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SANDWICH CONSTRUCTIONS
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By
Summary
1
-For presentation at the Annual Meeting, American Society for Test-
ing Materials (ASTM),Atiantic City, N. J., June 17-22, 1956.
Maintained at Madison, Wis., in cooperation with the University of
Wisconsin.
Rept. No. 2055 -1- Agriculture-Madison
test methods. Nevertheless, investigations and standardization of
Introduction
across the grain are among the most difficult, and of these, the
must be evaluated.
Shoulders are provided to support the specimen. The net cross section
was reduced to 1/2 by 1/2 inch. The load is carried through shear.
With a shear area about 100 times the net tensile area and a ratio
in progressive shear failure, even though the shear area on the basis
to grain has now been quite well resolved in the modified test method
General Principles
ment of a suitable test specimen for wood emphasized the need for
ously, such large radii require specimens of rather great length and
face are commonly used with tension test specimens of many materials.
crushing under the grips due to the low compressive strength per-
mens because of the limited dimensions of the piece across the grain
of their low strength across the grain. While the use of a flat
ing wood result from its orthotropic structure and are encountered in
of tests were made to permit analysis of the data and observe its
ment of the tension specimen over the years, a brief review of the
small.
various test methods for wood and make recommendations for further
minimum cross section of .20 by .20 inch, and wedge grip supports.
ing, which might affect test results, is avoided. The report states
that tensile strength values obtained with this specimen were not
only consistent among themselves but were greater than the values
only in the cross sectional area of the test section were prepared
ponderosa pine. All specimens were 26-1/2 inches long, with a transi-
Wedge grips were used. The results showed that the difference in
these tests indicated that for the range of species tested, the
Stress ratio
93 1.089
100 1.082
150 1.055
200 1.040
250 1.032
300 1.028
360 1.023
outer fiber was therefore about 2 percent higher than the stress at
the center. The present ASTM specimen has a somewhat less favorable
inches, d = 3/16 inch). The stress at the outer edge of this specimen
loads obtained, but the exact amount of this reduction is not known.
With these criteria and specific data in mind and with the
dry Sitka spruce plank. It will be noted that there is rather close
tabulation:
Modulus of Elasticity
The data indicate that the results obtained with the new type of
specimen are less variable than with the previous type, although the
travel of 0.05 inch per minute. The present type of specimen was-
of this slower speed, the average time required to fail these speci-
specific data on the increased time and its effect on rate of loading.
a variety of softwood and hardwood species in both the green and dry
been prepared?.
much lower than the strength parallel to the grain. The ratio between
7
-Bellosillo, Simplicio B., Method of Fabricating Specimens for Tests
of Wood in Tension Parallel to Grain. U. S. Forest Products Labo-
ratory, No. TM 112.
failure with respect to the growth rings (fig. 3). Maximum tensile
stress is not uniformly distributed over the tension area, the speci-
use since 1910, and much comparative data have been obtained with
centrations, should fail in the test section and not in or near the
that some of these conditions are not compatible, and some type of
compromise is indicated.
be described here in the hope that this will lead to further needed
could be correlated. One of the specimens was the standard ASTM type
(fig. 3), and the other was identical, except that it was only 1 inch
wide. The smaller size specimen was considered for inclusion in the
do occur due to the method of loading and further that the principal
ovendry basis, and the moisture content varied from 10.6 to 10.9 per-
the wide variations that can be expected with different specimen types.
with the establishment of optimum drying rates for wood. This type
8
-Kuhne, H., Report to the FAO Second Conference on Mechanical Wood
Technology. Igls, Austria, 1951.
portion of the test section. While the specimen is long and rather
difficult to prepare, the results to date have been good, with most
and some other countries with the Monin system, employing a basic 2
stress distribution that was brought out by Coker on the ASTM standard.
The authors know of no data comparing this type of test with the
to the grain and the recognized problems with present methods indicate
or sheet of wood.
angles with respect to the grain direction of the face plies. The
gravity from values as low as 0.20 for the soft insulating type boards
down to 1-1/2 inches (fig. 9, type D) was made. Since the results
ing tensile loads to steel plates glued to the top and bottom faces
ficulties involved, tension tests of the panel itself are seldom made.
The core material usually adds very little to the tensile strength of
use the sum of the tensile strength of each facing as the tensile
Care must be taken to prevent damage to the core during the bonding
between the loading fixtures and faces must exceed the strength of
the bonds between faces and core, and care also must be taken to
Tentative C297-52T:
1 square inch.
of the industry.
for this study. The strains are measured over the central 1 inch
occurred between the knife edges of the strain gage. Figure 16 shows
for use in paper testing. The gage is light in weight and is held in
--
Carlson, T. A., A Study of Corrugated Fiberboard and Its Component
Parts as Engineering Materials. Fibre Containers, 1939.
contemplated.
Conclusions
The complex nature of wood and the wood-base materials has made
testing. ASTM standard methods have been developed and have long been
to grain for wood, plywood, and veneer. ASTM methods have also been
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Piece :Thick- : Width : Time to :Modulus of :Stress at Piece ;Thick- : Width : Time to :Modulus of :Stress at
No. : nese : : failure :elasticity : maximum No. : ness : : failure :elasticity : maximum
. : load •. . . : load
(1) • (2) • (3) : (4) : (5) : (6) (7) • (8) : (9) : (1o) : (1l) : (12)
: In. : In. :Min. Sec.: P.e.i. : P.s.i. : In. : In. :Min. Sec.; P.s.i. : P.s.i.
