5th Indonesia Chem-E-Car

Competition 2016

Lime Optimization as A Renewable Alternative Energy for

Electrical Prototype

Nadya Rimadanti1, Indri Adriyana2, Khoirin Najiyyah S.3, Ahmad Nur Ali4, Ipko
Salim P.5
Chemical Department , Mechanical Department4, Electronical Department5,
1,2,3

Politeknik Negeri Bandung

Gegerkalong Hilir Street, Desa Ciwaruga, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat 40012
Phone (022) 2013789. Fax. (022) 2013889. Email : polban@polban.ac.id
Email: nadya.rimadanti@ymail.com

Abstract

As time about the technological developments in the form of a prototype car has been
widely studied as favorable in environmental aspects. Thermoelectric method is a
method used in the process of start up the car, how it works by converting the heat (the
temperature difference) directly into electrical energy, using a phenomenon called the
Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect form). In this research tool used to assist the
conversion is TEC. The reaction used in thermoelectric method is the reaction between
1.25 mol of Ca(OH)2 with 3.588 mol of H2SO4 which can produce the entalphy total -
3565,51 kJ/mol, the reaction is exothermic. The heat of reaction is converted by peltier
into kinethic energy. On stopping mechanism method is used a corrosion method in
which a solution of HCl used to corrode aluminum foil on the cable car connecting, so
that the electric current will be disconnected. From the test results, respectively 6 data
obtained clarification from the maximum temperature of the reaction between H 2SO4
and Ca(OH)2 is 138oC while the mechanism stopping corrosion on aluminum foil
dipped in diluted HCl.

Keywords: Thermoelectric, Ca(OH)2, H2SO4, aluminum foil, HCl

I. Introduction energy in the future. Alternative energy is

Energy is one important component that
can not be discharged in human survival.
Almost all human life depends on the
availability of energy. But the next few
years with increasing number of people,
excessive use of energy will lead to an
energy crisis. One way to save energy is by
creating alternative energy or renewable
energy to anticipate the availability of
energy that naturally can not be discharged
or quickly restored, environmentally
friendly and safe. One of them by utilizing
heat energy generated from the reaction of
CaO with the catalyst to be converted into
electrical current that can drive a car
prototype. This heat energy is one
alternative energy that is expected to be
utilized to replace the battery every car
prototype.
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016

II. Methode H2SO4(l) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaSO4(s) + H2O(l)

+ H2O(g) ΔHof = -518.39 kJ
Power Source this reaction can generate temperatures
until 280,4oF
The method used in the chemical -fueled
car is thermo electric method. The car uses Cold side:
fuel from neutralization reactions that H2O(s)  H2O(l)
produce heat. The heat is the result of a this reaction can generate temperatures
reaction between 1.25 mol of calcium until 39,2oF
hydroxide with 3.12 mol of sulfuric acid.
Calcium hydroxide used for the reaction is Layout and Connection of Peltier
a result of the dissolution of 1.25 mol of
calcium oxide by 1.94 mol of water. The
reaction between Ca(OH)2 and H2SO4
produce entalphy reach -3565.51 kJ/mol.
While for the cold side of using ice. Ice
undergo a phase change when the
environmental temperature is higher than
the temperature of the ice. From the
temperature difference between the two
sides will be converted into electric current
by a thermo- electric converters. Current
flowing from the converter to the thermo
electric motors, so that the motor will move
and rotate the gears. The gear wheel will
spin the wheel attached to the axle.

Chemical, thermo-electric converters and

ice were stored vertically where the ice is
under thermo-electric converters and
chemicals are above thermo- electric
converters. This arrangement is placed at
the center of the base car. Polypropylene is
kept in the middle of the base with the aim
of a given load evenly to the base.
Reaction:
Hot side:
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq)
ΔHof = -65.10 kJ
this reaction can generate temperatures
until 95oF
Figure 1. Layout and connection of peltier
In Figure 1 shows the layout of the peltier
on reactor consisting of 8 peltier. To be able
to run the DC motor required voltage and
current which enough. The preparation is
done by preparing a series of peltier
peltier’s 1 with peltier’s 2, peltier’s 3 with
peltier’s 4, peltier’s 5 with peltier’s 6, and
peltier’s 7 with peltier’s 8. Preparation of
the series is done to obtain the sum of the
voltage. A large voltage which is obtained,
is equal to with the sum of two peltier’s
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016

