Essentials of NT Greek

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ESSENTIALS
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

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ESSENTIALS
7
- A7
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK
BY
JOHN HOMER HUDDH.STON, A.B. (Harv.),

Ph.D. (Munich)
Professor of Greek in the University of Maine
Author of " Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase-Paintings," " Lessons

from Greek Pottery" etc.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.
1905
All rii'hts reser-ned

Copyright, 1895,
By MACMILLAN AND CO.
Set up and electrotyped August, 1895. Reprinted August,

1896; October, 1897 (with corrections); August, 1900 ; October,
1902 ; January, December, 1905.
PREFACE.
The publicationof the Revised Version of our

English New Testament, in 1881, marked the begin-
ning of a new interest in Bible study. Since that time
not only the English, but the Greek and Hebrew have
been studied with a zeal quite new. The sources are
being more carefully examined to-day than ever before.
Students are becoming more and more awake to the
great importance of being able to judge of a certain
passage for themselves rather than accepting without
doubt or question whatever the authorities say in
regard to it.
Can anything be done to bring the language of the

New Testament within the reach of a larger number
of Bible students? Through the great maze of gram-
matical difficulties that surround the language, can a
way be mapped out along which the student may work,
and, without sacrificing essentials, gain the same end
that usually requires many months of hard study?
Can the absolutely essential parts of the language, as
used by the New
Testament writers, be set forth in
small space? little book is an attempt to answer
This
these questions, and I believe that it lies within the
VI PREFACE.
power of the earnest Sunday-school worker or other

Bible student to acquire a reading knowledge of New
Testament Greek, provided only a substantial part of
one's time is thus devoted for a few months.
In my teaching of elementary classes in Garrett
have been accustomed to begin my
Biblical Institute, I
work with the firs*" list of verbs in Bradley and Hors-
well's New Testament Word Lists, Part I. All of these
words occur several hundred times, and furnish the
student thus at the very first with a substantial hold
on what proves one of the main difficulties in Greek
or any other language, — the vocabulary. The work
was in part inductive. Those words that presented
fewest difficulties of form, and which at the same time
were of the most frequent occurrence, were presented
first. The second declension was introduced before
the first, as being altogether simpler and more easily
comprehended by those who had not made the
acquaintance of an inflected language. I aimed to
keep rare adjectives and tenses of the verb till a later
time. The optative mood, which does not occur in
the Johannean writings, was omitted entirely from the
elementary work. Each lesson was accompanied with
illustrative exercises taken as far as possible from the
New Testament.
The present volume has grown out of this plan of
work. It represents the results of class-room experi-
ence. The work has been tried in manuscript form,
both with my classes and with private students, and
has, therefore, the advantage, so important in this
class of books, of having been given a practical test.
PREFACE. Vll
Part I. includes the thirty- two lessons, which will afford

sufficient preparation for the reading of the Greek,
the first John, the Beatitudes and the Lord's
letter of
Prayer from Matthew, the chapter on the Prodigal
Son from Luke, and the thirteenth of First Corinthians.
These selections are given in Wescott and Hort's read-
ing and are followed by notes and vocabulary. Of the
epistle there is given a translation of three chapters,
two literal and one quoted from the Revised Version.
This translation may serve for retranslation in case
the reading is taken up inductively apart from the
lessons. In Part IL are found the essentials of the
grammar, embracing, in the first part, the alphabet,
table of consonants, vowel and euphonic changes,
in the second part, the declension of nouns, pronouns,
adjectives, participles, the conjugation of verbs, the
optatives of the New Testament, a table of about eighty
irregular verbs, and the special study in the classes of
verbs and the most common irregular verbs.
In all verbal forms the aim has been to confine the
forms given, to New Testamertt usage. In the third
part of the grammar the main features of the syntax
are illustrated with quotations from the New Testa-
ment Greek. The prepositions also are discussed
somewhat and accompanied with sentences illustrating
New Testament peculiarities.
have made the explanations in the lessons so full
that much may be made by private study,
progress
without a teacher. The lessons as arranged represent
but one way of applying the Word Lists. The Greek
text, the convenient form of declensions and conjuga-
Vlll PREFACE.
tions, afford opportunity for the teacher to exercise

his own judgment in putting the student in control of
the elementary work.
I wish here to acknowledge my great indebtedness
to Professors Bradley and Horswell for the use of their
Word which they so very kindly put at my dis-
Lists,
posal. Without the great labour which they had already
performed, my work would have been either impossible
or the labour of producing it would have been very
greatly increased.
I wish especially to express my great indebtedness
to Rev. Charles Horswell, Ph.D., Professor of Hebrew
in Garrett Biblical Institute, for invaluable assistance.
Without his suggestion the work would not have been
begun, nor completed without his encouragement and
co-operation. Whatever of merit this little book may
have, owes much to his rare scholarship and his wide
it
experience as a teacher of the New Testament lan-

guage. For no errors, however, which the work may
contain is he at all responsible. For valuable assist-
ance in correction of the prpof I have to express my
thanks to Mr. E. A. Bechtel, A.M., and Mr. W. W.
Bishop, A.M., Instructors in Classics in Northwestern
University. The proof has been read, in part, also,
by Professor Milton S. Terry, D.D., Garrett Biblical
Institute, and by Professor Henry A. Buttz, D.D.,
Drew Theological Seminary. I owe much to the
valuable suggestions of these well-known scholars.
J. H. HUDDILSTON.
Northwestern University,
EvANSTON, III., May 29, 1895.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
Aside from the corrections of typographical errors,
few changes have been introduced in this new edi-

tion. My time since the publication of the book has
been so occupied in other lines of study that it has
been impossible for me to enlarge certain parts of
the grammar which the favourable reception of the
work would have warranted.

I am under special obligation to Professor John
Humphrey Barbour, Middletown, Conn., who has
very kindly gone over the whole work and favoured

me with his valuable criticism.
J. H. H.
Berlin, Germany,
August, 1896.
— 1
CONTENTS.
—
PAGES
Introduction xi-xxiv
Bibliography xxiv-xxvi
Suggestions to the Student ' xxvii
PART I. — LESSONS; TEXT.

Lessons I.-XXXII 1-90
Selections for Translation 91-110
Table of Abbreviations 11
Notes on Selections 112-120

Translations of First Epistle of John , , . , 121-126
Vocabulary of Selections 127-133
PART IL — GRAMMAR.
1. Writing and Sound : Alphabet, Vowel Changes,
Accent, Etc 137-142
2. Accidence: Declension of Nouns, Adjectives,

Pronouns, Participles; Conjugation of Verbs;
Optatives of the New Testament; Irregular
Verbs 142-203
3. Syntax 203-222
INDEXES 223-233
INTRODUCTION.
My purpose is to offer here a few considerations

on two questions. i. Why was the New Testament
written in Greek? 2. What are the main points of
difference between this Greek and that of the classical
period ?
Every one knows that Greek was not a native of
some way this exotic plant found
Palestine, but that in
root there, and, to the exclusion of the native language,
became the organ of the everlasting Gospel. How
then did this occur ?
It will first be necessary to understand something
about the languages which were used in the countries

to the east from the Mediterranean, prior to and con-
temporary with the advent of the Greek. All of this
part of Asia, including the countries from Assyria on
the north to Arabia on the south, had one separate and
distinct family or branch of languages, the Semitic. —
Of this primitive Semitic nothing is left us. Long
before the curtain of history rises, the early language
had assumed marked grammatical and lexigraphical
among the various peoples. Accordingly
peculiarities
we know nothing of the parent speech except through
Xll INTRODUCTION.
the tongues of these early nations. The Assyrians

(whose language is known from cuneiform inscrip-
tions) and the Aramaeans, who comprised a large
part of the population of Assyria and Babylon and
to whose language, the Aramaic, we shall refer later,
represented the most northern group of the Semitic.
South of these we find the Hebrews of Canaan, in
whose language the most considerable portion of the
Old Testament was written, and akin to them the Phoe-
nicians, whose language is known to us imperfectly and
through inscriptions only. Further south the Arabic
and Ethiopic make up what is sometimes termed the
South Semitic. Of these three groups, the North, the

Middle, and the South Semitic, we shall confine our
considerations to the first two ; for here it is that we
have to look for the language of the Jews. Their
Hebrew was early exposed to the dialects of the sur-
rounding tribes and especially open to Aramaic influ-
ences on the north. Indeed as early as 700 B.C.
we read that the messengers of the king Hezekiah
requested the ambassador of the king of Assyria to
speak to them in Aramaic, "for we understand //"
(ii. Kings 18 :26). The Jews would not long retain
their language in its early purity beside that of another
people who, as a conquering nation, were continually
insinuating themselves into their hfe and politics. The
result was that long before the breaking up of the
Jewish kingdom in 586 B.C., the Hebrew had departed
considerably from its original integrity. During the
long years of captivity in Babylon and throughout the
Babylonian empire, the Aramaic, which was the official
INTRODUCTION. Xlil
language of the Babylonian court, must have become

quite asmuch a part of the Hebrews as their native
tongue. The books of the Old Testament written after
the exile, Ezra and Daniel, are known as the Aramaic
books, owing to the fact that considerable portions of
them are in the Aramaic. We must not understand,
however, that this large admixture of Aramaic is due
wholly to the years of exile in Babylon. It has been
the accepted view since the time of Jerome that in
this period the Israelites ceased to speak and write
Hebrew and turned to the use of the Aramaic only.
Hence the term Chaldee, so often used to signify the
speech of the Jews, as though the language of the
Chaldees —
the Aramaic —
was introduced into Pales-
tine by the returned exiles, and that subsequent to this
the Hebrew died out and the Chaldee or Aramaic took
its place. In recent years scholars have generally
parted with this view, and have attempted to show that
the change was more gradual. This seems by all
means the most probable. A people retains its lan-
guage long after its institutions and customs have
ceased to exist. A conquering nation rarely succeeds
in supplanting the language of the conquered. Slowly
and gradually do the forces work that bring in the ele-
ments of a new speech. The English, for example,
has not after five centuries entirely displaced the
Celtic of Ireland, nor has Welsh ceased to be a very
important factor in the literature and life of the United
Kingdom, notwithstanding the fact that more than
500 years have passed since Edward built his castles
on the Welsh frontier.
XIV INTRODUCTION.
We must conclude therefore that for centuries the

Aramaic gradually gained in popularity over the
Hebrew, until the latter became at last the language
of scholars and the learned few, while to the great
mass of Jews the Aramaic was the only language known.
This change must have occurred before the time of
Christ for we find then that the common people no
;
longer understood the Hebrew of the Scriptures, but

used instead versions known as Targums, written in
Aramaic. This then is the language of Palestine at
ihe time of Christ, and the same which in the New
Testament is called Hebrew.
A great distinction, however, must be made between
this Jewish-Aramaic and the Hebrew. The literature
of each is sacred, but of the Hebrew we have left us
the scant remains of the Old Testament only, while
the former has extant a vast literature of the Talmud,
Targums, and interpretative works, and has lived on in
a more or less changed condition till the present time,
and forms the basis of the language much used by the
Jews to-day throughout the world.
At the close of the fourth century B.C., Alexander of
Macedon crossed the historic Hellespont, overturned
the Persian empire at Arbela, destroyed the famou§
city of ancient Tyre, overran all western Asia, even
crossing into Egypt, where he founded the world's new
metropolis bearing his own name (332 B.C.). It is
hard to measure the results of conquering of the

this
world. By no means the least important of the many
that might be described was the spread of Greek
letters and Greek civilization. This noble language
INTRODUCTION. XV
of ancient Hellas, so rich and beautiful, so full of

power and sweetness, was destined to work far greater
results in the minds and hearts of men than the brief
rule of Alexander and his successors. They soon
passed away, and the Greek kingdom in Asia ceased
to exist but the Greek language which came with
;
them still remained and spread with great rapidity

throughout this whole territory, revealing to these
Semitic races a new world of beauty and power.
Although Greece soon fell under the conquering hand
of Rome, Greek and Greek letters took captive

art
her captor. Rome was then the world, while through
all iier borders the language of Greece became the
speech of trade and intercourse. Greek was even the

language of the Roman court, and Roman boys were
taught their Homer along with their native Vergil.
The wide use of Greek at that period can be best
compared with the English of to-day. It may be said
with little hesitancy that, at the time of Christ, Greek
was known in all parts of the Roman world. What
more fitting language than this in which to send forth
the Gospel of peace ?
In Palestine there was of course a Greek population

which existed alongside of the Jewish, and which
became more numerous and distinct with the spread
of Roman civilization. Of these two languages, Greek
and Aramaic, we must suppose that a considerable
part of the population knew enough for conversation
at least. It is necessary to turn only to Alsace-Lorraine
with its French and German, or to Wales with its Welsh
and English, to find in modern times such a fusion of
XVI INTRODUCTION.
two tongues as must have existed in Palestine at the

beginning of our era.
The question as to whether Christ and his disciples
knew and spoke Greek has been one that has long
been debated. Some of the most illustrious of modern
critics have been found on either side. It is not for
me to enterupon it here, but simply to state my belief.
It is more than probable, from what has been stated

in regard to the two languages of Palestine at this
period, that Greek, as well as Aramaic, must have fallen
upon the ears of our Lord and his first followers from
their earliest boyhood, and that all of them grew up
in continual association with two languages. A few
examples of this native speech are left us ; Mark 5:41
and Mark 7 34 may be referred to. Instances when
:
we may conclude that Greek was used by Christ are,

Mark 7:26, 27, and John 12:23. Matthew, from
his duty as a tax-collector, would have required both
languages, while Luke, the most cultured of the evange-
lists, exhibits marked power in his use of Greek. There
was but one way of reaching " all nations " and send-
ing to them the new message. There never could have,
been any doubt in the mind of Luke, Mark, or John
regarding the language they should employ in writing
their histories of our Lord's life and works. Matthew
appears to have written first in the Aramaic, but no
doubt followed this immediately with a Greek version.
A parallel to this may be observed in the case of
the historian Josephus (a.d. 38-103), who wrote his
history of the Jews first in Hebrew (Aramaic), and

afterwards in Greek. It is not necessary to note
INTRODUCTION. XVU
concerning Paul that " all who are at Rome " and the
" church at Corinth " and " the churches throughout
Asia " could have been addressed in no language but
the Greek,
A considerable portion of the population at Alex-
andria was Jews, for whom the Greek had displaced
their native Aramaic, and as early as 275 B.C. they
had so far forgotten the tongue of their fathers that
they required a Greek translation of the Old Testa-
ment. This was made at Alexandria by Jewish-Greeks,
and isknown as the Septuagint or the translation of
the LXX. For the Jews scattered throughout the
world Cappadocia, Cyprus, Phrygia, Rhodes, Greece,
in
and Rome the Septuagint became the Bible. So
general was its use even in Palestine that the evange-
lists quote quite as frequently from the Greek version
as from the Hebrew. Paul, himself a Hebrew and

reared according to the strictest sect of the Pharisees,
often agrees more nearly with the Septuagint when he
quotes from the Old Testament.
After the fall of Jerusalem the Jewish population of
Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and other seaport towns,
rapidly increased. Then, as now, the Jews were a
commercial people Greek was the one language of
;
commercial intercourse. Thus we see this wonderful

language served as a common bond to hold together
Jew and Greek and Roman. Then it was
Gentile,
that men were for the first time united by one speech
and made, so to speak, into one family. With the
overturning of old, worn-out kingdoms, and the break-
ing down of ancient myth and fable of the pagan world,
XVUl INTRODUCTION.
a new soil was prepared ready for new seed, — the

Gospel of love.
we come to consider the characteristics of
Secondly,
the Greek of the New Testament. Does it differ very
widely from classical Greek? To this the answer is
"yes," and we may well rejoice that it does. Had
the language as used by Plato and Demosthenes become
the organ of the new message to the world, how dif-
ferent would have been the effect Imagine the

