp. 321-333.

Jef I. Richards (1997), ―Legal Potholes on the Information Superhighway‖,

Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 16(21), pp. 319-326

Jonna Jarvelainen (2007), ―Online Purchase Intentions: An Empirical Testing of

a Multiple-Theory Model‖, Journal of organizational computing and electronic

commerce, Vol. 17(1), pp. 53–74.

Jupitor Communication (2000), ―E-Mail Marketing Delivering the

Message‖http/cybertias.internet.com/markets/advertising/article/0,1323,5941,35

6791.

Kotler and Armstrong(2011), ―Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall.

Kant, I (1788) in Mary, J.G. (Ed.) Collogue of Practical Reason, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge MA 1997.

Kim, S.Y. & Lim, Y.J., "Consumer's Perceived Importance of and Satisfaction

with Internet Shopping", Electronic Markets, Vol. 11 (3), 2001, pp-148.

Korgaonkar PK, Wolin LD (1999). ―A multivariate analysis of web usage‖.

Journal of advertising Research 39(2): 53-68.

Kim, D.J, Cho, B., and Rao, H.R., 2000, ―Effects of Consumer Lifestyles on

Purchasing Behaviour on the Internet: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical

112
Validation‖, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Information

Systems, Australia, pp 688 – 695.

Kotler.P (2000).Marketing Management. Pearson Education, New Delhi

Kenneth C. Loudon, Traver. E-commerce Business, Technology and Society.

Pearson prentice hall, New Delhi

Kamlesh K. Bajaj, Debjani Nag (2nd edition).E-commerce the cutting edge of

business. Tata Mc Graw hill

Kumar Rajinder (2002); ―Impact of IT on Growth and Performance of Banking

System”; Doctoral Dissertation, Punjabi University Patiala.

Katyal K Sonia (May 2005), ―Privacy v/s Privacy‖, Yale J. Law & Tech, Vol. 7,

pp. 222

Kobsa A. (2004), ―Clear Privacy Practices Boost Online Sales‖, Retrieved

November 22, 2004 from http://www.truste.org/articles/kobsa~oct.php

K.C. Laudon and C.G. Traver; “E-Commerce 2011: Business, Technology,

Society”; Prentice Hall, 2011.

K. Grashaw; “What are the key challenges facing content producers and

owners online. e-Trenz, July 16, 2010”; Available at http://e-

trenz.com/2010/07/what-are-the-key-challenges-facing-content-producers-and-

owners-online/ (accessed on January 9, 2011).

K. Lobaugh. Deloitte‘s 2009; ― online retail business capability assessment:

Measuring the leaders and the laggards”; Deloitte Research Report,

2009.Available at

http://www.deloitte.com/assets/DcomUnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents

/consumer%20Business/us Retail SORO%20POV 092109.pdf (accessed on

January 20, 2011)

113
Kossecki Pawel, Swierczynska-Kaczor Urzula (2003), ―No Trust, No

Transaction-TheImplication for Te Internet Suppliers‖, Information Security

Solution European Conference, The European contribution, Speech/00/344.

Kotler, P. and Turner, R. (1981), ―Marketing Management‘, Prentice-Hall,

Englewood Cliffs.

Krishnamurthy Sandeep (Sep. 2000), ―Spam Revisited‖, Journal of Computer

world, Vol. 32(18), pp. 33-34.

Krohm, Gregory (1997), "Insurance fraud on the Internet" CPCU Journal, Vol.

50(3)

Kim, S., Williams, R., & Lee, Y. (2003). Attitude toward online shopping and

retail website quality: A comparison of US and Korean consumers. Journal of

International Consumer Marketing, 16 (1).

Koufaris, M., Kambil, A., & La Barbera, P. A. (2001-2002). Consumer behavior

in Web based commerce: An empirical study. International Journal of

Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 115-138.

Koufaris, M. (2002). Applying the Technology acceptance model and flow

theory to online consumer behavior. Information System Research, 13 (2), 205-

223.