ST-1-T-1 : 0.248 : 0.504 : 16 31 : 2,012,000 : 20,040 SP-1-7-1 : 0.190 : 0.380: 5 00 : 2,180,000 : 218,350
2 : .250 : .500 : 16 34 : 2,107,000 : 217,530 2 : .189 : .378 : 3 52 : 2,042,000 : 20,300
3 : .252 : .502 • 1,894,000 : -19,880 3 : .189: .376: 3 53 : 2,217,000: 21,400
4 : .246 : .498 : 16 9 : 2,017,000 : 17,200 4 : .188 : .375: 3 11 : 1,797,000 : 15,460
5 : .248: .496 : 15 35 : 1,806,000: 20,080 5 : .188: .378: 3 51 : 1,717,000: 16,680
6 : .241: .498 : 17 5 : 1,783,000: 17,130 6 : .190: .377: 2 50 : 1,750,000 : 17,100
7 : .255 : .498 : 10 45 : 1,843,000: 13,860 7 : .189 : .377 : 2 52 : 1,922,000 : 17,200
Average 16 29 • 1,874,000 •
Average 18,4803 4 : 1,956,000 : 19,180
ST-2-T-1 : .230: .499 : 15 35 : 2,250,000 : 17,430 SP-2-T-1 : .191: .375: 3 45 : 2,047,000 : 18,510
2 : .250 : .502 : 15 30 : 2,215,000 : ,18,100 2 : .191 : .377: 2 45 : 1,957,000: 20,080
3 : .239: .504 : 17 45 1 2,408,000 : =19,520 3 : .187: .375: 4 11 : 2,022,000 : 221,610
4 : .247: .497 : 13 10 : 1,941,000: 18,540 4 : .188: .377 : 3 45 : 1,945,000 : -16,940
5 : .227: .501 : 17 25 : 1,965,000: 18,170 5 : .187 : .375 : 2 40 : 1,719,000 : 16,830
6 : .249 : .500 : 17 35 : 1,890,000 : 17,960 6 : .186 : .377: 2 38 : 1,927,000 : 16,900
7 : .250 : .502 : 14 5 : 1,752,000 : 15,420 7 : .185: .377 : 3 35 : 1,833,000 : 17,200
Average • 15 39 • 2,137,000
•Average 20,1403 39 : 2,060,000 : 19,560
2 55 : 2,278,000 t 221,060
ST-3-3-1 : .252 : .502 : 18 30 : 2,122,000 : -21,920 SP-3-13-1 : .182 1 .377 : h
2 : .248 4 .500 1 17 16 : 1,968,000 1 20,500 2 1 .190 2 .378 1 5 09 : 2,087,000 : -22,490
3 : .249. .500 : 18 24 : 2,186,000 : 23,330 3 : .190 : .376. 5 14 : 2,050,000. 20,220
4 : .249. .498 : 14 14 : 2,540,000. 19,970 4 1 .182 8 .375. 3 30 • 2,020,000 • 21,030
5 8 .246. .496 : 15 25 8 2,142,000. 18,480 5 1 .191 1 . 3 eo 8 4 23 : 1,998,000. 19,700
6 : .243. .498 : 11 5 : 1,845,000 : 19,010 6 : .188 : .377 : 3 44 1 1,787,000 : 18,770
7 : .252: .497 : 13 13 : 1,985,000. 20,120 7 • .181. .383 • 3 28 • 1,874,000: 19,910
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Table 5.--Comparison of tensile strengths of specimen types "C" and "D" for fiber building boards!'
The two types of specimens used in this comparison are detailed in figure 9. Load was applied to the
specimens at a uniform rate of head movement of the testing machine of 0.15 inch per minute.
?Only a single sample of each material was used; hence, the test values are not to be considered representative
of all material of each type. They were chosen merely to evaluate the test method.
-Type "C" specimen had a reduced cross section e inches wide and 2 inches long. The width at the grips was 3
inches.
4
-Type "D" specimen had a reduced cross section 1-1/2 inches wide and 2 inches long. The width at the grips was
2 inches.
Figure 2.--Tension-parallel-to-grain test assembly for the present ASTM
standard test specimen. Special grips and 2-inch gage length extenso-
meter for measuring deformation are shown.
Z M 89843 F
Figure 4.--Tension-perpendicular-to-grain specimen under test, showing
type of grips used.
Z M 107 831 F
Figure 10.--Method of testing tension normal to the panel of sandwich
construction.
Z M 64125 F
Figure 12.--Equipment used in obtaining basic information on the tensile
stress-strain characteristics of the component papers used in the
construction of corrugated container board. The specimen is tested in
a horizontal position with the strain-measuring capsule resting on the
upper face.
Z M 29344 F
Figure 16.--Tension test of necked-down type paper specimen, showing
special type strain gage. The lightweight gage is held in place by
freely suspended permanent magnets, and the rotating mirror is used
to measure strain.
Z M 108 172 F