!
result if the simple grace of our English Bible were to

be replaced by the swelling periods of Milton or Bacon.
A far simpler language was and is needed by the lowly,
and this we shall see the later Greek to be.
The language of the Macedonian Greeks, \vhich was
the same as that carried into Asia by Alexander, was
essentially the same as that which Plato, Sophocles,
and Demosthenes had used. From this wide diffusion,
however, many changes were effected in the gram-
matical structure of the language, and especially in the
vocabulary. Much of the rigidness which had charac-
terized it in the hands of the great Athenian writers
was cast aside. The language was popularized, so to
speak. This new form of the Greek was called Hel-
lenistic Greek, and the people who learned and used
it were known as Hellenists. We have had occasion
already to refer to the Hellenistic Jews in Alexandria
and other cities.
In Palestine, however, as well as in the other
Semitic countries, this Hellenistic Greek was greatly
corrupted by the native tongue. Hebrew, Aramaic,
and Syriac words were being continually introduced
INTRODUCTION. XIX
into the Greek. To a large number of people who

would use the Greek, it would amount to nothing other
than a translation of their native tongue, together wi*h
the native idiom. Their thinking was all in Aramaic,
while their words were in Greek. The hterature of the
Hebrew and Aramaic was entirely of a religious nature.
The religious fervour of the Jews gave a strong bent to
the tone of their language. was the language of the
It
human heart longing for the kingdom of God and
the coming of the Messiah. The words in common,
every-day use were the same as those in which had
been cast the revelation of God to his chosen people.
Even at an early day this must have given a deep
rehgious colouring to the Greek —
hitherto a pagan
language. The translation, however, of the Old Testa-
ment did most to fix the idiom and form of the Greek
for the expression of religious ideas. Then it was that
Greek meant something to the Jews beyond a con-
venient means of intercourse for commercial life.
For two centuries and a half this Greek Bible worked
into the hearts and minds of the dispersed Jews, and
the words that before in pagan Greece and Rome had
meant little beyond the mortal and perishable of this
world, took on a new meaning —
fired with the flame
of the sacred Hebrew.
When we come to the language of the New Testa-
ment, we have crossed a wondrous gulf. To quote
from the words of the celebrated Dr. Schaff: "The
language of the apostles and evangelists is baptized
with the spirit and fire of Christianity, and receives a
character altogether peculiar and distinct from secular
XX INTRODUCTION.
Greek. . . . The Greek was flexible and elastic

enough to admit of a transformation under the inspir-
ing influences of revealed truth. It furnished the flesh
and blood for the incarnation of divine ideas. Words
in common use among the classics, or in popular
intercourse, were clothed with a deeper spiritual
significance ; they were transplanted from a lower to
a higher sphere, from mythology to revelation, from
the order of nature to the order of grace, from the
realm of sense to the realm of faith." It is worth
while to note the word " transformation " in the above.
Here is the key to the whole question. How rich this

baptism of the pagan words has been seen by may be
comparing the New Testament and the classical sense
of such words as love, faith, prophet, sin, glory, peace,
joy, niercy.
The purity of the New
Testament Greek diff'ers
very considerably in and indeed in
diff"erent authors,
one and the same writer we can observe two extremes.

Luke, for example, in the first four verses of his gospel
furnishes a specimen of as pure and elegant Greek as
may be found on the page of any classical author.
Immediately, however, he drops off into the vernacu-
lar, as though aware that he is addressing the many
and not the few. In considerable portions of his
gospel and the Acts are to be found the harshest
Hebraisms. This is especially noticeable when he
quotes from the Old Testament. In all the writers of
the New Testament, the Hebrew of the Old Testament
quotation appears distinctly through the thin veiling
of the Greek.
INTRODUCTION. XXI
Of the four evangelists Luke was the best educated,

and therefore used the purest Greek. Matthew may
be placed next, with Mark last. Concerning John,
there is great difference of opinion. Some scholars
declare his gospel the most thoroughly Hebrew of the
four. It is said to have a Hebrew body with a Greek
dress. On the other hand, there are thosewho main-
tain for him the purest Greek. The fact is, his short
sentences would fall naturally into the idiom of almost
any language. Paul's Greek exhibits nearly every
variety of classic elegance. However, it does not
come within the scope of this article to give the pecu-
liarities of the individual authors.
It is necessary to speak more definitely as regards
the linguistic differences between the Greek of the
New Testament and, that of the period of classical
Greek, which we may consider to have closed with
Aristotle (b.c. 384-322). i. The vocabulary of the
New Testament furnishes nearly 900 words that are

not found in the classical writers. Many of these
occur in subsequent authors, as Polybius and Plutarch
and in the Septuagint. 2. Compound words are
especially common. Rare combinations are used.

The etymology always reveals the force of the expres-
sion. 3. What is called the doctrinal sense of certain
words, as love, hope, faith, introduces a new element
quite distinct from anything earlier.
Grammatically, very wide changes from the classical
Greek may be noted, i. The dual number has dis-
appeared entirely. 2. Adjectives of the third declen-
sion in - {;}) and -vs {^-us) are especially rare. Of
XXll INTRODUCTION.
adjectives in - {-es) there are but two or three com-

mon examples. 3. The comparison of adjectives has
been simpHfied, and is usually done by the use of an
adverb, and the positive degree, except in the case
of a few adjectives of irregular comparison.
In the verb a great breaking away from classical
usage is seen. i. The optative mood is comparatively
rare. Itdoes not occur at all in the writings of John,
and is found in the epistles and the Acts more than in
the gospels. Except in the optative of wis/t or desire,
the subjunctive regularly takes the place of this mood.
2. In the uses of the voice and tense the changes are
not so marked. In the subjunctive rarely any tense
occurs aside from the present and the aorist. 3. It
may be observed that in the verbs those in - {-mi)

tend to break down into the ending in - (-), while
verbs in
in other
-
Greek.
{-idso)
4.
are
The forms
much more common
in -
than
(-mi) in the
present system are comparatively rare. Hardly ever
does the present subjunctive of these verbs occur,
while the second aorist system has few forms in this
mood.
The syntax is too difficult a question to discuss here,
and so but few points shall be presented, i. Especially
characteristic of New Testament Greek are the various
uses of Lva {hi)ia), which in classical Greek is confined
for the most part to the introduction of 7?;/ iz/ clauses.
Of this conjunction there are no less than six well-
defined uses in the New Testament. 2. While in
classical Greek the conjunction {hoste) is used
with either the indicative or infinitive to denote result,

INTRODUCTION. XXUl
and with nearly equal frequency in both constructions,

the indicative occurs but twice in the New Testament.
3. The participle still continues a fundamental form
of construction, but shows signs of weakening in such
instances as John 11 : i and Luke 15 : i, where the
simple imperfect of the verb would have been expected.
This form of expression is most common in Luke.
The prepositions present a great variety of uses not
inherent in the Greek word, thus betraying Hebrew
influence.
These are only a few of the most marked pecu-
liarities of the language of the New Testament, but
perhaps enough to show that it is much weakened
and simplified as compared with classical Greek. If
one adds to the grammatical peculiarities here men-
tioned the strong colouring in idiom and vocabulary
that arises from the Hebrew, a general notion may be
formed as to the structure of this language.
To know thoroughly the real force and value of this
language, a wide familiarity with Semitic especially —
Hebrew and Aramaic —
is indispensable. Not only
this, but the investigator must know Latin, of the
influence of which I have taken no notice, as well as

Greek from its earliest beginning in Homer. Such
preparation as this few are able to acquire. A student
may, however, gain a very satisfactory facility in
handling the New
Testament language, who knows
nothing of any language except his own. Careful,
assiduous labour for a few months will put the average
student in control of the essentials, and this slight
acquaintance will be found to repay one a thousand-
XXIV INTRODUCTION,
fold. No one can ever attain to the ability of reading

and understanding the grand simplicity and power of
John's brief sentences, ringing as they do with the
imperishable grandeur of the Greek, without seeing
an entirely new power in the Word. Any translation
must ever fall far short of rendering the grace and
force of the Greek. As a rose when plucked loses
its sweetness and the fragrance is soon blown, so
perishes in translation that fleeting, indescribable
something that makes Greek the noblest of lan-
guages.
The following list of books is recommended as rep-

resenting perhaps the most helpful works for students
of the New Testament Greek. Those marked * are
particularly valuable for the beginner.
For assistance in making up this hst the author has
to express his indebtedness to Professor C. F. Brad-
ley, D.D., Garrett Biblical Institute. He has very
kindly given me the benefit of his wide knowledge
of New Testament bibliography.
Text. *The New Testament in the Original Greek

(School Edition). Westcott and Hort. Macmillau
& Co., New York, 1893. $1.25.
This edition is also published with a lexicon, by the
same publishers. $1.90.
Lexicon. *Thayer's Grimm's Wilke, Greek -English
Lexicon of the New Testament, "Corrected Edi-
tion." Harper & Brothers, New York, 1889.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. XXV
Grammar. *Winer's Grammar of New Testament Greek

(Ninth English Edition). Trans, by Moulton.
T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1882. $3.60.
Concordance. *Bruder's Concordance of All the Words
in the Greek New Testament (Fourth Edition).
Leipzig, 1888. 25 M.
A new edition of this monumental work, which will
include the readings of Westcott and Hort, is to be
published.
Bagster's Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New

Testament. London, 1883.
£\, is.
*Bradley and Horswell's New Testament Word Lists.
Greek-English. Series L and .
Garrett Biblical
Institute, Evanston, 111. 35 cents each.
*Burton's Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testa-
ment Greek. Chicago University Press (Second
Edition). $1.50.
*Buttman's Grammar of the New Testament. Trans, by
Thayer. W. F. Draper, Andover, Mass. $2.75.
Hatch's Essays on Biblical Greek. Macmillan & Co.,
New York. $2.75.
Robinson's Greek Harmony of the Gospels. Ed. by M. B.
Riddle. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1885.
$2.00.
*Schaff's Companion to the Greek Testament and English
Version (Fourth Edition). Harper & Brothers, New
York, 1892. $2.75.
Simcox's (W.H.) The Language of the New Testament.
Thomas Whitaker, New York, 75 cents. By the
same author, The Writers of the New Testament.
Same publishers and price.
Terry's Biblical Herrneneutics. Hunt and Eaton, New
York. $4.00.
XXVI BIBLIOGRAPHY.
*Thayer's Books and their Use, A Lecture, to which is

added a Hst of books for students of the New Tes-
tament Greek. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston.
75 cents.
An exceedingly helpful little volume.
Trench's Synonyms of the New Testament (Eleventh
Edition). Macmillan & Co., New York, 1890. $3.50.
*Warfield's An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of
the New Testament. Whitaker, New York. 75 cents.
Westcott's Introduction to the Study of the Four Gospels
(Seventh Edition, American Edition). Macmillan &
Co.,New York. $2.25.
*Westcott and Hort's The New Testament in the Original
Greek. 2 vols. Harper & Brothers, New York.
Vol. I. includes the text. Vol. II. has an Intro-
duction to Textual Criticism and an Appendix. Price
per vol. $2.00. Complete $3.50.
SUGGESTIONS TO THE STUDENT.
1. All vocabularies must be thoroughly mastered. Writ-

ing the words several times will greatly help to fix them in
the mind. Pronouncing the Greek aloud is helpful.
2. The acquisition of forms {i.e. declensions and conju-

gations) must keep pace with the matter of a vocabulary.
3. It is recommended that at least thirty lessons be mas-
tered before the reading of the Greek text is attempted.
4. Care should be taken in learning points of syntax

that occur in the lessons.
5. When the text is finally begun, the table of irregular

verbs (§ 88) should be committed to memory. Also the
verb forms in §§ 90-110 should be carefully studied.
6. When the Greek Testament is taken up, the syntax

in Part III. may be studied to best advantage. At no time
should the student fail to keep up the review of Part II.
7. Finally, learn words, words, words. Only steady

application and continual review will bring satisfactory
results.
PART — LESSONS; TEXT
ESSENTIALS OF
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
LESSON I.
, 1.
,
VOCABULARY.
,
(,
4', I have.
a.
the New
I hear.
/ know.
Each
,
,
of these
/ wish, will.
I speak.
I take.
',
•iroi€«,
occurs more than 200 times

Testament, and some of them 1500 times.
say.
I believe.
I do, make.
in
2. Notes on the Vocabulary.

a. --,
a-kou-5, / hear; cf. ACOUSTIC, = in
father; = hard c, as in can; ov is a diphthong com-
posed of and (EngHsh and a) and pronounced like
ou in group; = <? in note. The mark (') over the initial
vowel of this word is called the breathing. Note the turn
from right to left. This is called the smooth breathing,
and it does not affect the sound of the vowel. The mark
(') over the is the acute accent. The ending equals -
/in English.
b. --,
gi-no-sko, / know,
'yL y — hard g, as in
get; =i
machine; in = a=y. Observe the same
i
accent and on the same syllable as in

;
'.
2 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TEST.\MENT GREEK.
there
c. €-,
e-ch5, / have. € = e in lei ; c/i, of which
no equivalent sound in English. It is found in

is
=
the German oiic/t. Cf. chasm pronounced in a harsh gut-
tural tone. The accent and breathing, when they occur on
the same syllable, are written together, as here. All words
beginning with a vowel have a breathing mark.
d. €-, the-15, / wi'/l or / ivt'sh. = th in thin ; = /.
--,
e. la-le-5, / speak. The accent occurs on
what syllable of the verb so far?
\--,
/. \'am-ha.-no, / iake. /a = ;;; ;
= >.
g. ke-yw, le-go, /say.
h. 76-€-, -steu-o, / believe. n—p\ r = t\
= the diphthong eu When the accent comes
.
in feud.
on a diphthong, it is placed over the second vowel, as
here. Cf.
/. TTOL-i-w, poi-e -, / do, or wake ; cf. POET, POETRY,
oi is a diphthong pronounced like oi in oil.
3. Topics for study.

a. The vowels in this lesson are a, v, . The e, i, o,
following diphthongs occur The consonants

: ov, ev, oi.
are : = , y =£-, e — ih,K = k,k = l,^ = w, v = ;i, =p,
= Sf = I, x = ch.
b. In the matter of the accent of verbs the following
must be noted, i. The accent is always recessive, i.e. it
goes back as far as possible from the last syllable. 2. The

last syllable determines the position of the accent. 3. If
the last syllable is long, the accent always occurs on the
next to the last syllable —

the penull ; otherwise on the
third syllable —
the antepenult. 4. A syllable is long if it
has a long vowel or a diphthong in it.
4. In English we have' the personal pronouns

written generally before the verb and always
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 3
separate from the verb. In Greek, on the -con~

trary, the pronouns are often found as an
integral part of the verb, forming what is called
the />ersoua/ endings. Cf. in the verbs given -
above. In the case of most verbs the ending
- of the I per. sing. pres. ind. act. is dropped,
and the preceding vowel is lengthened in com-
pensation.
Xey-0 -, of
variable vowel,
.-.
is --
the primary form of
= personal
:
ending.
= Stem,
is
LESSON II.
5. Present Indicative Active.
Swg. Phir.
1. 6-, /j-izy. I. €--.€, W^ Jizy.
2. \i-i-i\.%,^ you say. 2. \i-\i-i-Ti., ye say.
3. '-, he, she, or it says. 3. '--, they say.
Observe from the translation appended that
the indicative mood has in Greek the same
declarative force as in English.
a. «as in Aeyct? is a diphthong and equals ei in height.
2.
6. Note
theme
A
- in the conjugation of
appears unchanged
vowel occurs after this theme.
: 1.
throughout.
3.
The
The
1 s at the close of a word, but in the middle of a word.
4 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
vowel is or e (often written %), called the

variable vowel. 4. The variable vowel is fol-
lowed by an ending, as -re, -, in the plur.,

which is called the personal ending. See 4.
How many distinct parts has &--^ ?
7. The personal endings of the active voice,

primary ^ tenses, are seen in the following :
Sing. I. -, /. Flur. I. -€, we.