Koyuncu, C. and Bhattacharya, G., 2004, ―The Impacts of Quickness, Price,

Payment Risk, and Delivery Issues on On-line Shopping‖, Journal of Socio-

Economics, Vol.33,pp.: 241-251.

Kim, J. and Park J. (2005), ‗A consumer‘s shopping extension model: attitude

shift toward the online store‘ Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management

9:1,pp.:106-121.

114
Kim, S., Williams, R., & Lee, Y. (2003). Attitude toward online shopping and

retail website quality: A comparison of US and Korean consumers. Journal of

International Consumer Marketing, vol 16 (1).

Koufaris, M., Kambil, A., & La Barbera, P. A. (2001-2002). Consumer behavior

in Web based commerce: An empirical study. International Journal of

Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), pp.:115-138.

Koufaris, M. (2002). Applying the Technology acceptance model and flow

theory to online consumer behavior. Information System Research, 13 (2), pp.:

205-223.

Koyuncu, C. and Bhattacharya, G., 2004, ―The Impacts of Quickness, Price,

Payment Risk, and Delivery Issues on On-line Shopping‖, Journal of Socio-

Economics, Vol.33, pp.:241-251.

Kim, J. and Park J. (2005), ‗A consumer‘s shopping extension model: attitude

shift toward the online store‘ Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management

9:1,106-121

Lavin Marilyn (2006), ―Cookies: What do consumers know and what can they

learn?‖ Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Vol.

14(4), pp.279–288.

Leitch Shona and Warren Matthew(2002) ―Ethics and Electronic Commerce‖,

School of Computing and Mathematics, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria,

Australia.

Lennon, Sharron J., Lillethun, Abby & Buckland, Sandra S. (1999), ―Attitudes

toward social comparison as a function of self-esteem: Idealized appearance and

body image‖, Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal, Vol. 27(4), pp.

379 – 406.

115
Leverick Fiona, Littler Dale, Wilson Dominic and Bruce Margaret (1997),

―The Role of IT in the reshaping of marketing‖, Journal of Marketing Practice:

Applied Marketing Science, Vol. 3(2), pp. 87-106.

Libai Barak, Biyalogorsky, (2003), ―Setting referral fees in affiliate marketing‖,

Journal of Service Research, Vol.5 (4), pp. 303-315.

Liebermann Yehoshua; Stashevsky Shmuel, (2002), ―Perceived risks as barriers

to Internet and e-commerce usage‖, Journal of Service Research, Vol. 6(4), pp.

291-300.

Lee, J., Park, D.-H. & Han, I. (2008), ―The effect of negative online consumer

reviews on product attitude: An information processing view‖, Electronic

Commerce Research and Applications, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp.341-352 .

Lee, D., Park, J., and Ahn, J. "On the Explanation of Factors Affecting E-

Commerce Adoption," Proceedings of the 22"nd International Conference on

Information Systems,

Lohse GL, Bellman S, Johnson EJ (2000). ―Consumer buying behaviour on the

Internet‖. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 14(1), pp15-29.

Lohse, GL.; and Spiller.(1999), ― Internet Retail Store Design: How the user

interface influences traffic and sales‖, Journal of Computer Meditated

Communications, Vol 5 No.2

La Tour and Henthorne (1994), ―Ethical judgments of sexual appeals in print

advertising‖, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 23(3), pp. 81 – 91.

Likoner E. (2000), ―Trust and Security in Electronic Communication‖, The

European Contribution, speech/00/344, Information Security Solution European

Conference.

116
Luo Xueming and Mojtaba Seyedian (2003), ―Contextual Marketing and

Customer-Orientation Strategy for E-Commerce: An Empirical Analysis‖,

International Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 8(2), pp. 95–118.

Liao, Z. and Cheung, M.T., 2001, ―Internet-Based E-Shopping and Consumer

Attitudes: An Empirical Study”, Information & Management, Vol. 38, 299-306.

Levy, M., & Weitz, B. A. (2001). Retailing Management (4th ed.). New York,

NY: McGraw Hill.