voltages. circuit using the banana jack in socket

banana. DC motor will light up when the
As in Figure 1, to get the current is able to switch S1 with condition “on” with the
drive the DC motor, preparation is done in source voltage of the peltier and relay K1
parallel like block 1, block 2, block 3, and connecting Peltier with dc motors lit
block 4 in which, each one block consists simultaneously. DC motor will work
of two peltier are arranged in series. since the peltier have the different
According to Ohm's law, preparation of temperature certain. DC motor will stop
parallel sources will add a large current when the P3 which consists of cable
with a fixed voltage. By contrast, the connections are encased by the
preparation of series will add the voltage Aluminium Foil corroded by HCL
with a fixed current. solution within a certain time. Cable
Stopping Mechanism connection is disconnected which
wrapped by Cable Aluminium Foil will
Whereas the mechanism for the dismissal make the malfunction of the relay K1 so
of the car using the corrosion reaction that a DC motor that gets the source
between the aluminum foil with a dilute voltage from the peltier will stop.
sulfuric acid solution. At a certain time,
aluminum foil connected to the thermo III. Result And Discussion
electric converter and the motor cable
dipped in a solution of Hydrochloric acid Temperature
and will cause corrosion of the aluminum
foil. When the corrosion reaction that
1.25 mol CaO is dissolved to 1.94 mol
happens, the current flowing from the
thermo electric converter to the motor will aquades is obtained Ca(OH)2. Then,
be stopped so that the wheel will stop Ca(OH)2 is reactioned with 3.588 mol
moving and the car was stopped. H2SO4. The reaction obtain heat. There is
data of temperature for 6 minutes.
Reaction:
Table 1. Temperature
Al(s) + 3HCl(l)  AlCl3(s) + 3/2H2(g)
t (s) T(oC)
Stopping Mechanism Circuit 0 138
30 138
60 131
90 128
120 126
150 121
180 118
210 115
240 112
270 110
300 106
Figure 2. Stop Mechanism Circuit 330 103
360 102
In figure 2. Stop Mechanism Circuit
In figure 2, Peltier is connected to the
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016

160 In the figure 4 shows, if the difference of

140 the temperature is small between the hot
Temperature (oC)

120 side to a cool side, so the voltage that

100
80
released by Peltier who has been arranged
60 as in figure 1 is small too.
40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400
Current
t (s)
Table 3. The current changes against
Figure 3. Graph of Temperature to Time temperature difference

Voltage

Table 2. Output peltier

∆°C (Celcius) Voltage (V)

110 2,4
100 2
90 1,75
80 1,45
70 1,05
60 0,9 In the Table 3, shows Changes in currents
50 0,7 at each Peltier because of a temperature
difference occurs. Measurement using
analog scale’s ampermeter with scale from
In table 2 shows voltage’s change which 0 to 0.25 Ampere. Changes in currents at
generated by the peltier’s output that has each Peltier is not same because of the
been arranged series as in Figure 1. Voltage connection between the Peltier with other
measurement using analog voltmeter on a peltier there are remnants of glue which
scale of 0 V to 2.5 V. In figure 3 shows the blocking the heatsink that attached to the
graph of voltage’s changes to temperature hot side’s peltier. The following graphs
differences. each peltier current changes due to the
temperature difference. The following
120
100
graph between changes in current
80 each peltier because of the temperature
60 difference.
∆°C (Celcius)

40
20
0
2,4 2 1,75 1,45 1,05 0,9 0,7
Voltage

Figure 4. Graph of voltage changes to

temperature differences
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016

0,25
1. Base
0,2
Current (A)

0,15

0,1

0,05

Figure 7. Base
0
110 100 90 80 70 60 50
Base is one part is used as the foundation of
∆°C
Peltier 1 Peltier 2 a car that is designed to have dimensions of
Peltier 3 Peltier 4 385x160 mm , the material used is acrylic ,
Peltier 5 Peltier 6 the reason we use acrylic are: easily
Peltier 7 Peltier 8 deformable, A light load, easy obtained and
affordable prices.
Reason design the base as above is adapted
Figure 5. Graph of Current Change with to storage in use because it has a fairly large
Difference Temperature dimensions and weight

In figure 5 shows, if the difference of the 2. Home Bering

temperature is small on the vertical axis (X-
axis), so the difference of teh current is
small on the horizontal axis (Y-ordinat).