2. -s, i/iou. 2. -T€, ye.
3• - (), /it', she, it. 3- --, they.
8. The variable vowel and the personal end-

ing may be seen in the following :
-
€-
-£
€-€
€-<ri 0-<
Note that occurs before , , and , i.e.
before and , e occurring in all other places.
9. Certain changes take place in these primi-

tive forms, which give the following :
-«, /. -£, we.

-£is, tho7i. -£, ye.
-€i, he, she, it. -ovo-i, they.
These fonns must be absolutely mastered.

1 See § 52 for the meaning of the word primary. (Where
reference is made to the grammar, a section mark [§] precedes the
figure, otherwise the reference is to the first part, — the lessons.)
:
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 5
10. EXERCISES.
, ^,,
.,^,,,^
I.
.
I.,
^ -
Translate into English
\€, OeXere.
:
2.
yere.
6. ^.,
11.
.
4•
,.
Translate into Greek
3•
/^, -
€<;,
êXei?,
I. I take, you wish, they know. 2. I have,

ye say, they have, we say. 3. You take, he
hears, we have. 4. You believe, ye believe,
they hear. 5. Weknow, they know, I say, they
do.^ 6. We wish, we speak,^ ye do.
Let the student analyze each verb form carefully, point-

ing out the theme, variable vowel, and the personal end-
ing. Apply also the principles of accent given in 3, >.
1 It is recommended that the teacher allow the matter of

contract verbs to pass unnoticed, till the principles of contrac-
tion appear gradually in the lessons. No harm need arise from
the student's writing uncontracted forms. The frequent occur-
rence of these verbs in - explains their appearance here.
..
6 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAAIENT GREEK.
LESSON III.
The Second or 0-Declension.
11. vocabulary.
apTos, bread.
05,
.
•9,
,
THRONE.
world, COSMIC.
stone.,-LYXWOgraphy
,
XP<5vos, time.,
€9, ANGEL.
?,
'?, desert.
CHRONO/(?gy.
wa;/, ANTHROPO/i»^•
apostle.
8,
9,
word., LOGIC.
law,
crowd.
eco'îO'SW. ?,
Kvpios, Lord.
death, THANATO^j/j.
Toiros, place, Tocography
The student should learn thoroughly the mean-

ings of the words in each vocabulary, pronounc-
ing each v^rord aloud, so as to be sure to get the
proper accent. The case cjitiings are to be abso^
lutely mastered. Some of the words in this

vocabulary occur looo times in the New Tes-
tament.
is
a.
b.
c. In
5.
In ? the
ar-tos.
the
p = ^;
first
o
is
always true of when followed by , >/. or y^.

', = e, and is pronounced like
= ovc\.on.
pronounced like ng. This
e in
they.
d. V in = u. There is no similar sound in Eng-
lish. See § 1. The sound approaches e in key.
This includes all the vowels in Greek.

THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION. 7
12. be observed i. All these nouns

It is to :
end in -09. 2. All these nouns belong to the

O-declension. 3. They all have the aaite
accent.
13. All nouns in Greek come under one of

three declensions, §9 ^^ ^^<^ 1"^• The following
is the second or O-declension :
Nom. 5,
Shtg.
, Plnr.
,
a word. words.
Gen.
Dat. ,
\6-<{ov, of a word.
to or for a word,
\oô)v, of words.
to or for words.
Ace.
Voc.
\o-nov, a word (oh].).
£, word.
-
,
\6yov<i, words
words.
{oh].).
a. The ending in the dat. sing, is for -01. is
lengthened to and , t {iota) is written underneath. This

is called iota-subscript, and can never be wanting in the
dat. sing, of this declension.
14. Observe from the above that there are five

cases in Greek Nominative, Genitive, Dative,
:
Accusative, Vocative. The nominative equals

English nominative the genitive equals Eng-
;
lish possessive or the objective with of; the

dative corresponds to the English indirect objec-
tive, to or for which anything is or is done ; the
accusative is the English direct objective the ;
vocative, which is rarely used, is the case of

address. Cf. § 21.
15. In verbs we noted that the endings are

especially important as showing the person and
number. So in nouns also the relation of nouns
to each other, and to the other parts of the sen-
tence, is denoted by the case endings. While in
English we have to depend (for the most part)
on prepositions such as to, for, by, in, at, on, of,
etc., to express case relation, the Greek has
this relation expressed by the endings of the
several cases.
(There are, of course, prepositions in Greek,
but these case endings are always observed
apart from the prepositions),
16. Observe that the accent on remains

on the same syllable tJiroughont the declension.
This is the fundamental principle of accent in
nouns.
ings
17.
a.
The accent remains on the same syllable,
if possible.
-,
Learn the declension of
When
-, -ois,
-, -
, § 23.
the last syllable becomes long, as in the end-

(3, d, 4), the accent cannot
remain on the antepenult, but removes to the penult.
Cf. the same principle in verbs, 3, d.
b. Final 01, although a diphthong, is considered short
in determining the place of accent in the O-declension.
c. The accent of the nominative must be learned by
observation.
THE SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION. 9
^
2.
5.
18.
I. ,
,. ^ . ..- ^-
', . I.
., .,
EXERCISES.
Xeyei \oyov.
Xoyot
4•
6.
3•
'.
Xeyei.
Xejei
^.
Xoyov y. ayyeXoL 8.
yu.09 TTiareoei. g. .
yLvoiaKeL. II.
II. . Of a man, to a throne, words of men.

2. Angels and men, to the world, of a desert.
3. Death of apostles. 4. He takes a stone.
5. Words of man to a world. 6. Ye say to
a crowd. 7. We have a place. 8. An angel
of (the) Lord. 9. We hear law and believe.
10. He has bread for apostles.
•lesson IV.
The 0-Declension Concluded,
19.
8€,09,
0€0s, God.
brother. ,
vocabulary.
logy.
eye, OPHTHALMO-
,
05.
'^
The
people.
viKpos, deceased, ^Y.CKOlogy.
heaven. ,
vlos, son.
dSos,
acute accent ('), on a final syllable,

way.
servant.
is changed to the
grave (^) when other words follow in a sentence.
ESSENTIALS OF
,
, ,,
oIkos, house. little child.
«, work. v, boat.
Upov, temple. irpoo-wirov, face.
garment. SABBATH,
child.
20.
b.
(,
(t•
In
a-dei-phos. = </ ph phase.
;
observe that the breathing occurs on the

>= .
second vowel of the diphthong.
c. The diphthong vt, as in ,
is pronounced like wee.
The breathing is always rough ('), i.e. the explosion of

breath is so strong as to give an h sound, vi is, then,
pronounced ûJiee.
and tepov, hi-e-ron, ,

d. Note the rough breathing on
ho-dos.
^, hi-ma-ti-on,
e. at as in Traihiov — ai in aisle.
21. There are two principal accents in Greek,

the acute (') and the circumflex ("). The acute
can occur on any one of the last three syllables,
while the circumflex can occur on one of the
last two.
22. Learn the declension of ', son, § 23,

and note that in every gen. and dat. the acute
(') is changed to a circumflex (").
23. Learn the declension of hovXo';, servant,

§ 23, and observe that the circumflex accent
occurs on a long syllable only, and when at the
same time the last syllable is short. When the
ultima becomes long, the (") changes to the (').
;
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION. II
24. Nouns of the 0-declension end in -o?

masc. (rarely fern.) and -ov neut. The inflection
of neuter nouns is the same as that of masculine
nouns, except that the nom., ace, and voc. sing,
end in -ov, and the same cases in the plur. end
in -a. Cf. 8, £'^f^> b ^^•
All adjs. in Greek are declined, and agree

25.
in gender, number, and case with the words
they modify. The definite article ///i', 6, is an
adj. and is declined
,^,
e.£: 6
TOO SovXov, of the servant ;
the servant
to the child;
;
the child
,
,4, the children;
of the words. Learn the masc. and
neut. (0 and ) of the article, § 24.
9• .
...
26. EXERCISES.
I. I. 2.
€\€€
4-
\. -.- 3- ''"
6.
5•
eêt
7-
'. .^ ^ .
9•
8.
^^ (^) '''
<€€.
. . In (eV) the temple and in the boat.
2. To the people and of the people. 3. The
^ Verbs of hearing may be followed by the genitive case, as
the case of the direct object.
eyes of the servant. 4. For the work and for

the garments. 5. Ye hear the people.^ 6. The
apostle knows the law. 7. I speak to the ser-
vants, and they hear. 8. The Lord has a

temple in Heaven. 9. We have the garments
for the children. 10. The son of God knows
the world.
LESSON V.
The Present Passive Indicative.
27.
,
,
iyairaia, I love.
vocabulary.
,
,
, / raise up.
,
8(,
I throw.
see.
write, GRAPHzV. -,
-,
I judge.
I send.
/send.
a.
pronounced
In , like
/ teach, OlOACTic.
save, ^
dz in adze.
is
/ save.
a double consonant, ds, and
28. The passive voice, as in English, repre-

sents the subject as being acted upon. The
personal endings of the passive distinguish it
from the active.

Following are the primary pass, endings ;
Sing. I. -, /. Piur. I. -^, we.

2. (.
-a-ai, 2. -a-9(, ye.
3. -, he. 3. -, they.
^ See footnote, p. 1 1. . ,
: 3
THE PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE. 1
a. The variable vowel % is found as in the active

voice. Before and v, occurs, and before all other
endings e is found.
29. The following is the conjugation of the

pres. pass. ind. of \, I loose
Sing. Plur.
1. -0-, am loosed, i. --, we are loosed.
2. \v-t\., you are loosed. 2. Xv-t-vî., ye are loosed.
--, --,
3.
a.
dropped, and e and
is
be found instead of «.
he
Observe that the

is loosed.
2
t
per.
3.
sing,
form the diphthong
they are loosed.
is for
et.
, \ may
b. The same principle of accent is to be noted as

in 3, b. at is considered short in the personal endings,
hence the accent occurs on the antepenult.
,
.,
,
,, ,
,
,,.
-
.
30. EXERCISES.
,.,
I. I.
./. ,
2.
.' .
3-
4•
iyeipouai,
.
8.
11.
.
7•
iv (in)
iv
.
^
(into)
9•
Xeyei
6.
f '
..-
.
et9
.
12. et? (on)
^ Temple.
II. I. He sees and is saved. 2. You believe

and are saved. 3. We judge and are judged.
4. They send and are sent. 5. He raises up
the dead. 6. It is written in the laws. 7. We
see the brethren. 8. The son of man is judged,
9. The Lord hears in the temple. 10. I speak
and am heard, n. We are saved and are raised

Ye take the bread.
up into Heaven.
13. They know that
We
12.
the Lord saves men.{
have so far met in the vocabularies 52 words, which
give more than 400 different forms by their inflection.
LESSON VI.
Imperfect iNoiCATrvE Active.
31.
,
,
,
,
leiid.
eat.
live.
BAPTIZE.
VOCABULARY.
,
',
',
caU.
martyr.
a/ft
dear witnesSj
about.
', seek. ', r^MAIN.
For the tenses of the indicative mood see
§§ 50 and 52. The uses and meanings of the
various tenses will be explained as we advance.
,
32. . The indicative represents an
imperfect
act -sjs, going on
time past, continued, accus-
in —
tomed, or repeated action eg. e^paôv, I was ;
zuriting ; eXvov, I ivas loosing ; he was

baptizing.
. 5
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE. 1
33. All active secondary tenses (§ 52) have

the same personal endings, as follows :
Sittg. I. -V Plur. I. -€
2. -S 2. -T£
3. none 3. -v or -<rav
34. The imperfect indicative of :
Sing. Plur.
1 €---, / was loosing. «---, we were loosing.
2. --6 -s, yo2i were loosing. ---, ye were loosing.
3. £--£, he was loosing. €---, they were loosing.
35. Observe : i. The variable vowel % as in

the present tense. 2. The e before the stem
\v. This is called augment.
36. The secondary tenses, besides having dif-
ferent endings from the primary, have also an

augment. This augment is of two forms, i. If
the verb begins with a consonant, € is prefixed
— syllabic augment. 2. In the case of verbs
beginning with a vowel, this vowel is length-

ened to the corresponding long vowel (except
gives )—
temporal augment. In diphthongs
made with the first vowel is lengthened, and
hear ;
I was leading :
, , ,, ,
appears as iota subscript.
I was liearing ;
eat ;
Other diphthongs
do not ordinarily have the augment e.g.
lead ;
I tvas eating.
;
^,
6
NEW TESTAMENT
,
1 ESSENTIALS OF GREEK.
,.
..
37.
I. I. €\\,
EXERCISES.
e/cpive^ '^.
^.
2.
'-
. .
3•
€€, ^^-
. ^
4• vy^tp^'i•) 5•
ev 6. ^? 7• '<^
g.
8.
^ ev .
. . We were hearing. 2. He was be-
lieving. 3. They were taking. 4. You were
saying. 5. Ye were beholding. 6. They were
raising up. 7. He was judging. 8. I was eat-
ing the bread. 9. He was leading the sons

of men. 10. We saw the face of the Lord.
II. The God of Heaven saves the children of
men. 12. Ye were remaining in the law.
LESSON VIL
Imperfect Indicative Passive.
,
,
,
38.
€, ask
«, ^^
/or.
beget.
glorify.
follow.
vocabulary.
(a question),
,
-,
,
--, ,
,
see, observe,
//.
preach, annoHfice.
persuade.
PLKfily.
theory.
6 ^ is
the syllabic augment,

an exception to the principle stated in 36, 2,
eexov is contracted to , and takes
§ 6, y.
: : 7
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE. 1
a. In ^^, glorify, occurs the double consonant f,

from + , and pronounced lilce ks in ricks.
39. The personal endings in the secondary

tenses of the indicative passive are
Sing. I.
2.
-
-
Plur. i.
2.
-
-
3- - 3• '^"^^
40. The conjugation of is
Sing. Plur.
I. ---, / was being

t loosed. I. ---€
2. --, were yoii . . . 2. €--€-<
3- €---, etc. 3• €---
a. In the 2 per. sing, -« changes to -, « drops
between the two vowels, and eo contracts to , § 5, 7.
Review the present and imperfect indicative

active and passive of \, § 56.
41. The personal endings of the verb give us

the following
a. The person of the verb.

b. The number of the verb.
c. The tense, whether primary or secondary, and by
this whether past or not.
d. The voice of the verb.
e. The mood to some extent, as we shall see later on.
ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
42. The changes in the endings that are to

be particularly noted are :
ACTIVE. PASSIVE.
-
-£(r
=
=
-
-CIS
-c(rai
-€<ro
=
=
-€i
-
or -
-€<ri = -£l
-ov<ri — -owcri
The importance of mastering the personal

endings of the verb, and, indeed, the whole
matter of the verb, cannot well be overesti-
mated. It is safe to say that the student who
has thoroughly learned the detail of the verb

given thus far has mastered the greater part of
the difficulty in the regular verb, and has gone
far towards gaining a reading knowledge of the
New Testament.
The now be more than 800
,
student should familiar with
different forms.
-
^.. .
43. EXERCISES.
. I. I.
€.
.
rj'yero rj'ye. 2.
5•
'
3•
.^
.
ihihaaKeTO iv
8. 6
iepS.
<;
6.
4.
7•
9•
.
^^
^'
1 neuter plural nom. takes a verb in the singular in Greek.