Mathwick, Charla, Malhoutra, Naresh, & Rigdon, Edward, (2001),

―Experiential value conceptualization, measurement and application in the

catalog and internet shopping environment‖, Journal of Retailing, 77 (1):39-56

Mesenbourg, T. L. (2002), ―Measuring electronic business‖. February, http

://www.census .gov.

Murthy, C.S.V., ―E-Commerce- Concepts, Models, Strategies‖, Himalya

Publishing House.

Mackline Ben (March 1999), ―E-Commerce at what price: Privacy protection in

the Information Economy‖, Berkeley Technology Law Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 14-

28.

Mason, R. (1986), ―Four ethical issues of the information age‖, MIS Quarterly,

Vol. 6, pp.56-89.

Mattsson Jan and Rendtorff Dahl Jacob (2006), ―E-marketing ethics: a theory

of value priorities‖, International Journal of Internet Marketing and

Advertising, Vol. 3(1), pp. 35-47

Mayer and Viktor (1996), ―Improving Computer Security on the Internet

through Novel Legal Venues - Cookies for a Treat‖? Proceedings of European

Institute for Computer Anti-Virus Research, pp.: 155-162

117
Mann Pooja, Nidhi (2008): ―Role of internet in Marketing”. Journal of IT and

Management Vol 2(1) pp.:38-53

Mordan Pooja (2008): ―Investigation of consumer perception towards internet

based E-shopping; ―Proceedings of the 4th National Conference on managing

customer loyalty, Maharishi Markendshwar University‖ pp.:28-50

Menon, S., & Kahn, B. (2002). Cross-category effects of induced arousal and

pleasure on the Internet shopping experience. Journal of Retailing, 78, 31-40.

Meijer Patricia, Styvén Maria (2001), ―Ethics in advertising: Swedish

consumers‘ perceptions of sexual appeals and body ideals‖, Journal of

Advertising, Vol. 20(4), pp. 25 – 36.

Meng H. Hsu, Chao M. Chiu and Teresa L. Ju (2004), ―Determinants of

continued use of the WWW: an integration of two theoretical models‖,

Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 104(9), pp. 766-775.

Mohsen Attaran (1999), ―Internet Based business opportunities; buyers beware

of scams‖, Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 7(4), pp. 176-

177.

Monsuwe, P.T., Dellaert, C.G Band Ruyter, and K.2004) ‗What drives

consumers to shop online? A literature review‘, International Journal of Service

Industry Management 15:1,102-121

M.J.W. Trent (2007): Thesis An exploratory study to identify the concerns that

New Zealand consumers have about business-to-consumer e-commerce

submitted at Lincoln University

Monsuwe, P.T., Dellaert, C.G Band Ruyter, and K. (2004) ‗What drives

consumers to shop online? A literature review‘, International Journal of Service

Industry Management 15:1,102-121

118
Norizan Mohd Kassim and Abdel Kader Mohammed Ahmed Abdulla (2006),

―The influence of attraction on internet banking: an extension to the trust-

relationship commitment model‖, International Journal of Bank Marketing,

Vol. 24(6), pp. 424-442.

Orme Geetu and Coralaan Ashton, (November 5, 2003), ―Ethics a foundation

Competency‖, Industrial and Commercial training, Vol. 35(5), pp. 184-190.

Oppenheim, C. and Ward, L. (2006) ‗Evaluation of websites for B2C e-

commerce‘, As lib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 58:3,237-260

Pheng, L. S., & Yuquan, S. (2002). An exploratory study of Hofstede‘s cross-

cultural dimensions in construction projects. Management Decision, 40 (1/2), 7-

16.

Panchanathan Nitin (2005) ―Curreny trend in internet marketing‖, Master thesis

in Business Administration, Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) School of

Management.

Pariter, M.E. and Millarm, V.E. (1985), ― Now Information gives you

competitive advantages‖, Harvard Business Review, July/Aug PP 105-06.