Car Design

THE FOLLOWING IS A PICTURE OF Figure 8. Home bering

DRAFT ISO METRIC
Bering home or crutches As for the wheels
used are made from nylon with dimensions
of 20x20x40 mm size, reasons is: easily
deformable, easy to get, and affordable
prices

3. Axle

Figure 6. Car Design

Here's an explanation and the materials
used Figure 9. Axle
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016
axles used is of aluminum because it has a
light load and strong enough to support the
weight of heavy car
4.Wheel
Figure 10. Wheel
Wheels made of nylon material with a
diameter of 67 mm.
5. Motor
Figure 11. Motor
Motor car serves as the primary mover of
electricity obtained then converted into
energy of motion is directly supplied to the
gear and then move the wheels. With this
type of motor:DC, Model : N20, voltage :
DC 6 V, Motor speed output 1500-10000
Rpm, output gear; 45 Rpm, The motor
size:24x12x10mm, Gear by comparison 1 :
8 (gear 8 : 64), and torque : 500gr-700gr
6. Storage
Figure 12. Storage
Storage is used of a type of plastic material
PP ( polypropylene ) which is included in
the thermoplastics. Special properties
owned as follows:
- Small molecular weight
- Resistant to heat at temperatures < 150oC
- Easy to be stretched.
- Flexible .
- The melting point is low.
- Can be reshaped (recycled ) .
- Easy to dissolve in a suitable solvent .
- Has the molecular structure of linear /
branched
7. Heatshink
Figure 13. Heatsink
Made of aluminum . it was kept in storage
to withstand hot and cold temperatures in
order to survive long enough.
Hazardous
a) Sulfuric Acid
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact
(corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye
contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, of
inhalation. Liquid or spray mist may
produce tissue damage particularly on
mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and
respiratory tract. Skin contact may produce
burns. Inhalation of the spray mist may
produce severe irritation of respiratory
tract, characterized by coughing, choking,
or shortness of breath. Severe over-
exposure can result in death. Inflammation
of the eye is characterized by redness,
watering, and itching. Skin inflammation is
characterized by itching, scaling,
reddening, occasionally, blistering.
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016
Handling And Storage
Precautions:
Keep locked up.. Keep container dry. Do
not ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/
vapor/spray. Never add water to this
product. In case of insufficient ventilation,
wear suitable respiratory equipment. If
ingested, seek medical advice immediately
and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from
incompatibles such as oxidizing agents,
reducing agents, combustible materials,
organic materials, metals, acids, alkalis,
moisture. May corrode metallic surfaces.
Store in a metallic or coated fiberboard
drum using a strong polyethylene inner
package.
Storage:
Hygroscopic. Reacts. violently with water.
Keep container tightly closed. Keep
container in a cool, well-ventilated area. Do
not store above 23°C (73.4°F).
b) CaO
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact
(irritant), of eye contact (irritant), of
ingestion, of inhalation. Hazardous in case
of skin contact (corrosive, permeator), of
eye contact (corrosive). The amount of
tissue damage depends on length of contact.
Eye contact can result in corneal damage or
blindness. Skin contact can produce
inflammation and blistering. Inhalation of
dust will produce irritation to gastro-
intestinal or respiratory tract, characterized
by burning, sneezing and coughing. Severe
over exposure can produce lung damage,
choking, unconsciousness or death.
Inflammation of the eye is characterized by
redness, watering, and itching. Skin
inflammation is characterized by itching,
scaling, reddening, or, occasionally,
blistering.
Handling And Storage
Precautions:
Keep container dry. Do not breathe dust.
Never add water to this product. In case of
insufficient ventilation, wear suitable
respiratory equipment. If you feel unwell,
seek medical attention and show the label
when possible. Avoid contact with skin and
eyes. Keep away from incompatibles such
as organic materials, acids, moisture.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed.
Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated
area. Do not store above 24°C (75.2°F).
c) Aluminum Foil
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact
(irritant). Non-irritating to the eyes. Non-
hazardous in case of ingestion.
Handling And Storage
Precautions:
Do not ingest. Wear suitable protective
clothing. If ingested, seek medical advice
immediately and show the container or
thelabel. Keep away from incompatibles
such as oxidizing agents, acids, alkalis.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed.
Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated
area. Moisture sensitive.
d) Hydrochloric Acid
Potential Acute Health Effects:
Very hazardous in case of skin contact
(corrosive, irritant, permeator), of eye
contact (irritant, corrosive), of ingestion, .
Slightly hazardous in case of inhalation
(lung sensitizer). Non-corrosive for lungs.
Liquid or spray mist may produce tissue
damage particularly on mucous membranes
of eyes, mouth and respiratory tract. Skin
contact may produce burns. Inhalation of
the spray mist may produce severe irritation
of respiratory tract, characterized by
 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016
coughing, choking, or shortness of breath.
Severe over-exposure can result in death.
Inflammation of the eye is characterized by
redness, watering, and itching. Skin
inflammation is characterized by itching,
scaling, reddening, or, occasionally,
blistering.
Handling And Storage
Precautions:
Keep locked up. Keep container dry. Do not
ingest. Do not breathe gas/fumes/
vapor/spray. Never add water to this
product. In case of insufficient ventilation,
wear suitable respiratory equipment. If
ingested, seek medical advice immediately
and show the container or the label. Avoid
contact with skin and eyes. Keep away from
incompatibles such as oxidizing agents,
organic materials, metals, alkalis, moisture.
May corrode metallic surfaces. Store in a
metallic or coated fiberboard drum using a
strong polyethylene inner package.
Storage: Keep container tightly closed.
Keep container in a cool, well-ventilated
area.
Safety Measures
1. Doing trial and error to prepare
reaction concept.
2. If it will work with sulfuric acid
must wear Splash goggles. Full
suit. Vapor respirator. Boots.
Gloves. A self contained breathing
apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested
protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist
BEFORE handling this product.
3. If it will work with calcium
hydroxide and calcium oxide must
wear Splash goggles. Full suit.
Vapor and dust respirator. Boots.
Gloves. A self contained breathing
apparatus should be used to avoid
inhalation of the product. Suggested
protective clothing might not be
sufficient; consult a specialist
before handling this product.
4. If it will work with water must wear
Lab coat and Safety glasses.
5. Pour sulfuric acid solution into a
beaker first and then calcium
hydroxide . Do not pour calcium
hydroxide first and then the sulfuric
acid because it can cause harm.
Caused the water of calcium
hydroxide would boil and produce
harmful gases.
6. Use the procedure that is safe and
focused while working with
chemicals , especially chemicals
that are toxic.
If it will connect or adjust the cable,
the cable must first be isolated in
order to avoid damage.
7. chemicals placed in a plastic
container that can not be corroded.
8. spill from HCl can handle by spill
trap.
9. Hydrogen gas emissions will be
adsorbed by gas trap. It is cloth rags.
Conclusion
The reaction between H2SO4 with
NaOH produce a total enthalpy of -
3565.51 kJ / mol. Reaction that occurs
is exothermic reaction. The heat
released by the reaction is converted
into current by peltier so the motor can
work. if the difference of the
temperature is small between the hot
side to a cool side, so the voltage that
released by Peltier who has been
arranged is small too.
Reference
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 Nadya Rimadanti, dkk / Paper of 5th Indonesia Cheme-E-Car Competition 2016

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Physical and Chemical Data. P. 187-189.
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MSDS. AND HEAT OF REACTION OF THE
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sv24n4p475_A1b.pdf
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