. 9
FIRST OR A- DECLENSION. 1
II. I. We believed and were saved. 2. Ye

were glorified. 3. He
was preaching to the
men. 4. The son of man was being glorified.
5. I was judging and I was being judged.

6. The world trusted in () the Lord. 7. The
angel of Heaven was heard. 8. We persuade
the sons of men. 9. The law was taught in the

temple. 10. The work of man is judged.
LESSON VIII.
First or A-Declension.
vocabulary.
,
,
44.
«,
,
,
, beginning, ARCHAIC,
, sC7-ipttire, luritings.
,
, church
clesiastical.
«-,
; cf. EC-
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
life,
,
commandment.
ZOOLOGY.
, PARABLE.
, SYNAGOGUE.
voice,
soul,
PHOôgraph.
vsYcnology
sin.
,
DIAC.
\, power.
, heart
6'•€, \, promise.
-,
istry.
house.
, zuisdom,
; cf. CAR-
soph-
Most of these nouns oc ur as many as 100

times in the New Testament.
like
a.
ps
in ,
soul, is a double consonant, pronounced
This now gives us all the letters in Greek.
in lips.
Learn the classification of consonants in § 2.
d. Observe the gender of the nouns in the vocabulary.
In what letters do the nouns end ? Cf. §§ 18 and 19.

;
.45. The following paradigms of and

will serve as models for the remaining
nouns of this form :
,- Stem
Aegi)iiiing.
Stem -
((, wisdom.
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
N. V. apxaC
« «
<(
(
-(
G.
D.
A.
apxii
( $
46. Observe: . The stem ends in , hence
the term A-declension. 2. The case endings
are somewhat similar to those already learned
in the O-declension {a) the dat. sing, must
:
have iota-subscript ; {b) the ace. sing, ends in -v;

(c) the gen. plur. in - ;
(d) -ol of the second =
-at of theand -oi? of the second
first, -at? of =
the first. That nouns having - in the nomi-
3.
native retain - throughout the sing., and nouns

with La in the nominative retain the a in all
cases of the snig.
47. Nouns that have the acute accent on the

are called oxytones
], . /
last syllable (the jiltima)
e.g. Rule of accent : oxytones of
the first and second declension have the circum-
flex accent in all genitives and datives.
FIRST OR A-DECLENSION. 21
48. Learn the fern, of the art.^

compare this with the case endings of .
(§ 24), and
.
';.^
.
.
.
49.
^
I.
. €\ I.
3•
al
V
EXERCISES.
2.
4•
\eyei
.
-]
Xoc
.
^. .
. -
- 6 \oyo<;
8.
eTTayjeXiav
5•
"J.
9• Oi
6. ev
€^
.
€V
6
.
. In the synagogue.
€€. 12.
2.
»;
II.
In the heart of
ev
men. 3. I hear a voice. 4. The soul is saved.

5. The parable was spoken in the temple.
6. He sent the bread of life to men. 7. The
church has power. 8. They were speaking
a parable in the synagogue. 9. It is written
in the scriptures. 10. We
have a promise of
the Lord. 11. Men preached wisdom to the
world. 12. In the beginning we heard the
word.
(îrpo- ,
The forms of the article , , , ai, are called proclitics
lean forward'), since they have no accent, and are
pronounced as part of the following word.
2 epr/Aios is a fern, noun in -05.
LESSON IX.
A-Declension Continued.
,
,
€,, ,
50.
, love.
truth.
VOCABULARY.
£, ,
,', ,
peace.
day, i'/HEMERAL.
, ,
<0•,
,
8,,
,, ,
, kingdom.
earth, G'E/)logy.
tongue, GLOSSAr/.
righteousness.
,
•(, ,
€, ,,
?,
*^, , joy.
,
sea.
head.
disciple.
PROPHET.
glory.
,, ho2ir.
Most of these nouns occur more than lOO

times in the New Testament.
,-
51. The following paradigms furnish models
for other nouns of this declension :
, Stem
, glory.
|- Stem
, prophet.
--
Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur.
. V.
G.
D.
.
? .
, .?$ .
V.
G.
D
.
G.
D. ]
-
. V.
G.
D.
.
52. Learn and •

V.
§ 22.
53. Observe: i. When e, i, or precedes a

of the nom. sing., a is retained throughout the
sing. and when other letters precede a, as in
;
^, the a is changed in the gen. and dat. sing,

to 77. 2. -ai of the ncm. piur., as in the endings
of the verb, is considered short in determining

the accent.
54. Feminine nouns

of the first declension
end in a, «, or masculine nouns, in -r?;? or
;
-a<i. The gen. of masc. nouns is as in the ,

O-declension. Masc. nouns in have a in the -^
voc. sing.
a. ,,
circumflex is
earth, is
found throughout.
contracted from yea, § 6, 6. The
55. The following table shows the case end-

ings of the A-declension :
Fein. Sing. Masc. Sing.

N.V. d d .
or
G. d-s or -S
D. d-i or -(,
-5
-
G.
D.
-=
oi-s
- -
-S
A. d-v or d-v - A. - -
V. d or
Masc. and Fern . Pliir.
-
N. v.
G.
D.
-
-is
for -
. d-s for a-vs (
:
56. Observe that all nouns have the same

plural in the first declension. If be substituted
for a in this table of endings, the first declension
will be seen to differ but little from the second.
57. The following are the principles of noininal

accent
1. There are three kinds of accent the acute :
('), the circumflex (" ), and the grave (').
2. The acute can occur on any one of the

last three syllables ; the circumflex on either of
the last two ; the grave on the last.
: 3. The acute can stand on a syllable either

or short ; the circumflex can occur on a
long syllable only i.e. a syllable in which there
;
is a long vowel or a diphthong.
4. The accent in the nominative must be

learned by observation.
5. The accent tends to remain on the same
syllable on which it occurs in the nominative.
6. When the ultima is sJiort,
a. The antepenult if accented has the acute.
b. The penult if accented has the acute, unless it be

long ; in this case the circumflex must occur.
c. The ultima if accented must have the acute.
7. When the ultima is long,
a. The antepenult cannot be accented.

b. The penult if accented must have the acute.
c. The ultima may have either the acute or the cir-

cumflex.
Nouns of the first and second declensions

include about seventy-five per cent of the nouns
in the New
Testament. The importance, there-
fore, mastering the vocabularies and forms
of
thus far given can be easily appreciated.
58. EXERCISES.
^ I. I. '^ ajaTryv. 2.
}
.7\<.^ }? ap^fj'i. 3• 0^'
.
eyov-
-^ .
4• iv
5• ayyiXou 6. eXeye
?.
ev
\.
^.
} . 8. Tol<i
y.
II. ev
12.
.
' y
eypae
ev ,-
ev
ivTO-
9• ^'^
. . We remain in the truth. 2. The hour

is announced. 3. Ye have joy in your^ hearts.
4. We see the beginning of righteousness.

5. The way, the truth, and the life. 6. Joy and
peace, love and glory. 7. They were remaining
in the synagogue. 8. They speak in parables.
9. It is taught in the Scriptures. 10. The king-

dom of God and his ^ righteousness.
1
*
Movable
The
/) om.
v, for
dative often follows
the objective case with in.
which see
, § 11.
See lexicon,
where our believe requires
^ Use the article,
LESSON X.
Adjectives of the Vowel Declensions.
,
59.
§,
,
beloved.
other.
08, eternal;
rig/iteous.
cf. AEON.
,
vocabulary.
05, good.
enil.
^tVos, middle.
$, only, alone, MONO-
iKeivos, that one. theism.
erepos, another.
(?,
«
5,
last.
onc''s own., ,,
IDIOM.
ovtos, this one.
ttio-tos, faitJtful.
first.
one s
60.
,
and ,
Learn the declension of good,
small, little, § 25.
Observe that the masc. and neut. are in the
second declension, while the fem. is in the first
8,
declension.
61. Note that when

vowel of the stem, as in
l or
'? and ,
precedes the final
the
fem. has
62.
in the nom. sing.
,tJiis one, and ,

that one, are
demonstrative pronouns, but are declined for
the most part as adjectives in -o<?.
Cf. 53, i.
a.
or present, while
— at a distance.
?
refers to somebody or something near at hand
refers to that which is more remote
ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSIONS. 27
Learn the paradigm of ovro<i, § 26.

63.
Observe i. The rough breathing of the nom.
:
masc. and fem. sing, and plur. appears in all other

forms as r. 2. The vowel of the penult varies
as the vowel in the ultima. 3. The accent
remains on the penult.
€€
64.
or 6
All
that the pronoun

, ?
substantives
must have the
must come
used with
article ;
tJiis
e.^•.
man.
6 -
Observe
and
before the article

or after the nom. This is called the predicate
position. Any other position of an adj. would
be the attributive position.
.
.
65. EXERCISES.
.
^, I.
€^ .
'. I. ] 2. 6
.
^
3- iv
. '-
5• 6.
. .
€€
. 9•
8.
(is),
1 1, iv
y.
.
^
. . The first, last; and the last, first.

2. That disciple knows the Scriptures. 3. In
^ An adj. that has the masc. and fem. alike. Such are called
adjs. of two endings. - Great,
the last day. His own (use art. for Jiis)

4.
know the truth. These children are saved.
5.
6. This is the work of God. 7. This command-
ment I write to the brethren. 8. Beloved, we

have another promise. 9. On the first day he
preached in the synagogue. 10. This one knows
the law and the prophets.
LESSON XL
Personal Pronouns and ., I am.
66. vocabulary.
!^%^ good. €ls, prep., i7ito (with ace).
,
$, holy.
conj., but.
oXos, whole.
on, conj., because, that.
avTOs, he, hifnself.
^,'^ con], for.
€,^ conj., moreover, but.
,
ov,^
,
"i
'r
1
not.
«, /. 08, wicked.
€(, I am. <ri, thou, you.
Each of the words in this vocabulary, except

the adjectives, occurs more than 1000 times in
the New Testament.
1 Words that cannot come first in a sentence are called post-

positives, yap and 5i are such.
2 before consonants ; before vowels j before the
rough breathing.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 29
€,
67.
she,
//
it.
The
,
personal
tJiou ;
pronouns
and ^, ,,
in Greek are
/le,
:
68. Learn the declension of and § 40. ,

Observe: i. That the short forms of in
the sing, have no accent. These are enclitics?•
The meaning of the dissyllabic forms does not
differ from the monosyllabic. The former are
more emphatic.
2. The endings -, = , and -, - - are
common with the endings of the two declen-
sions. Associate the meaning of with its
initial
69.
vowel.
Learn the declension of , ,

§ 26, a.
, sing., and
declension of the article
,,
Observe that, except in the forms
plur., we have the
with the prefix -.
70. Observe the following for the uses of
man
I.
:
himself,
, is
or
in the predicate posi-
the
tion, 64.
1 An enclitic gives up its accent for the preceding word. If

the preceding word has the on the antepenult or the (" ) on
( ' )
the penult, it receives an additional accent on the ultima; e.g.

,my garment, oi/cos ,
my house. What is the dif-
ference between an enclitic and a proclitic ?
Ô
When
is
71.
ESSENTIALS OF
I. avTos
the article precedes
always the same.
2. When used alone, as
,
<,
they
the same man.
the meaning
,
judge him, it is the simple personal pronoun of
the third person.
72. The use of conjunctions and prepositions

is an important thing in inflected languages.
1. is the ordinary copulative conjunction,
joining words, phrases, and clauses.
2. is an adversative, but, in a mild way.
It often has little meaning beyond and, indeed.
3. is the strongest adversative, a very
emphatic but.
4. expresses a reason, as kcu

means and say this) for they are listening.
(I
5. et«?, always occurs with the accusa-

i}ito,
tive, and denotes motion, either expressed or

implied.
73. We noticed that the primary active end-

ing -, as in --,
was dropped, and the
preceding was lengthened to There are .
some verbs that do not drop this and that ,
do not have the variable vowel %. Verbs that
drop the belong to the -conjugation, and
verbs that do not drop the belong to the
/ii-conjugation.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 3I
These make up what are called the -conju-

gation and the /it-con jugation. Of the latter is
€, I am. The following is the pres. ind. :
Sin^. , I am.
il, iJioti art.
Plur. «', we are.
ka-ri, ye are.
€<£, he., she., or // is. «-, they are.
root
a.
- may
is fov -
be compared with is.
; ei is for - ; for '. The
b. All the forms in the pres. ind. of this verb, except ei,
are encHtic, 68, i, note.
74. EXERCISES.
.?
3•
I. I.
5•
Be €€.
hk
kan
elyuL. 2.
4.
epyov
<yap el ev
e<;
deod. 6.
-.
ee.
9.
II.
'; €. €'
. .
/€(9
/êia
el.
el
8.
ev
et
.
/•
J^.c^/ei
^^
12.
6
7leee
.8e
Oeoi).
..
yap 1 3•
14. he ev eKeivr)
II. . But you know me. 2. I glorify Him.

3. Moreover, we speak the trutl•. 4. Ye are in
the world. 5. Darkness ^ is not in Him. 6. And
these things we write to you.
Jesus himself 7.
was not baptizing, but his disciples. 8. Beloved,

we are the children of God. 9. He hears my

words and does not do them. 10. And this is
the witness of him. 11. He himself is the life.
12. On (ev) the same day he was speaking to
the people. 13. Thou art the son of God.
LESSON XII.
Deponent Verbs.
,
,
75.
, go away.
answer.
vocabulary.
€\,
«', go out.
come, go.
,
€-\,
be,
%\.\\.,, go through.
,
become.
a/n able, can.

enter.
•
come
, was.
,, I know.
€,
os, who.
to.
go.
76. Deponent verbs have the form of the

middle, § 47, or the passive, but the sense of
the active.
are
77.
many
something.
the forms
Note
in the vocabulary above that there
verbs that are composed of
,
These are compound verbs and
azvay, ,
+
through, ,
' into,
;
e/c,
out of, 7/309, to, are prepositions. In this verb

of motion the preposition, it will be seen, gives
. . :
DEPONENT VERBS. 33
the direction to the motion. So in most verbs

compounded with prepositions, the idea of the
verb is only modified by the preposition.
When
,, the preposition ends in a vowel, as
the final vowel is dropped before a
verb that begins with a vowel e.g.
-.^
;
is for Bta +
78. The imperfect indicative of et'/ii, am, is as
follows :
Sing. Plur.
1. (), I ivas. I. (), we were.
2. [% {r\<!T^'x), thou wert. 2. €, ye were.
3. , he was. 3. -, they were.
a. The forms in parentheses need not be learned at

€,
79.
;
,
present, as they occur but seldom.
3 times
8,
twice.
I know, is an
]•, i6 times
irregular verb,
;
but
conjugated
2.
3.
, Sing.
in
/ know, etc. i
2.
3-
,
one tense regularly, as follows
€
-
Plur.
we know, etc.
Learn the paradigm of 09, ^, o, § 27.

80.
This pronoun it will be noticed is declined
like the article, except initial and the nomina-
, ,
tive forms 09,
^ On
and
o, a.
I send,
D
r]-,
when these compound verbs receive

the same principle,
the augment the final vowel of the preposition is dropped; e.g.
retain their final vowel.