Patricia Ryan (2004), ―Internet marketing standards: institutional coherence

Issues‖, International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. 1(1),

pp. 67-82.

Paul A. Pavlou and David Gefen (2005), ―Psychological Contract Violation in

Online Marketplaces: Antecedents, Consequences, and Moderating Role.‖

Information Systems Research, Vol. 16(4), pp. 372–399.

PAUL A. PAVLOU (2002), ―What drives electronic commerce? A theory of

planned behaviour perspective‖, Library Management, Vol-22(8/9), pp. 364-

370.

119
Pavlov V Oleg. , Melville Nigel and Plice K Robert (2005), ―Mitigating the

Tragedy of the digital commons: The Problem of Unsolicited Commercial E-

Mail‖, Vol. 16, pp.73-90.

P. Demery. 15% of shoppers prefer the web channel. Internet Retailer, June 23,

2010. Available at http://www.internetretailer.com/2010/06/23/15-shoppers-

prefer-web-channel eMarketer. E-commerce sites freshen up to grow sales.

eMarketer Digital Intelligence, March 3, 2010. Available at

http://www.emarketer.com/Article.aspx?R=1007543

Pentina, L.E. Pelton, and R.W. Hasty (2009); ―Performance implications of

online entry timing by store based retailers: A longitudinal investigation‖;

Journal of Retailing, 85(2):177-193, 2009.

Prasad, J.S., Aryasri, A.S. (2009). Determinants of shopper Behavior in E-

tailing: An Empirical Analysis ABI/INFORM Global pg. 73- 83

Pawel Kossecki (2000) ―who and how should build the trust in commerce?‖

Research of Polish Internet shop” http://promocja.ecard.pl.

Peatlie, S. and Pealtie K. (1994) ―Sales Promotion‖, The Marketing Book, 3rd

Edition, pp. 534-54.

Parikh Darshan (2006), ―Profiling Internet Shoppers; A study of expected

adoption of online shopping in India‖, IIMB Management Review vol18 (3) pp

221-231

Quelch, J. and Klein, L. (1996), ―The internet and International Marketing‖,

Management Review, spring, pp. 61-75.

Rang Nathan, C., Ganapathy, S. (2002), "Key dimensions of business-to-

consumer Web sites", Information & Management, Vol.39, No. May, pp 457-

65

120
Robertshaw G. S. and Marr N. E. (2001), ―Voluntary Disclosures of Personal

Information for Direct Marketing Purposes: A Quantitative and Qualitative

Comparison of Differences between Contributors and Abstainers‖, The

International journal of the Institute of direct marketing, Vol. 15(1), pp13-32.

Rao Sally and Quester Pascale (2006), ―Ethical Marketing in the Internet era: a

research agenda‖, Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. 3(1), pp.19-34.

Rao, S.S. (1997), ―Commercialization of the Internet: New Library World‖,

98(1137):228-232. [Online] Available from: Emerald:

http://www.emeraldinsight.com

Rao. T.P. Rama (2001), ―E-Commerce and Digital Divide: Impact on

Consumers‖, Presented at the Regional Meeting for the Asia-Pacific: New

Dimensions of Consumer Protection in the Era of Globalization, Goa, India, 10-

11 September 2001.

Reichert and Ramirez (2000), ―Defining sexually oriented appeals in

advertising: A grounded theory investigation‖, Advances in Consumer

Research, Vol. 27, pp. 267 – 273.

Rendtorff, J.D. (2002), ―Values and organizational integrity: the function of

integrity inachieving organizational excellence”, Business Mastery Series, Vol.

1(2), pp.6–14.

Rendtorff, J.D. and Kemp. P. (2000), ―Basic Ethical Principles in European

Bioethics and Biolaw‖, Barcelona and Copenhagen: Institut Borjà di Bioètica

and Centre for Ethics and Law, Vol. 1-2.

