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Objectives
䊉 To introduce the technique of cusum charts for detecting change.
䊉 To show how cusum charts should be used and interpreted.
䊉 To demonstrate the use of cusum charts in product screening and
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䊉 To cover briefly the decision procedures for use with cusum charts,
including V-masks.
1 1 11 3 21 2 31 1
2 4 12 4 22 1 32 4
3 3 13 2 23 2 33 1
4 5 14 3 24 3 34 3
5 4 15 7 25 1 35 1
6 3 16 3 26 2 36 5
7 6 17 5 27 6 37 5
8 3 18 1 28 0 38 2
9 2 19 3 29 5 39 3
10 5 20 3 30 2 40 4
months 2 and 17 than that between months 18 and 40. However, we are still
looking at individual data points on the chart.
In Figure 9.2 the same data are plotted as cumulative sums on a ‘cusum’
chart. The calculations necessary to achieve this are extremely simple and are
shown in Table 9.2. The average number of defectives, 3, has been subtracted
from each sample result and the residues cumulated to give the cusum ‘Score’,
Sr, for each sample. Values of Sr are plotted on the chart. The difference in
accident levels is shown dramatically. It is clear, for example, that from the
beginning of the chart up to and including month 17, the level of minor
accidents is on average higher than 3, since the cusum plot has a positive
slope. Between months 18 and 35 the average accident level has fallen and the
cusum slope becomes negative. Is there an increase in minor accidents
commencing again over the last five months? Recalculation of the average
number of accidents per month over the two main ranges gives:
Months Total number Average number of
(inclusive) of accidents accidents per month
1–17 63 3.7
18–35 41 2.3
This confirms that the signal from the cusum chart was valid. The task
now begins of diagnosing the special cause of this change. It may be, for
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