1 7vas sending. The
Cf. note, p. 58.
prepositions
.
.
81. EXERCISES.
''?€ 8€ €'^€
^ 6
I. I. 2.
6.
6
6
Xeyet
.
.
'AvSpea.
5•
3•
V
^'^
^^
4•
"^
V
'^^'^^'"
aXtidecav
<.^.^ €8 8.
"J.
CTrayyeXla
]<;
.€. 9- '^^^
-.
iv
II.
€.
0€
;
12.
^
"^
yap
iv
ol8e ^
. . We know that we are saved. 2. Ye
enter the synagogue. becoming 3. They are
the children of God. 4. In the beginning was
the Word. 5. The Word was with ace.) (,
God. 6. The truth, moreover, is glorified in
Him. 7. I know that His commandment is life
everlasting. 8. What I say ô you was from

the beginning. 9. The life which we live is
eternal. On that day was the

10. Sabbath.
Whom He knows the world does not
,
II.
know.
1 ^777 I atinouiice.
2 See § 14 for the punctuation in Greek.
3 Time.
: ;
PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE. 35
LESSON XIII.
Present Active Subjunctive and Infinitive.
, 82. vocabulary.
,
, take away. 8,
, adv., now, already.
verily.
die.
send.
, conj., in order that.
prep, with gen., with
with ace, after.
',
yi,
,
€l,
tK,
indeed, at least,
receive.
prep, with gen., through
with ace, OH account
conj., if.
prep, with gen., out of, of.
€Ti, adv., still, yet.
of.
;
,
, not.
vvv, adv.,
ovirw, adv., not yet.
, prep,
co7icerning ;
around.
now.
beseech.
with
with
gen.,
ace,
ir«s, adv , how.
83. The terms primary and secojidary apply

to the tenses of the indicative only.
The subjunctive mood, as in English, denotes
a doubt or a contingency. Unlike the English,
however, the in Greek is very
subjunctive
common. There are but two tenses that are
usually found, the present and the aorist. The
perfect is very rare.
84. The pres. subjv. act. of is
Sing. I . - Plur. I . --€

--
3• -|
2.
3. --
: :
85. The pres. subjv. of is :
Sing. I.
2.
3•
<o
i
Plur. I.
•->
3•
-
«-.€
86. Note that the pres. subjv. of elî is the

same as the personal endings of the regular
verb and while the indicative has the variable
;
vowel %, the subjunctive has the corresponding

long vowel %.
a. The personal endings are those of the primary

active indicative.
,
87. The subjunctive follows Xva, in order that.
€€ Lva
lva.
,
Examine the following
he comes that he may hear,
we believe in order that
we may tiot sin.
88. Rule of syntax: Clauses of purpose take

the subjunctive with Xva. The negative is .
89. The following forms illustrate the present
active infinitive
-€, -£, *-*'•, -,

to loose. to hear. to have. to abide.
-etv = e -\- ending -ev of pres. inf. For -eeu

contracting to -ety, see § 6, 7.
PRESENT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE. 37
90. The participle is very common in Greek,

and necessary to master its uses as soon as
it is
possible, -
is the ending of the pres. act. nom.
masc. sing.
, ;
6 oLpwv, the one

aKovuiv, the
e.g. :
who says.
the one saying, he
takmg away, he who takes away.
one hearing, he who hears.
The article and participle in this use are equiva-

lent, as is seen, to a dependent clause in English.
91. EXERCISES.
<-
.
. , ^^
iaTLV;
I. I.
2.
3•
€-)( \eyr)
en
irepl
r)
.^ 4•
^
rye ^^'^' \eyei.
..^.. 4',
; 5•
6. a'ipei. /• ^'^ "^^^
€<? 8. ev eêi
g.
ev TTj ayairr] 4€.
. . They baptize in order that they may

glorify God. 2. Already we become the chil-
dren of Him. Ye are able to know the 3.
truth. 4. How can He take away our sins .-'
5. Through Him they are saved and have eter-
nal life. 6. After these things they go away

1 For ', § 5, 2.
38 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK,
into the desert. 7. He comes that He may

save sinners (ayLiapTwXof). 8. I am willing to
hear the Gospel. 9. Verily, verily the one lov-

ing his brother is not a servant. 10. Ye are
not able to hear my word. 11. That one was
from the beginningf and tiuth is in Him.
LESSON XIV.
Present Passive SaBjuNcrrv-E and Infinitive.
92. VOCABULARY.
,
, adv., at the same
prep, with gen., instead
time. ,
?.
conj., or.
2La\'.,Just as.
,
, of. Kaivos, new.
-, prep, with gen., from.

salute.
DEMON.
Xoiiros, remaining.
ovv, adv., therefore.
prep, with acc,
, conj., if.
tvayytXiov, gospel.
irpos,
-, toward.
worship.
tOf
ivpLvKut.fnd. €, keep.
93. The pres. pass, subjv. of ; is
--
:
Sing. I. -- Plicr. I.
- (
2.
3-
-)
-- 2.
3• --
94. Observe: . The long vowel "/^, as in
the active. 2. The personal endings are the
pass, primary endings of the indicative. 3. -97
of 2 per. sing, is for -.

:
PRESENT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INFINITIVE. 39
95. The subjunctive is used in exliortation.
Examine the
.] ets
,,
follov^îng
let us fijidthe truth.

let us not be led in sin.
96. Rule of syntax : TJie first person plural

{of the subjunctive) may be used to express an
exhortation. The negative is .
97.
tav
iav
Rule
'/,
of syntax
if
:
,/, moreover. Judge.
:
if ive say not the truth.
The subjunctive follows lav

[=if)\ the negative is . Cf. § 124.
98. The pres. pass. inf. may be seen in the

following verbs :
-€-,
to be destroyed.
-€-,
to be heard.
--,
to be judged.
What is the pres. pass. inf. ending .''
99. Examine the following :
--,
--<;,
the one being jjidged.
This ending
6
- the one bei::g heard.
is the passive participle end-
ing in nom. masc. sing, as is in the active. -

The ending -o? is declined like § 25. «?,
What was said in 90 about the sense of the

active participle applies equally to the passive.
100. EXERCISES.
?.
, %
€€
4-
I. I.
^ / .. .
ev
iariv
tol"?
€<;.
5•
2.
^7^^ ^^^^
3• ^^
^^V•*•
' , .
6.
,' .
6
€1
.
7-
8.
9• ^^^ ^^
{nothing) . (myself),
. . Let US keep this commandment. 2. Let

us receive the truth. 3. therefore, we
If, are the
children of God, let us do His works. 4. Let us
believe that through Him we have eternal life.

5. They were willing to receive the Gospel.
6. He who believes is saved and has eternal
life. Let us not speak concerning these
7.
things. 8. A new commandment write I unto
you. 9. If we say that we have not sin, the

truth is not in us. 10. He preaches the Gospel
of the kingdom of God.

THIRD DECLENSION. 41
LESSON XV.
Third Declension: Neuter Nouns in a.
,
101. VOCABULARY.
,,
, ,,
,
TO,
RHAGE.
blood;
will.
cf. hemor-
-,,
-, ,
|,^ ,
mouth.
body.
night.
,
,
NATE.
-£', ,
,
, word;
name ;
Spirit.
seed.
cf.
cf.
RHETORIC,
irovs,
«, ,
,
, ,
,
, /oot.
^re, vxKOtechnics.
flesh.
ligJit, VHOTOgraphy.
hand, CHiKOgraphy.
102. The third declension is ordinarily called

the consonant declension from the fact that the
stem of the nouns usually ends in a consonant.
A few nouns, as we shall see later, end in a
close vowel, t or v, or in"the diphthong ev.
103. necessary in declining a noun of

It is
have the stem. This is deter-

this declension to
mined by dropping the genitive ending -09•
104. The nominative is formed from the stem

in various ways. The nominative, therefore, is
not easily determined till we know the genitive.
1 These monosyllables have peculiaiities of form which will
be explained later. The frequency of their occurrence is the

reason for introducing them thus early.
42
105.
follows
ESSENTIALS OF
The declension of ,
name, is as
8
:
Sing. Plur.
106.
N. A. V.
G.
D.
Observe the following

. . V.
:
G.
D. .
1. The genitive ending is -09.
2. The
dative ends in -l, as in the first and
second declensions. Here, however, it does not
appear as iota-siibscript, but is written in the
line.
3. In the plur. a is the same as in the
O-declension, so likewise -.
4. The dat. plur. ends in -, with which
compare -t? of the A- and 0-declensions. of
the stem drops before -.
5- The stem is
the mere stem, final
-.
The nominative is
being dropped.^
107. Learn the declension of , night, § 28.
108. Rule of accent : Monosyllables of the

consojiant declension accent the tiltima in all
genitives and datives, - of the genitive plural
is circiDnflexed.
1 The only single consonants that can stand at the close of a

word in Greek are v., p, s. A", '^ther letters which would occur
here are dropped.
THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED. 43
109. EXERCISES.
^,.
I. I.
'. ^/}?
3•
. ^^'^ ayeiv
2.
.
' .^-
4- 5•
<
{against)
'.
;
.-
6. iv /.
? €^£. 8.
iyeveTO {became). .
g. 6
eh
^
II. €6
{defiles)
.
.
8\
.
12. el
{offend) € {cutoff) ij.
iv Trj
. . They believe on (ei?) His name. 2. He

baptizes you, moreover, in the holy spirit. 3. He
is able to save by {ev) night and day. 4. Let us
believe on the name of the Lord. 5. The word
becomes flesh. 6. These are the good seed.
7. This is the will of God. 8. He
speaks
through the mouth of God. 9. The bread of
life is my flesh. 10. Verily, verily I say to you,
he who believes on His name has eternal life.
LESSON XVL
Third Declension : Stems in -i and -ep.
110. VOCABULARY.
, , man.
,
ktCo-is, , creation.
•<9,
8, -Ls, ,
, resurrection,
knowledge. -,
, , mother.
, exhortation,
,., power, DYNA-
, tribulation.
irio-Tis,
, father.
, faith.
, Qty.
-is, , judgment. (-,
iroXis,
, conscience.
111. Above are given the most common nouns

in the New Testament in -t?, stem in They -l.
are declined as follows :
iroXis, city.
Sing.
Stem -. Plur.
N. iroXis , V.
. iroXiis
G. iroXcws G. '•€
D.
A.
V.
- D.
A. iroXeis
112. The following is to be noted regarding

the declension of this class of nouns :
I. e takes the place of the final stem vowel

in all cases except the nom., ace, and voc. sing.
:
THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED. 45
2. The gen. sing, has -?, not -09.

3. The accent in gen. sing, and plur. is irregu-
lar, and here the acute accent is found on the
antepenult when the ultima is long.
4. e unites with of the dat. sing., and forms
a diphthong ei.
5. The ace. sing, adds simply -v to the stem.*

6. In the vocative the mere stem occurs.
7. The nom. plur. -et<? is for ee<>, § 6, 7.
and
113.
a.
Learn the declension of , § 33,
1. The nominative ends in -, while the

stem ends in -ep.
2. The gen. and dat. sing, drop this e of the
stem, and take the accent on the last syl-
lable.
3. Voc. sing, has recessive accent (3, , i).
4. The dat. plur. has ap for ep.
114. Learn avyip, man, § 33. Note that when-
,
ever ep of the stem would be followed by a vowel,
takes the place of the e. The same peculiari-
ties of accent obtain as in but of the -
gen. plur. is circumflexed.
115. EXERCISES.
I. I.
€
,. ^.-
^. . 3• ^^
ep^êTai
"^
4•
et9
2.
he ear lv
5- '^ eir {on)

.
.<. € 8€
,
<yov
8.
g. ev
/• ^^^
{zuhcrc)
9eoi>
€. e^êre.
6
6.
.
avSpa
.
e\e-
II. epya 12. ev

{shall have)
.
II. . The faith which we have saves men.
2. Life is in him who has the spirit of faith.
3. This is my father and my mother. 4. He
who does the will of God abides in the truth.
5. Wehave power to become the children of
God. 6. He is the resuriection and the life.
7. We are raised from the dead on {ev) the day
of judgment. 8. He who hears my word comes
not into judgment. 9. In that city he preached

the Gospel. 10. For those days are tribula-
tion
FUTURE INDICATIVE. 47
LESSON XVII.
Future Iot)icative.
116.
,
$.€,
8, ,
?,
do wrong.
iinrig/iteousness.
vocabulary.
,
,
,
conquer.
confess.
,
',
,
, ov, iinrtgkteons.
look up.
deny.
begin.
,
ircpiiraTiw,
€,
€,
walk.
gather together.
go away.
}nake niantfest.
-',
wonder
hate.
at., marvel.
-, fear.
guard.
117. The fut. ind., as in English, denotes

what going to take place.
The
is
following
Sing.
is the fut. ind. act. of \ :
Plur.
1. \-•-<, / shall loose, I. \-•--, we shall loose,
2.
3. -
-•-€5
-ei
etc. 2.
3.
-•-6-€,
--- etc.
118. The fut. ind. mid.^ of is :
Sing. Plnr.
1. ---- I. -<--
2. ---] 2. ---€-•€
3- ---£- 3• ----
^For the middle voice, see §§ 47, 48. The middle and pas-
sive are thesame in form, except in the future and the aorist,
which we shall learn later.
119. Observe that the future has primary

endings, and differs from the present in the use
of ,
with which compare shall in the English
future. Note that appears before the variable
vowel %. Hence, while the present is formed
by adding % to the stem, the future is formed
by adding %.
-
Learn the
120.
of , ,
- ,- ,
The
fut. ind. of
future of
conquer,
et//./',
is
§ 65.
do wrong,
of
is
-.
; ;
hate, is make manifest, is

; of
From
these forms it can be seen
that a short final voivel mnst be lengthened before
,,
% of the future, e = , a = ,^ = .
, -
,
-,
121.
begin,
.
The
is
future of
; of
lead, is ; of
guard, stem
, . ,,
From which it is seen that
stems in , , form with %, %.
stem
122.
,-,
The
is
future of
turn, is
Stems
see, is
in
; ,%
of
,, +
;
zvash,
of
=
%.
123.
\
which observe that

The
of , future of
persuade,
stems
save,
is
in
.
, ,
stem -,
From
would
is
1 But after e, t, or is not changed to , but . Cf. 53, i.