R. Lal and M. Sarvary(1999); ―When and how is the internet likely to decrease

price competition‖; Marketing Science, 18(4) pp.:485-503

121
Rich Michal K. (2002), ―Are we losing trust through technology?‖ Journal of

Business and industrial Marketing, vol. 17(2/3), pp.215-222

Richard O Mason (1986), ―Management Information Systems‖, MIS Quarterly,

Vol.10(1), pp. 156-177.

Ruch nayyar(2010), ― To study the website factors on consumers online buying

behavior in india, vol 1Issue 1

Richards Sarah (Aug. 2005), ―Internet Shopping: the consumer perspective‖,

Welsh Consumer Councilor (www.walea-consumer.org)

Roberts, M. L. (2003), ―Internet Marketing: Integrating Online and Offline

Strategies‖, McGraw Hill, New York.

Rochelle Codogen (December 2001) ―The Ethics of data privacy is an

Electronic Market Place‖

Rowley Jennifer (1996), ―Retailing and shopping on the Internet‖, International

Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Volume 24(3), pp. 26–37

Russell Haines and Lori N.K. Leonard (2007), ―Individual characteristics and

ethical decision making in an IT context‖, Industrial Management & Data

Systems, Vol. 107(1), pp. 5-20.

Raju, P.S. (1980), "Optimum Stimulation level: its relationship to personality,

demographics and exploratory behaviour," Journal of Consumer Research, 7

(3), 272-82.

Oliver, R.L. (1999), "Whence customer loyalty," Journal of Marketing, 63 (4),

33-44.

122
Rodgers, Waymond, Negash, Solomon and Suk, Kwanho (2005), ―The

Moderating Effect of On-line Experience on the Antecedents and Consequences

of On-Line Satisfaction,‖ Psychology and Marketing, 22(4), 313-331.

Roehm, H.A. and Haugtvedt, C.P. (1999), "Understanding Interactivity of

Cyberspace Advertising," in Advertising and the World Wide Web, D.W. and

Thorson Schumann, E., Ed. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Rang Nathan, C., Ganapathy, S. (2002), "Key dimensions of business-to-

consumer Web sites", Information & Management, Vol.39, No. May, pp 457-65

Reichheld, Frederick F., Markey, Robert G. and Hopton, Christopher (2000b),

"E-customer loyalty - applying the traditional rules of business for online

success," European Business Journal, 12 (4), 173-79.

Sah Christina, Yong Mah Quee, jek Gan , Daniel Chew and Etha Reid (1997),

―The use of the Internet for business: the experience of early adopters in

Singapore‖, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy,

Vol.7(3), pp. 217–228.

Sally Harridge (March 2004), ―Electronic Marketing, the new kid on the block‖,

Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 22(3), pp. 297-309.

Sami Alsmadi (2002), ―Consumer Attitudes Towards Online Shopping In

Jordan: Opportunities And Challenges‖ 16-15

Shah , Rajiv and Kesan P Jay (16 July 2004), ―Recipes for Cookies: The role

of Institutions in shaping the development of communication technology‖,

Public Law and Legal Theory Research Papers Series, Vol. pp. 04-12.

Shostack, G.L. (1984), ―Designing services that deliver‖, Harvard business

Review, Jan-Feb. pp. 133-37.

123
Shuk Ying Ho. (2006), ―The Attraction of Internet Personalization to Web

Users‖, Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce.Vol.

16 (1), pp. 41–50.

S. L Gupta(2009), ― Online Shopping Behavior by Urban Indian Youth‖

Volume 3, Number 2 May 2009, pp. 119-135

Shankar, V., Smith, Amy K. and Rangaswamy, A. (2003), "Customer

satisfaction and loyalty in online and offline environments," Journal of

Research in Marketing, 20, 153-75.

Sharp, B. and Sharp, A. (1997), "Loyalty Programs and Their Impact on the

Repeat-Purchase Loyalty Patterns," International Journal of Research in

Marketing, 14 (5), 473-86.

Shih, Hung-Pin (2004), ―An empirical study on predicting user acceptance of e-

shopping on the web,‖ Information & Management, 41, 351-368.

Syed shah Alam(2008) young consumer online shopping: an empirical study

journal of internet business issue 5,2008

Steven Bellman(1999), ―Predictors of online buying behaviour Vol 42 no.2

communications of the ACM

Soderlund, M. (1998), ―Customer satisfaction and its consequences on customer

behaviour revisited: the impact of different levels of satisfaction on word-of-

mouth, feedback to the supplier, and loyalty,‖ International Journal of Services

Industry Management, 9 (2), 169-188.

Siabecker R Michael . (May 2003), ―Cookies and the Common Law” Southers

California Law Review, Vol 76(4).

124
Smith, Stephen M., Haugtvedt, Curtis P., Jadrich, John M. & Anton, Mark R.

(1995),―Understanding responses to sex appeals in advertising: An individual

difference approach” Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 22, pp. 735 – 739.

Strauss J., El-Ansary A., & Frost R. (2003) ―E-marketing‖, Upper Saddle River,

NJ: Prentice Hall, 3rd Edition.

S. Mulpuru, P. Hult, P.F. Evans, V. Sehgal, and B. McGowan; “US online retail

forecast, 2009 To 2014. Forrester Research, November 24, 2010”;Available at

http://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/us online retail forecast, 2009 to

2014/q/id/56551/t/2

Suri Ajneesh and Marissa V. Phillip (2004), ―Impact of Gender Differences on

the Evaluation of Promotional Emails‖, Journal of advertising research, Vol-

10, pp.360-368.

Sharma K,Gupta R. Manhas(2002): ―Internet Marketing: Opportunities and

Challenges‖, The Business Review Vol 9(1), pp7-13

Singh Amarinder (2001) : ―Consumer Perception of Reliability of Electric

Power System in Punjab‖, Doctoral Dissertation, Punjabi University, Patiala.

Shih, H. (2004), "An empirical study on predicting user acceptance of e-

shopping on the Web", Information & Management, Vol.41, No. 3, pp 351-

368.

Saeed, K.A, Hwang, Yo and Yi, M.Y (2003), ―Towards an integrative

framework for Online consumer Behaviour Research: A Meta Analysis

Approach‖, Journal of End user Computing, 15 Oct-Dec., pp1-17.

Schlossar, Ann E, White, Tiffany Barnett and Lloyd, Susan M. (2006),

―Converting website visitors into buyers: How website Investment increases

125
Consumer Trusting Beliefs and Online Purchase Intentions‖, Journal of

Marketing, Vol 70(2) pp133-148

Smith, D.N., Siva Kumar, K. (2002), "Flow and Internet shopping behaviour: a

conceptual model and research propositions", Journal of Business Research.

Swaminanthan V, Bharat P (1999), ―Browsers or Buyers in Cyberspace? An

investigation of factors influencing Electronic Exchanges‖, Journal of

Computer Mediated Communication, Vol 5, Issue 2

Schiffman, Kanuk (9th edition). Consumer Behaviour. Pearson Prentice Hall,

New Delhi

Swartz. J. (2004) "Is the future of Email under cyber attack? USA today.

Singh, S. N., & Dalal, N. P. (1999). Web Home pages as Advertisements.

communications of the ACM, 42(8), pp. 91-98.

Shim, S., Eastlick, M. A., Lotz, S. L., & Warrington, P. (2001). An online pre

purchase Intentions model: The role of intention to search, Journal of Retailing,

77, 394-416.

Simon, S. J. (2001). The impact of culture and gender on the websites: An

empirical study. Database for Advances in Information System, 32 (1), 18-37.

Song, J., & Zahedi, F. M. (2005). A theoretical approach to web design in E-

commerce: A Belief Reinforcement Model. Management Science, 51 (8), 1219-

1235.