:
FUTURE INDICATIVE. 49
have simple % in the future. The consonant

drops before the tense sign.
124. The various forms of future stems may

be seen by examining the following summary
Vowel Stems. Mute^ Steins.
+ <^/^ - W/^ Palatals, + % == %

% %
K, y,
, 0/ - 0/ Linguals, , , -\-
Other vowel stems hardly No stems end in the double

occur. consonants $, , nor in -
,
The future of liquid stems, , , , , will be
explained in a future lesson. Aside from stems
in these four letters, we may now be able to
form the future of any regular verb in Greek.
€.
^.. .-
125. EXERCISES.
';
., /, .
I. I. 2. 'ypa'^ôD
4- '
7€ 3•
5•
{thus)
.,
8
6 6
K.vpie. 7• '^ 6.
<.
iv
€v
\]
)) . Siavoia (luind)
9•
8.
^'^ ]
iv 6\rj
}
Trj
•
"^)
-
^ See § 2 for the classification of consonants.
5
eaovrai
,
ESSENTIALS OF
^
. .. .
' 12.
\€y
1 1,
.
{a/so) iv
Tat<i
II. . There shall be tribulations. 2. We shall

do the truth. 3. He who knoweth the truth
and doeth it shall live. 4. Ye shall be with
^
me this day. 5. They shall hate us because

we are not of (e/c) the world. 6. We shall love
the Lord God with all our heart. 7. I shall do
the will of my father. The son of man shall
8.
believe on (et?) the word. 9. They shall bear

witness concerning Him that He is the light.
10. We shall seek Him. 11. There shall be joy
in Heaven because he is saved. 12. He shall

glorify God.
LESSON XVIII.
Third Declension : Mute Stems.
126. vocabulary.
,
,
aWoTpios,
, ,
, food.
eX-iris,
£8, ready.
, age, .EON.
another's., strange.
Jiope.
,
Kaivos, neTV.
£, ,
,
judgment.
build Up.
irpeo-pvTepos, elder.
be a servant.
X<ipis, , grace.
$,, darkness.
manifest.
^ with Gen.
:
THIRD DECLENSION CONTINUED. 5 I
127. Observe the following
- ,, 1. '?, Jiope, ,
--,
stem eXirtS- night, stem
,
;
-
stem
;
-. ;
foot, stem
//^///, stem
;
;
flesJi, stem
grace,
2. In all these nouns note that the stem ends

in a mute
(§ 2), and that the nominative is
formed by adding ? to the stem. For the
euphonic changes that occur with and the
mutes, see 124.
128. In
stem
age, stem
^€-
and
, , - ^^, leader,
hand, stem ^-, we
;
;
have liquid stems which form the nominative

from the mere stem. A short vowel, as in
•-, may be lengthened.
a.
not .add
,
dropped and
s for
prince, ruler, has the stem
the nominative, which
lengthened to .
is
-, but does
the mere stem with
and
129.
, Learn the declension of

§ 28, and § 32. , , ?,
30. When nouns with stem in , , or pre-
ceded by t or are not accented on the ultima,
e.g. , -,
the ace. sing, has
has ace. iXiriSa.

v,
ace.
the mute being dropped
Cf. 112, 5.
; but , ^-,
;
same
131.
132.
The
as the nom.
When -- of
,
voc. sing, is rare and
however, has voc.
the stem would

is usually the
come before
.
-
e.g-.
133.
,
of the dat. plur., both the letters are
and the preceding vowel
stem -,
EXERCISES.
is lengthened
dat. plur. . dropped
(o to ) ;
ianv
I. I.
ev . ^
eupiaK€L<; <y€
8e
.
€€ ', /,
2. avrof;
.. ^
3.
'^.
..,
4• iêre {behold)
708 et/xi . 6
€€
€€ '
6.
J. <yap
. ^ , 8.
8. 6
eV* () g. 6
8\ ev ) 6
.
1 1,
. . 12.
he
.
II. . Truth abides forever. 2. Now have we
faith and hope. 3. I write these (things) with
my hand. 4. The light appears in the darkness.
1 t may be added to adverbs and pronouns to emphasize

them.
often ; .
The accent in all such cases is upon the t; «r.^.
vvv, 2
is
q^ g 157^
THIRD DECLENSION CONCLUDED. 53
5. We are saved by faith. 6. He who has love

in his heart has grace. 7. We are not under
the law, but under grace. 8. By the grace of
God we are what we are. 9. Behold my hands
and feet.
LESSON XIX.
Third Declension Neuter Nouns, Stems
: in- €- ;
Masculine Nouns, Stems in €v-.
134. vocabulary.
-,
apxi€p€vs, o, chief priest.
€5, ,
, king.
Upevs, priest, HiER«;r/y/.
?, ,
,
inevtber.
€8,
, ,
race.
wo>nan.
scribe.
H-^pos,
,
ovs,
-?, ,
part.
ear.
inultitiede.
,
i'Gvos, nation. ctkotos, to, darkness.
4'5, , custom, ethics. ,
iXeos, TO, pity. ,
TeXos, end.
, water, KYOKotogy.
Neuter nouns with the nominative in -09 and
the stem in -ea form an important class of nouns
of the third declension. The most common
examples are given above.
135. Learn the declension of yevo<;, race (§ 30),
Observe the following.

I. In the gen. and dat. sing, the of the stem
is dropped between the two vowels, and <yeveo<i
contracts into ^.
is
2.
•yevodv
In
dropped
;
all
see §§
;
cases of the plur. the
jevea,
5, 8 and
are contracted to
6, 6.
of the
^
stem
136. Learn the declension of king €<;,

(§
of .31), with which compare the vowel stem
,
137.
declension, as
foot,
For some
8,
ryvvi),
irregular
wovian,
waicr,
see § 34.
,
nouns of the third
Jiair^
Jiand,
, car,
Only such forms are given as occur in the New

Testament.
138.
I. I.
'. .
'
^
EXERCISES.
3•
€\
"^^ evayyeXiov
earlv.
€
2.
.
el
ev
5-
.
TOL<i
{persuaded)
Be
<{ .^.. -
4• ou/c eêi?
, 8 •.
6.
/. 8. {^
^
g.
'. .
{^striick^ •
8
.
. ,, . (^for^
12.
1 Ji/a;i_}'.
FIRST AND SECOND AORIST INDICATIVE. 55
II. I. Ye are not in the darkness. 2. This

one is the king of the Jews. For we know
3.
in (e/f) part. 4. The scribes and the chief

priests will say this. 5. They know that he
is not the king of this world. 6. A great
multitude will follow him (dat.). 7. We have
a part in the kingdom of God. 8. I say to
you brethren that the end is not yet. 9. We
shall make him king.
LESSON XX.
First and Second Aorist Indicative,
,
139.
,
vocabulary.
, / died.
, ',
sanctify.
,
€,
,
,
,
seem, think.
behold.
see.
purify.
go down.
blind.
receive.
€€,
I threw.
I became.
elSov, /saw.
,
etirov, I said.
,
«, I fomid.
/ went or came.
I received.
140. The aorist is the most common tense in

Greek to represent what has taken place. Thus,
/ loosed, I did loose, or / Jiave loosed would most
--,
the aor. ind. act. of .
likely be expressed in Greek by one word, e
: .
141. The aorist indicative of is :
ACTIVE. MIDDLE.
Sing. I .
'---
--<-5
---
€--( ---)
2
3-
. €
4'--<€ --- ( for
Plur. . €--<-€ €--(-€

€----6 €--•--
2.
3- €--(- ---
. In 2 pers. sing. ind. mid. drops between the two
vowels , and tiiese contract to , § 5, i
142. Observe the following on the formation

of the aorist
1. The augment as in the imperfect.

2. The tense suffi.x is which changes , to
in 3 per. sing. act.
3. The personal endings are secondary, of
I per. sing. act. is dropped.
143. Compare the suffix with d or ed in

the past tense in English ; e.g. :
--- «----
loose-d-you fill - ed-we
144. The same principles of augment are

found in the aor. ind. as in the imperf. ind., 36,
and the same euphonic changes with of the

aor. as with %
of the fut., 120-124.
FIRST AND SECOND AORIST INDICATIVE. 57
145. Not all verbs have the aorist in which ,

is called the first aorist, but form the tense on
the simple stem of the verb by the use of the
variable vowel %. This is called the second
aorist.
146.
or stem
The
-,
2 aor. ind. of
is
ACTIVE.
:
,MIDDLE.
tJirow, theme
Sing. I.
2. -
'---
-e-s
---
--
t
( for €--€-)
3• €'--€ €--£-
Phir. I. €---£ ---£
2. €--£-£ £--£-•£
3- £--- --0 -vro
.Note that the only difference in form between the
2 aor.and the imperf. of the same verb is a difference in
--,
stem; e.g. t
while --,
imperf., has the pres. stem
2 aor., has the simple stem or theme,
-,
147. Few verbs have both aorists. There is
,, ,
no difference whatever in meaning between a
first aorist and a second aorist.
'^-
148. The following 2 aor. are given in the
theme -,
vocabulary
, ; <,
theme
:
c8-,
theme
2 aor.
yev-,
ei8ov
2
;
aor.
2 aor.
theme
;
€up-, 2 aor. eupop ; theme €-, 2 aor.

58
; ,
has no present.
;
:
Note tJiat the second aorist has the simple

theme of the verb and the %.
theme /8-, 2 aor. irape-
149. The difference in form between a first
aorist and a second aorist may be illustrated by

the following
--, ----,
, love .... lovc-d-we
,
1. aor.
2. ', talk
I
I aor. «----, talk-ed-they

3. throw ... 2 aor. €---€, t/irew-we
4. /iZ/('(? ... 2 aor. '---, took-they
In I and 2 the past tense in both the Greek

and the English is formed by adding some-
—,
,
thing, and d or ed.
In 3 and 4 no suffix is found, but the change
is in
threw ;
the stem of the verb.
take, , -, took.
throw, -,
,, .)
€
150.
I. I.
- .^
-..
€€
<€ ;•
EXERCISES.
2. eypayfra
'^-
.
3•
^/^
.
4• '^<^''
{where) vTrayei otl

. et? I'Sia
.
iSiOi
1 irepi and
/.
irpo do not drop the final

6.
vowel before the augment.

.
rj'ya'jrrjaev
€^
FIRST AND SECOND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE. 59
S.
a
;
Trepl
.)
yap
eyeveTO.
12.
.^
ev
13.
eypayfrev.
ei•?
II.
. .-
elirev
9. eOeaaavro
virep
'
8. ev
eyeveaOe.
II. . They asked him. 2. They went and

saw where {irov) he was abiding. 3. The word
became flesh. 4. He acknowledged that he is
the Christ. 5. He bore witness, saying that he
saw the spirit. 6. For he sent them to preach
the kingdom of God. 7. And it came to pass
in those days. 8. And I saw and heard.
LESSON XXI.
First and Second Aorist Subjunctive.
,
151. vocabulary.
,
,
,
civepLos, o,
,
,
irrte.
wind.
open.
kill.
7'elease.
2Lav.,jHst now.
€€,
r|,
atii'.,
iiiiiid.
there.
«vTeiGev, adv., thence.
eirei, conj., when,
€-€, ask (a question),
€-7, , aesire.
-?,
since.
•€€, am sick.
pCos,
88; ,
o', life.
devil.
,
$, .,
strong.
adv., where,
fear.
XpeCa, , need.
152. The aor. subjv. of \ :
ACTIVE. MIDDLE.
Sing. I. -(- -'--
2. -•-)-5
•-•-
--
--- (for -<-<)
3•
Plur. . ---,€ -<--

-0--€ -(--<€
2.
3• -"--" ---
153. Observe on the aor. subjv. :
1. There is no augment.
2. is the tense suffix.

3. The personal endings are the same as in
the pres. subjv.
4. The aor. stem, \-, is the same as the
aor. stem, 141, and the euphonic changes
ind.
will be the same as in the aor. ind.
,,€-
, ,,
, , 154. Write the aor. subjv. of do ;
suade ;
make tnanifest ;
lead;
^, write;
begin ; /, per-
send;
receive.
155. The 2 aor. subjv. of theme -,

-
^^
-- Sing. I.
ACTIVE.
-
MIDDLE.
Pliir.
2.
3.
I.
-
--€
-s
--
<*-)
--€
--•) (for
2.
3.
--€
-- --
--<(
. 1
FIRST AND SECOND AORIST SUBJUNCTIVE. 6
156. Note that the same principles are ob-

served in the formation of the 2 aor. subjv. as
in the 2 aor. ind. (146-147).
157.
be conjugated:
eJSov,
The
I saw, subjv.
,8
2 aor. subjv. of the folloviîng
I came,
; €<€,
subjv.
may
I became,
;
subjv. 7eW/4ai. Observe that the augment

does not appear in the subjv.
158.
2.
1
€/€ eh
eis
,., let 7/s
let
:
believe Pit
ns believe on
Him.
Him.
Observe that there is no difference in trans-

lation between a present subjunctive and an
aorist. The distinction ordinarily made between
the present and the aorist is that the present
denotes what is contmued or extended, while the
aorist expresses a simple act without any refer-
ence to a continuance of the same. In i the
idea is Let tis continue, or keep on haviiig faith
in him. In 2 the thought is Let ns believe in
him now, or get belief in Jiijn.
159.
that, and
In dependent clauses with
eav,
,
either the pres. or aor. subjv.
in order
may
if,
be used, with the distinction in 158. The aorist

snbjimctive does not denote past time, but is pres-
ent or fjitnre zuith reference to the principal verb.
;
The has the same endings
,
160. 2 aor. part,
as the present, -, -<;, 90 and 99, with the
, ',, ,
-. 6
accent on
Jichaving seen;
h_e having co^ne ;
he having died ;
he having said ;
18,
he having
-
received ; he having become.
161. The 2 aor. inf. also has the endings of

-,
the present,
, 89 and 98, with (") on the

-eti/,
ultima of the active and the (') on the penult of
,
the middle. eXOelv, to come ; Ihetv, to see ; elirelv,
to say;
fêvmOai, to become.
to die; to receive
162.
I. lav
evToXr)
.,
^.
EXERCISES.
.
otl
iv . 2.
3•
^,
. .' .
irepl
7-
.^ €^ {all)
' evpev
8.
hC
6.
^
4•
$.
a'yev
^ 1
{rejoice)
€€.
Learn the
9•
hi
^7^ '^'^
capital letters, § 1, ^ 3ee ^g^

eVt
epya
yPjv.
{vain display)
.,10.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
II.
,
} 63
,
e'/c
€
.
'
Trapaye-
Tat {pass aiuay) te
LESSON XXII.
Irregular Adjectives of the Consonant

Declension.
,
?,
?,
163.
iuy.
impossible.
vocabulary.
€
ovVe
.
.
.
.
ovSe, neither
. ', neither
. . . nor.
. . .
?, unclean.
-,
nor.
,
,
diiras, all.
<>,
book, Bible.
wish.
sinner.
the side of;
prep. w. gen.,
w. dat., by
the side of; w. ace, to the
side of.
from
,
IXevOepos, free. iras, all.
much, many.
?, -,
great. iroXvs,
0T€, conj., when. sow.
', liar.
164. Learn the declension of •, vuicJi,

and ^, great, § 36. To be observed :
That both these adjectives have two dis-

I.
tinct stems, a longer and a shorter form, of

which the former is more frequent.
64 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
2. That they are declined, for the most part,

in the first and second declension.
165. Learn the declension of ?, all, § 36,

and note the following peculiarities :
1. The masc. and neut. are declined in the

third declension, while the fern, is declined in
the first declension.
2. The stem is -, and the nom. masc. is
formed by adding as in mute stems. In the

fem. nom. sing, - 9,
is added. Cf. 127, 2.
3. VT- drops before 9 of nom. sing, and - of

the dat. plur. Cf. 132.
4. The accent in the masc. and neut. sing, is
that of monosyllables of the third declension,
108, while in the plur. it is an exception to the
rule.
166. EXERCISES.
^
3.
I.
/;^
I.
6 ^
-rrauTa Bt
. 7'9•
ev
iyevero.^
4• '^^^
2.
iyevero
.
.^. eVl^ . iv
ey\v
8.
g.
^€ 6.
y. yap
.
-eyk7].
1 Cf. 43, 10, note. ^ Jn the pred. position, 64. ^ See 167.
;
. 10.
Xeyeiv.
.
.
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE.
TO
12.
*
II. en
€\
€
- 65
. 1 3-
LESSON
Perfect Indicative Active and Passive.
.
,
,
167.
adv., truly.
sin.
vocabulary.
,
',^
adv., whence.
adv., thus.
,
£,
,
go up.
â-v.,from above.
, covenant. ,
irov, adv.,
-. where.
kill.
,
fulfil, make per-
[, feast. feet.
4', adv. w. gen., without. ?, , friend.
tiri, prep. w. gen., upon lie.
\v. ace, to, on, over. ?, conj., as. about.

5, , sun. €, love.
168. The perf. ind. of is :
active. ^. PASSIVE or middle.

Sing.
1. \-\-, / have loosed, \i-\v-ô.\., I have been loosed ox
'--? €--0
2.
3. -- etc.
-- have freed for
myself.
1. ---
---
Plnr.
€--€
'---
2.
3- €---<
^ But oirws before a vowel.
--
F
169. i. That the tense suffix in the

Observe
act. is -,
with which compare
:
of the aor. -
2. That the 5 per. plur. act. has -, which shows
the endings to be primary. In the sing, the end-

ings do not appear as primary, but are the same
as in the aor. act. The etc., never occur ,,
here. 3. That besides the augment there is the
initial consonant of the verb, which extra sylla-
ble Xe- is called reduplication. 4. That the perf.
pass, has the reduplication and the primary pass,
endings, which are added directly to the theme
without the intervention of any tense suffix.
170. The following forms will indicate the
,
perfect of a few verbs
-
:
,
<£,
€€,
conquer .... Perf. Act.
believe
/ove
', ask for ....
. . . Perf. Act.
Perf. Act.
Perf. Act.
Perf. Pass.
£-1-
•£-•7-6-
-
€-€-.
i
£, fulfil
beget Perf. Pass. £-€'-
seen from these examples that a short
It is
final vowelis lengthened before or as - -,
before all tense suffixes, and that a verb begin-
ning with a vowel or a diphthong cannot have
the reduplication, but the simple augment. For
the principles of augment and reduplication, see
§77, I, 2, 3, 4.
1 See 36, 2 for this augment.

:
PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. 6•]
171. The perfect has many peculiarities, whicli need

not concern the learner at this stage, and can well be left
for larger hand-books or the lexicon.
Learn the following perfects of irregular

verbs
,
, //ear 2 Perf. Act. --
«--
, know. . . . Perf. Act.
--
^
see Perf. Act. c
172. A few verbs .have a second perfect in -a,

-, -
not
yov-a ; ^,
§ 54 ; e.g.
come, go, 2 perf.

become, 2 perf.
\-\-.
8 ^. ^^
173. EXERCISES.
.
.
I.
2.
iv
otl a
otl eyvaev
air
7€7€€ ^
'
3. 4• '^^'^
T7JV
. jeyevvyTaL. 5•
. ^^. .- iv
.
6. he
et? /• '''^
^
8.
,,
^.
II. ev
?/
, ^,
' ^ ^.
€<
^-
.
g.
'
12. yap 6 , .
6S
'
ESSENTIALS OF
on
6
.
Trepl
3•
et?
"^
- .
LESSON XXIV.
AoRiST Passive Indicative and Subjunctive.
-,
174.
read.
VOCABULARY.
,
--, , indecl., Passover.
-',
av'piov, adv.,
,
to-morrow.
BLASPHEME.
generation.
•-,
ing.
adv., wJioice.
adv., early in the viorn^
8,
,
x[,
, 05,
-,
,
teaching. ivise.
, adv., near.
heal.
co/nmand.
•€«, grieve.
i5iro,
',
under.
call.
cnicify.
prep. w. gen. and ace.
175. The aor. pass. of is —

Sing.
indicative.
I. €--- -
SUBJUNCTIVE.
-?
Pllir.
2.
3.
I.
€---5
€--
---€
-
--
2. €---€ --£
3• €---< ,--
176. Observe the following :
I. The which is
suffix for the aor. pass, is 9e,
and contracts with -, -rj<;, etc.,
in the ind.,
of the subjv. with the circumflex. See § 5, 8
and § 6, 5.
AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 69
2. The personal endings in the aor. incl. pass,

are the secondary active. So likewise in the
ened
177.
manifest,
178.
before
suade^
;
.
subjv. are found not pass., but act. endings.
e.g.
.
A theme
-; e.g.
,
Before -de a short
in a
do,
, mute stem
lead^
final
VX^V^>
; ,
vowel
(§ 2) is
^,
is length-
make
changed
per-
= X +
,, €=€
«1 yy ^« Xê
,^^ ,
+
, +€=
8,
179. Some deponent verbs (76) have an aor.

pass. Such are called passive deponents ; e.g.
go, I wejit ;
reply, I replied.
, ^
180.
2 aor. pass.
In some verbs there
pass, with the suifi.x e only
, it was
;
is
e.g.
written.
found a 2
See 2
aor.
write,
aor.
•.
.
pass, of
.
181.
I. -
'
et?
§ 58.
iv
EXERCISES.
4•
3-
oVt
2.
'^^^
^' '^
^'.
6
5- eav he <;.
€
'6\<^
}. , ^€.
6. oi'K € ouSe
€ iyevvri-
'.
deov
eav
) "/. {/or)
epja
{like)
8.
^<; <;
9-
•
ij
epyov
.€ •
.
8e
eiirev
olha iroOev
08€ ^
LESSON XXV.
,
Participles.
182. vocabulary.
8,
dpviov,
€5, ,
, la tub.
possible, able.
chosen, elect.
,
-,
account.
little.
iravTOTc, adv., always.
,
cvcKa, prep. w. gen.,
of.
€-€,
.
adv.,
on account
on the morrow.
give thanks, bless.
irpo',
fore.
TiKia, finish.
lead astray.
prep. w. gen., be-
,. Village.
adv., as a prep. w. § ;n.,
ToiovTos, such.
apart from.
183. The pres. part, of €, I am :
Sing. Plur.
N.V.
Masc. Fern.
'-?
Neut. Masc.
OVT€S -
Fem. Neut.
G. OVTOS
D. OVTl
A. ovTtt -
OVTOS
OVTl -
ovTas ? -ais ovcri
1
PARTICIPLES. 7
184. Observe the following :
1. This participle is declined in three genders,

sing, and plur. the same as ?,
2. The stem
sing., and
-
becomes
is for
165.
in nom. masc.
in nom. fem. sing.
-
The neut. sing, is the mere stem. Cf. 106, 5.
185. Learn the pres. act. part, of § 43. \,

Note that the pres. part. act. of any verb in
,,
-ft) is the present stem of the verb with the pres.
part, of €.
^,
What is
say, , the pres.

judgc^
act. part, of
Participles are accented like adjectives, not with the

know?
Jiear,
recessive accent of verbs.
186. Second aorist participles in - (160) are

declined the same as pres. part, in -.
187. The same tense signs are found in the
participles as occur in the tenses of the indica-
tive.
Flit. Aor. Perf.
ACTIVE, -- -- --
MIDDLE. -- -- No sign but the accent on the penult. -U£V05
PASSrVÊ. --- -€- " " " " "
For the changes before tense sufifixes, see

124 and 178.
, 188. Leafn the aor. act. and pass. part,

§ 43, and observe the same principles
of
in
:
,,
the formation of the nom. sing, as in the pres.
act. part.
In the aor. pass, the form which has
irregular accent, is for 165, 3. e is
lengthened to ei.
189. All middle and passive participles, except

the aorist passive, have the ending -,^.
MIDDLE.
PASSIVE.
Pres.
\--€<;
Same
---'
Flit.
as the middle, except the

-- --
Aor.
--fut. pass,
Per/.
is
-/£5.
190. Examine the following
€.
.
1.
a. Having said tJiis 1
b. When he said this \ he went away.

c. He said this and J
2. TTOpevo/xevoi Ss
.
a. Going moreover "1
b. As we adva?tced \ we preached.
c. While we advanced)
3.
a. Seeing this (these) "1
b. When saw this

he \ he marvelled.
c. Because lie saw this J
191. Observe in these sentences :
I. The participle agrees in number and case

with the subject of the verb.
.
AORIST PASSIVE INDICATIVE AND SUBJUNCTIVE. 73
2. While the participle may be rendered into
English by a participle (Ex. i a, 2 a, and 3 a),

it more naturally takes the form of a dependent
clause denoting time or cause.

3. 'The tense of the participle is relative to
,
the tense of the principal verb.
192. Examine the following
5,
:
Tot? to those who hear.
/,
1
2. Trept Toi concerning him luho knows.

him who has begotten.
3.
4. •<;, he who is begotten.
193. Observe that the article luith the partici-

ple may occur in any case, and is equivalent to
a relative clause in English.
The participle is a most common form of verbal expres-
sion in Greek, and to understand a few of its many uses
isan essential to even a meagre knowledge of the language.
Some of the most ordinary uses have been here explained ;
and if these models are thoroughly mastered, little diffi-

culty need confront the learner in the narrative passages
of the New Testament.
. 194.
I.
iiyyiKev^
2.
EXERCISES.
elrrov
)
.
.
eyei
XeyovTe^
4•
3• '^<^'
. 5• f^^^^ €\€<
^ ^^^ near.
74
et9
ESSENTIALS OF
.^ elhov
. /
NEW TESTAMENT
€
GREEK.
.
6.
,^^-- iv
€
iv
^
/•
..
8.
..
aev
'^
9•
.
eypayjra irepl
II. 6
6 ''/, *
'^'-^-
LESSON XXVI.
,
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.
,
',
05.
195.
, i7iarket-place.
6, field.
vocabulary.
oivos,
', ,
,
wine.
witness.
,
,
minister. adv., not yet., no longer.
88, , minister, DEA- conj. w. subj., when.
.
COX. iroTi, adv., once., ever.
,
,,
€••€, heal.
wild
,
beast.
adv., 7)iore, rather.
€, adv.,
€5,
yfi?,?, escape.
tJien.
sheep.
adv., quickly.
For the contraction eou, see § 8.

^
» 2 For instead of oo, see § 5, I.

^ A participle may be used in the genitive to agree with a
noun, pronoun, or adjective. This construction has no gram-

inaiical connection with the rest of the sentence, and is called
genitive absolute. A conjunction, as w/iile, wheii, because, must
be used in translating such phrases into English.
4 See §8, I.
. :
INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 75
Learn the declension

196. of the interroga-
tive pronoun w/? and , , wJiatf and the
indefinite pronoun
thing, § 41.
some , one, and \, some-

1. Both the interrogative and indefinite pro-
nouns are declined alike.
2. The interrogative pronoun has the acute
on X}cvQ, first syllable, while the indefinite has the

grave on the last syllable, or, in other words,
has no accent of its own, and is therefore an
enclitic.
197. Examine the following :
'-
,
1 Tt9 ei ; ivho art thou ?
2. ; wJio is tJie mail ?
3 TLva ; ivhom do you seek ?
4. '/<£ ye know wJiat I Jiave done.
Note that the interrogative /? is used in both

direct (i, 2, 3) and indirect (4) questions.
1
198.
€011' ] Tt? ,
,
:
unless one sJmll be born frojn
,
abo7<e.
2.
3.
4.
TU'€5
iav Tt
you
do
Tt<;
it.
ei
7']€
s/iall
and a
iv
certain ones of
ask anytiling of
certain lame
me in
man.
,
them said.
my name, I
If
sJiab.
Observe that the indefinite rt? is enclitic'

when it is possible.
These pronouns are of the most frequent occurrence in

the New Testament, each being found several hundred
times.
199. The following are the infinitives of \ :
ACTIVE. -€
-€-(
Pres.
--
-<-£ - ---^-
Fut.
--- €--(
Aor. Pe?-/.
--(€- -- €--<
MIDDLE.
PASSIVE. -£-(
It be observed that the ending ai is
is to
everywhere shoj^t in the infinitive, and that the
infinitive in
the perf. pass, in
- -.
has irregular accent, as well as
200. The infinitives of €, am, are eivai,pres.,

and eaeadaijfut. Of oXha, I know, the infinitive
is €l8evai, to know.
,
201. EXERCISES.
I.
€86] ; 2. iav
.
.
iv
€\\.
)
3- eav
. ^ <;
;
,
' 6.
7•
4- ^'^
6
{according
.
iv
deXeTe
elirev
elvai ;
^ See page 29, notCt

,
aTrOKpi£e\<i
8.
FUTURE AND AORIST OF LIQUID VERBS.
Xeyei
'/',
ei 6 .
}
77
,
^.
€€.
^ iav
{sJiall see)
.
elirev
yap
g.
LESSON XXVII.
8. . ev )
,
Future and Aorist of Liquid Verbs.
,
202.
,
VOCABULARY.
,
, -,
ki7/. oiight.
,
.
,
TO, iiei.
stretch out. €, suffer.
tempt.
,
raise lip. rich.
5,
rebuke.
sit.
2La\.,from afar.
, bridegroom.
,•9, ,
, cup.
d, soldier.
salvation.
wise.
203. The future of , remain, is
Sing. 1. € ACTIVE.
(- )
middle.
(-'--)
Plur.
2.
.
2.
3•
(
£€8
£-
(€-€
(- -0-6)
(€-€'
(€-€--)
€IS)
-)
e-T€)
€
6£€
(-'-),
(---)
(---)
(-'--)
(€-€--)
§6, 5
^ See footnote 3, page 74•

t
Observe : i. That is a liquid verb (theme

ending in , , , or ). 2. The sufifix for the
future is not %, but e%.
This short vowel 3.
contracts with the variable vowel. See § 5, 7

and 8 § 6, 7; § 7, 2. 4. When one of the
;
uncontracted syllables has an accent, the con-

tracted form must have an accent the circum- —
flex when possible.
204. This contraction may be seen more

simply if represented thus €% = ""Ll i.e. : ;
occurs before /x and v, and ei in all other

forms.
The present and imperfect indicative of themes
ending have the same contraction as the
in
future of liquid verbs.
e
Learn § 59. ,
;
205. The fut. ind. of
(-^),
(ap-^), take aivay,
-
is
206.
formed by
;
of
of eye
Rule
(-),
(-),
:
the suffix e%.

T/ie
(eyep-), raise
promise,
kill, is . Jip,
is
future of all liquid verbs

scitd, is
is eyepo)
eirayyeXo)
;
;
of
of
is
-,
207. The
part,
^
-, -.
aor. ind. of
inf.
is e-p,eiv-a, subjv.
1 See § 82, 3 and 4.

;
The aor. ind. of

/-, -,
Future and aorist of liquid verbs.
is subjv.
79
,-.
€76-,
inf.
ind. -,
part,
-, -, subjv.
inf. iirajyelX-aL
part,
208. Rule : T/ie aorist active and middle of

liquid verbs have no ,
tJie aorist by but forjn
lengthening the last vowel in the theme to the
corresponding long vowel, e, Jioivever, cJianges to
€1, and a to {except before e, i, or p). Cf. 53, i.
209. exercises.
. I. -
.
(promise)
^^
^
3• ^
2.
/'?
i''yeLXao
iirajyeXia
7]
.--
^- 8€ ^^,
eyepel. 4• etc
5•
^. «^
.
{laid)
6.
^ .^
.
.
'] .
(also)
8.
g. 8 '^"? ^,
1 See § 23, . ^ tomb. 3 See § 13.
So
€ .
<;
<; ^
' Xeyei
^
LESSON XXVIII.
otl
{eat) ;
ayopa-
,
Pronouns : Reflexive, Reciprocal.
210. vocabulary.
?,
.
,
,
.
St'vSpov, TO, tree.
recline, fall down,
TO,g!ft.
Jiope.
,
',
-, ,
-,
purified.
grasp.
blessed.
hire, pav.
, MYSTERY.
§,
,
|€<., lawful.
',
/'/ is thy.
-, , sacrifice. think.
si/fficient, able. -£, conj., so that, and so.^
pronouns
, .,
211. Learn the declension of the reflexive
myself,
himself, § 40.
thyself, •, -
Observe These pronouns occur in the
,
: i.
€
oblique cases only.
the personal pronoun and the intensive
=€
= €-\- €=:€-^ ',
(pron. not
;
found
2. They
in N.
are formed from
.)+.
eav-
,, 212.
^ This
is
etc.
often written in a shorter form
latter sense at the beînni>iz of a sentence.