Schlosser, A. E. (2003). Experiencing products in the virtual world-the role of

goal and imagery in influencing attitudes. Journal of Consumer Research,

30(2), 184-198

126
Smith, D.A and Rupp, T.W (2003) ‗Strategic online consumer decision making

leveraging the transformational power of the internet‘, Online information

Review 27:6,418-432

Swaminathan (1999) ‗Browsers or Buyers in Cyber Space? An investigation of

factors influencing Electronic Exchange,‖ Journal of Computer Mediated

Communication 5:2

Syed Shah Alam, (2008) „Young consumers online shopping: An empirical

study. Journal of Internet Business Issue 5 – 2008, 81-96

Subba Rao, S.; Truong, D.; Senecal, S.L. and Thuong, T. (2007). ―How Buyers‘

Expected Benefits, Perceived Risks, and E-Business Readiness Influence their

E-Marketplace Usage,‖ Industrial Marketing Management, 36(8), 1035–45.

Shim, Soyeon. 1996. ―Adolescent Consumer Decision-Making Styles: The

Consumer Socialization Process.‖ Psychology and Marketing 13 (6)

(September): 547-68.

Sinha, Piyush Kumar and Uniyal Dwarika Prasad (2000) ―Communication @

Point of Purchase‖, Unpublished Working Paper, Mudra Institute of

Communications, Ahmedabad.

Sinha Piyush Kumar (2003), ―Shopping Orientation in the Evolving Indian

Market‖, Vikalpa, Vol. 28 (2), April - June, pp. 13 - 22.

Saloner, G., & Spence, A., ―Creating and Capturing Value‖, Perspectives and

Cases on Electronic Commerce, New York, NY: Wiley 2002.

Schneider, G., & Perry, J., (2000), ―Electronic Commerce‖, Cambridge, MA:

Course Technology.

Sharma, Arun. (2001), ―Trends in Internet-Based Business-to-Business

Marketing‖. Industrial Marketing Management, 31,2, pp.77-84.

127
Song H. J., Zinkhan M. George,"Features of Website Design, Perceptions of

Website quality and Patronage Behavior", ACME 2003 Proceedings.

Strauss Judy, Frost Raymond, ―E-Marketing‖, Prentice- Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

Sinha, Piyush Kumar and Uniyal Dwarika Prasad (2005), ―Using Observational

Research for Behavioral Segmentation of Shoppers,‖ Journal of Retailing and

Consumer Services, 12(1), pp.: 35-48.

Shwu-Ing, W. (2003). The relationship between consumer characteristics and

attitude toward online shopping. Management Intelligence & Planning, 21(1),

37-44

Singh, S. N., & Dalal, N. P. (1999). Web Home pages as Advertisements.

Communications of the ACM, 42(8), pp. 91-98.

Shim, S., Eastlick, M. A., Lotz, S. L., & Warrington, P. (2001). An online pre

purchase Intentions model: The role of intention to search, Journal of Retailing,

77, 394-416.

Simon, S. J. (2001). The impact of culture and gender on the websites: An

empirical study. Database for Advances in Information System, 32 (1), 18-37.

Song, J., & Zahedi, F. M. (2005). A theoretical approach to web design in E-

commerce: A Belief Reinforcement Model. Management Science, 51 (8), 1219-

1235.

Schlosser, A. E. (2003). Experiencing products in the virtual world-the role of

goal and imagery in influencing attitudes. Journal of Consumer Research,

30(2), 184-198

Smith, D.A and Rupp, T.W (2003) ‗Strategic online consumer decision making

leveraging the transformational power of the internet‘, Online information

Review 27:6,418-432

128
Swaminathan (1999) ‗Browsers or Buyers in Cyber Space? An investigation of

factors influencing Electronic Exchange,‖ Journal of Computer Mediated

Communication 5:2

Syed Shah Alam(2008) “Young consumers online shopping: An empirical

study‖ Journal of Internet Business Issue 5 – 2008, 81-96

Turban et al.(2002), ―Electronic Commerce 2002: A Managerial Perspective,

Upper Saddle, N.J: Prentice-Hall.

Tamara Eisenschitz (2001), ―Email Law‖, Aslib Proceeding, Vol-54(1), pp. 41-

47.

Tarsal and Michael, (1997), ―On-Line Security Is Swiss Cheese: A Survey

Finds,‖ Investors’ Business Daily, January 20, 1997, p. A6.

Terry Nolan, Ray Brizland and Linda Macaulay (2007), ―Individual trust and

development of online business communities‖ Information Technology &

People, Vol. 20(1), pp. 53-71.

Tianyong Wang; Zhengliang Xu,Go Gao, (2005), ―The model of internet

marketingprogram considering 21s‖, Journal: Services Systems and Services

Management, Vol. 1, pp. 451-456.

Urban Glen, (2006), ―Giving Voice To The Customer‖, Journal Optimize, Vol.

5(1), pp. 24-29.

Vijayasarathy, L. R. (2001). The impact of shopping orientations, product types,

and shopping Aids on Attitude and Intention to use online shopping. Quarterly

Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2 (2), 99-113.

Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F. D. (2000), ―A theoretical extension of the

technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies,‖ Management

Science, 46(2).

129
Vasterby, T. and Chabert, M. (2001) E-Marketing, Viby J, Jyllands-Posten

Erhvervsbogklubb.

V. Storey, S. Sarker, and J. 1. DeGross (eds.), New Orleans, Louisiana, 2001,

pp109- 120.

Virdi S, Puri, Modi and Sehgal (2007); Pragmatic Buyers or Browsers? A study

of online buying behaviour. Journal of Indian Management Studies Vol II

pp141-166

Willis, J. L. (2004). What impact will e-commerce have on the U.S economy?

Economic Review, 89 (2), 53-71.

Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia.(Online) (2006), Online shopping‖,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping.

Wolfinbarger, Mary, & Gilly, Mary C., (2001), ―Shopping online for freedom,

fun and control‖, California Management Review, 43 (2): 34-55.

Willis, J. L. (2004), ―What impact will e-commerce have on the U.S economy?

Economic Review, 89 (2), pp.:53-71.

Wu, G. (1999). Perceived interactivity and attitude toward website, Annual

Conference of American Academy of Advertising Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Wu, S. (2003), ―The relationship between consumer characteristics and attitude

toward online shopping‖ Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 21 (1), 37-44.

Wall S Davit. (2005), ―Digital Realism and the Governance of spam as cyber

crime‖, European Journal on Criminal policy and Research, Vol.10 (4), pp.

309-335.

Wells Barron and Spinks Nelda (1996), ―Ethics must be communicated from the

top down‖, Career Development International, Vol. 1(7), pp. 28–30.

130
Winn K Jane (2005), ―Contracting Spyware by Contract‖, European Journal of

Marketing, Vol. 31(6), pp. 24-29.

W. Chiang, D. Chhajed, and J.D. Hess (2003), ―Direct marketing, indirect

profits: A strategic analysis of dual-channel supply-chain design‖; Management

Science, 49(1):1-20, 2003.

W. Huang and J.M. Swaminathn (2009),―Introduction of a second channel:

Implications for pricing and profits‖; European Journal of Operational

Research, 194,pp.: 258-279.

X. Pan, V. Shankar, and B.T. Ratchford (2002); ―Price competition between

pure play versus bricks-and- clicks e-tailers: Analytical model and empirical

analysis‖; The Economics of the Internet and E-Commerce, 11:29-61.

X. Zhang (2009), ―Retailers‘ multichannel and price advertising strategies‖;

Journal of Marketing Science, 28(6) pp.:1080- 1094.

Yeo, M (1988), ―Marketing Ethics: the bottom line‖, Journal of Business Ethics,

Vol.71(12), pp. 29-32

Y. Liu, S. Gupta, and Z.J. Zhang; ―Note on self-restraint as an online entry-

deterrence strategy‖; Journal of Management Science, 52(11):1799-1809, 2006.

Z. Gyongyi and H. Garcia-Molina. (2005), ―Link Spam alliances‖, Proceedings

of the 31st VLDB Conference, Trondheim, Norway.

Zinnov LLC, July (2006), "Internet Penetration in India", www.zinnov.com

131