1
PRONOUNS: REFLEXIVE, RECIPROCAL. 8
1.
213.
€ ^^ ,
eyw , Examine the following
tnyself.
I bear
:
luiiness concerning
? ,,
2. /glorify myself.
3. iâvTov I speak not of myself.
what
,
4. sayest thoit concerning
5.
6. avToi
thyself.
? ^/,
ourselves.
he will glorify Him in himself.
we ourselves groan within
In all these examples the pronoun refers back

to the subject of the sentence, hence the term
reflexive.
,
Note that the 3 per. pron. may refer
. ,
(as in
, 214.
another,
Ex. 6) to other than the 3 per.
The
is
reciprocal
found in dat.
pronoun
and ace.
they hate one another.
of one
?;-
215. EXERCISES.
. .
^. ,. ^
4-
I. TLva aeavrov iroieh
6.
1
yap
; 2.
slay.
3•
5•
ev
''
'^'^'
eêt
eVre
ev
.
82 ESSENTIALS OF
/ ^^^
^,
. ? , ,
,,^^
8.
, yap
'] ; g. Xeym
,. ^^
LESSON XXIX.
Imperative Mood.
-,
216.
-, reveal.
vocabulary.
,
?, adv., well.
', marry.
known.
toiicJi, bear.
€,
,
weep.
repent.
and as a prep. w.
, -TOs,
two.
€,
conj.,
gen., except.
,
«Is,
5,
one.
-Tos, least.
adv.,
even as.
ill, badly.
--,
adv., to-day.
four.
Tpets, three.
'-, adv., afterward.
217. The pres. imp. of is :
Sing. 2.
active.
-
-€-
-
middle and
-€-(
passive.
Plur.
3•
-£-
-- --
--
2.
-'-
3•
-- or or
IMPERATIVE MOOD. 83
218. The endings of the imp. are :
ACTIVE. MIDDLE and PASSIVE.

Sing. Pliir. Si/ig. Pliir.
<
.
2.
3•
of the act.
£
is
or
2.
3•
regularly dropped in verbs like

(. or
i>. is for --.

219.
Rule
,,
TJie imperative is used

:
let Jiiin hear.
marvel
:
not.
to express a
command. The negative is .
of,
,',
220. Learn the aor. imp. act., mid., and pass.
§ 56, and the 2 aor. act, and mid. of
§ 57.
a. ov in the aor. act. is an irregular ending.
b. in aor. pass, becomes tl to avoid a combination

of rough 1 mutes.
221. /, no one (ovBe, nor + eh, one), is
declined as follows :
(.(
€8 '
€
ovSevos
€
oevC
Cf. eh, § 39.

1 See § 2.
.
2.
222.
I.
? . ' .
3-
. Xeyet
EXERCISES.
\.
ev
^
4•
'ihe.
Troieire
.^
^ '. ^
5•
€ ayaOov ; ouBeU ec ^ eh 6
6.
y.
.
.
0( 8e
e -
€^
8'
[again)
Xeyeiv, ' ev
eyeveTO,
8.
].
9• ^Vt
, . ,,
eyeveTO ovSe ev. II.
12. 6
. 6
3•
LESSON XXX.
Adjectives in -ov and -. — Comparison.
?,
-,
223. VOCABULARY.
, , marr/ag'e, polyGAUY.
,
u'ue.
weak,
foolish
^
sick.
The neuter
,
-, , chain, bond.
persecute, pursue.
often has the sense of why.

^ If. ^ See irregular nouns, § 34,
* See § 142.
,
b\Lyos, /eia,
£-09,
5,
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
only begotten.
.?/.
abiiiidiUlt.
full.
(,
',
9,
ble,
run.
whole,
cause to stum-
SCANDALIZE.
healthy,
^5
hy-
<€\, , prayer.
< ,—
giene.
-TOS, highest.
224. Learn the declension of true

(§ 35), with which compare (§ 30). Ob-
serve that there are but two endings the
masc. and fern, being alike.
a.
See
225.
-ets
§
of the ace. plur. is
35 for the declension of

irregular.
.
adjectives :
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

I. ?, -Tepos, (-),
2. -, strong.
iveak.
€'-€8,
strong-er.
weak-er.
('-), strong-est.
weak-est.
3• ?, wise.
-Tepos,
wisc-r.
(-), wisest.
4• V€OS, €-£05, (vcU-TttTOs),
young. young-er. young-est.
Observe: That in all these examples some-
-
i.
thing added
is to make the degrees. -repo<i = r
ox cr and = si or est. 2. These are added
directly to the stem. 3. When the penultimate
vowel
becomes
is short, as in 3
before - and 4, the
and -. of the stem
) 226.
adjectives.
in § 38.
The
and -,
See
suffixes may be - (declined like
but mostly in the irregular
§ 37, 2, and learn the adjectives
227. Examine the following adverbs :
,
Positive.
$, badly. «
Comparative. Superlative.
(-)
( )
ivell.
€8, quickly. ()
It is to be observed i. The positive of the
:
adverb ends in How different from the gen.

«?.
plur. of the adj. 2. The comparative of the

.''
adverb is the neut. sing. ace. of the adjective.

3. The superlative of the adverb is the neut.
plur. ace. of the superlative of the adjective.
. 228.
we know
not.
<; /xev,
:
greater love than this
Rule : The comparative degree is followed by

the genitive case.
2.
229.
8€
I.
1 After.
\'
EXERCISES.
el. 3•
Adverbs of position are followed by the

. ^
genitive.
;
€€ '€^' . ,.
REGULAR VERBS IN . 87
} 4•
,. .
rfj
, ,, -
5- ov8e
6.
iv "]. el e/xe <;

•
el \oyov
7€• .el<; Sta

'^ \
pat
8.
7]<
LESSON XXXI.
} .
ecrrt,
{bed). ?
Regular Verbs in : 88, give.
230. Of the two conjugations in Greek (see

73) the verbs in -
are by far the more common.
,
etc.,
, ,, ,
,
shozv
,
Still, those that have the older endings -, -?,
, , form a very substantial part of the ordinary

verbal forms
;
sivear ;
; e.g:
give ;
forgive ;
am ;
put, place ;
set
say.
These words, it is easily seen, are naturally of
very common use. Hence they are among the
old verbs of the language, and may be called
strong verbs, having, as they do, the strong
endiners.
231. The conjugation of these verbs differs

from the conjugation of the verbs in -, in two
systems only —
the pres. and 2 aor. systems.
In these two systems the verbs in have no
variable vowel %, but the endings are added
directly to the theme, § 85.
Learn the principal parts of

232.
(§ 88) and the pres. and 2 aor. systems, act.,
8
§§ 62 and 63. (The mid. and pass, of these
systems are very rare.)
233. The most important compounds of

are with the following prepositions,
. ,88,
234. Observe the following on the forms of
the verbs in :
1. The old endings , etc., occur.

2. -aat ends the 3 per. plur. primary,
3. -, and not v, is found in the secondary
tenses 3 per. plur.
235.
1.
2.
3.
The
^
Note the following
eBiSovv like
occurs for
, in
present system has a reduplication,

§ 59.
in the aor. ind. act.
:
St-,
., , €,
1 Three verbs in Greek have this pecuUarity in the aor. act.
ind., aor. ; aor. ; aor.
REGULAR VERBS IN . 89
4. For the contraction in the 2 aor. subjv.,

', ;?,- etc., see §§5, 12, and 8, 5.
5. 8odvat, 2 aor. act. inf., is for ho-evai.
( , 236.
-\-
jugation, § 66.
Learn the principal parts of
Stem e), forgive, § 88, and the con-
237. The pluperf. act., which is a rare tense,

has the suffix «et and being a secondary tense,
;
secondary endings occur. See § 77, latter part.
in
238.
§§96 and
Translate the forms of
101.
and ,
239.
Regular Verbs
LESSON XXXII.

in : ,.
- -
:
(stem
(stem ),
e), -- 88 (stenr 8o),
(stem ),
-8-
is
Observe that
for -.
reduplication, in
in all
which the vowel

these verbs there
is l. , is a
240. So likewise in some verbs in —

-()-
()
{)-
()
go ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAAIENT GREEK.
This form of reduplication has to do with the

present system only.
241.
2 aor. systems of and, ,
Learn the principal parts and pres. and
§§ 62 and 63.
242.
are with ,,
The most common compounds
eiri, , ,,.
,
of
. is most common with ctti, and
243. Translate the forms in §§ 105 and 108. •
244. Impersonal Verbs.
Sei, it is necessary
,
$€, it is lawful.
-,
SoKCL, it seems {besf). it concerns.
€€, it repents one.
TL . Set TTOtetv ; wliat must /do?

<; ye must be born from above.
Observe that hd takes the accusative and the

infinitive.
SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION.
'
€.€1 '^
First Epistle of John.
rot?
(, —
APXHS, ,-
,- rrepl
, (
2
,— , '--
.
3
' 8
^ ^
•
X.pLcrTOV' 4
y
ayyeXta
, 5
. ^
^
.
91 .
-
6
6
' ^- ,^--/
92 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [l., II.
^^^ eô/xev .
7
€€,
) kav kv
ev
..
., .'--
kv
/xer'
^'^
,
,..
9 kv
kv
xfJv
kv . 6
,
),",, , tt'a
-
2
kv
3 .
.,kvav
^
4 6
^ 6<).
--
1
,
.
II.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. '
93
'
?' ,eV
)-
^ .
iv
'Ef
, otl iv •
6 iv iKel- 6
<
, '
]'
. •
ivToX'qv
ivo\
^"
ivov
iaTLv 6
, 8
.
vpiiv, iv iv
^ g
et^'t
ilv . ,'^'- iv
^
,. ,ivv, ,
iv
iv '^ 6 1
iv
iv 8- iv
• ^• ', ,,., >

iva 13
94
, €. -
ESSENTIALS OF
,
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [ll.
', ,
14
, otl
7€<, otl
tou eypaxpa
-^•
15
eypaxjja
/cat
.
^
, .
\_Tov
otl
)
ecrre
6
ayaTTo,
•< otl
'^
,
,
, rj
- eVt^f/xta
-
.
17
[],
8 , ,, 6
19
, ' . -
' , ^
'.€
iVa
2
—
21
1 '€ . ^
.]
,
/ ' ' 95
€,
OTL on
avTTJu, otl
<; eaTiv.
otl
Tts
^ -- 6
ei 22
; 6
ovSe
. 6
• 6 23
•
,.
' , -- evet.
24
.' . ,
, - 9
[eV]
25
26
27
-'
,.
/ 8^
^^ ,
,, , 28
'
. 1 , . . .
,-
•
29
g6
*€
^
. ,^ .
ESSENTIALS OF
otl^
NEW TESTAMENT
6
GREEK. [ill.
/ 6
,
^ \
, \^
.
. ',
, -
6
otl
.
'
.
3
4
, 6
,-.
5
7
6
, •
. ,^^ ,
6
- ^
•
8\ .,
8 6
9 ^.
6
- 6
1 .
1
^)
,8
III.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. 97
€
€
^ TTOtet,
Swa-
yeyevvy]TaL.
ort
ev
<
^ .,
•
6
' 1
-,
^
;
^ •
, .
-
•
,
. '' , -
,
6 13
14
. , ^ 6
.
6
,8 ^ -
otSare
\) •
\
êu-at.
' )()
98
)
Tou
ESSENTIALS OF
^ ',
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK, [ill., IV.
1 8
(
TeKuia,
,
/
)
^ ^ iu
. ;
19
^, \
otl
21
, ,Kaphia
• ,,
. ^--
6
, ^,
.
22
23
-
24 . ;, ^
. ,
,
•
",
^ .
-
IV.]
€6
^ ,'
Oeov
'
ecrrtV, otl
6(, ^
iê-
99
'^,
' )
^,
iu
-
- 3
,, ^.
- 4
'.
?, 6
6
6
,. 6
, .
,
, ^
-
. 6
, , -,
ayaTroji' 8
1 . ' " Xvei.

g
lOO ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [iV.
vlov avTov rov
, ^
.- '
6
11
12
,
,
,'
•
.,
otl
^.
otl
6
, - '^
13
,
. ' ^
-OTL
otl iv
14
15 ,
' [] ,
6
\
6
-
.
otl
, 6
6
. 77
-' 6
',
[/xeVet].
,
17 'El•*
otl
IV.,
€
v.]
',
SELECTIONS FOR TR.4NSL.VnON.
,
ecr/xev iu 8•
-
(TLU
kv
eêt,
rfi ).
,.
}(€
TTj
6 oe
ayanrj,
,^ -
6
19'
ao
,
^
•
,^., -
6 yap
\
/
.
' 6
2
6^ ,,
"^
'
^
-
,
6
^ yap
,, 3
., 4
$
t
I02 ESSENTIALS OP NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [v.
[oe]
-
ecTTLu el 6
,
'^ ,
0€ov
otl
6
6
'
,
;
' ev
iv
iv
,
7 OTL -
8
^
9 eicrti'.
ot
et
^, ot ^
,
OTL
OTL
.^ 6
11
^ \\)
6
,
,
- '•
, -
. 3
'
otl
12 , ^ eêt
13
^.. ^ ^^
.',
^ 2
|
t . . .
v.] SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION. I 03
. ,) .
,
eô- 14
iav tl
^ . ^ -- ^
, , .,
ihy 6
, . ', •
,,
,.8
6
'
ly
,
ig
, 8e 6
- 2
, ,
Siavoiav
,-
.
. 6
104
3
ESSENTIALS OF
ol
Mat. 5
,
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK,
.-
:3-i2.
on
5
. )
".
/3€
ir€v6oiivT€C, ort
TrpaciC, ort
.,
8-,^-
-
. ,
,
7
.
,
.^^
oifjovTai.
-
[]
-'
11
12
^' \
^
^^
(,•
66-^ ';
6
• *
.-
selections for translation. • io5
? ^.
Ylarep
ovv
Mat. 6:9-15.
6 iv
u/xet?
ovpavols'
9
Tj ,,
iv
- '
inl
?-
?
Tou
< .' ",

/cat
'
* ,
ct>s
) , .-
2
13
' 6
[
lav oe
, €
'],
6
14
15
. Luke: Chapter 15.
./ .
I06
€<
3 eirreu
4
^
on
tyju
€(
avueaOUL
e£
-
.-
[XV.
tv
-
): ^
5
7
( ., avrov ^',
",^
? -
8 .) ^^,
,
-
-% .., ,
;
'^
11
12 ,
XV.]
•
,
, -SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION.
6 vecOT€po<?
IO7
^. ."" 6
( -, -
\eu 13
. 8( ,-
- 14
, '\ - 15
,
6
'.
1
' ,
,, -
ly
.•. 19
) 8 -
6
I08 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. ^ [xv.
21
-,
ineneaeu ini
-
,
rictrep,
^ et9 /cat
].
[•
einev
, €€
eva
-
-
22
,
23
24
,
^
,
,
. -
.
25
'
26 -,
, ay
-
27
28
!^
6
OTL
. ,
.. -
,
6
•
-
29
^ 1 '{.
6
,
XV.]
err)
^ ,
ore
•
^ € ' ?
trot
ovSeVore.
6
IO9
epL-
30
, ,,^. ^ ^ 6
,
31
. ,
•
32
âprjvai on
, ., rat?
Cor. : Chapter 13.
^ , ,. -
,, 2
,,,
,
., ,,
^
,
2 .
-
,
-
3
5
no
€ ,,, ,,
ESSENTIALS OF
/xovet, ov
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK. [xill.
.
-,
6
,
, ,- ,
crreyet,
tyj •
.,, ..
8
•
^^
,-
•
11
,
, •
12
13
, ,
• ,
,,.
- .
Si atj'ty-
•
ABBREVIATIONS.
ace. accusative. viasc. masculine.

act. = active. mid. = middle.
adj. = adjective. neut. = neuter.
aor. = aorist. 710111. = nominative.
art. = article. opt. = optative.
cf. = confer, compare part. = participle.

dat. = dative. pass. = passive.
e.g. = exempli gratia, for perf = perfect.
the sake of ex- pers. = person.
ample. pliir. = plural.
fern. = feminine. poss. = possessive.

flit. = future. pred = predicate.
gen. = genitive. prep. = preposition.
itnpers. = impersonal. pres. = present.
hid. = indicative. prill. = principal.
indecl. = indeclinable. pron. = pronoun.
indir. = indirect. rel. = relative.
inf. = infinitive. sc. .

= scilicet, under
imp. = imperative. stood.
imperf =
K.T.\. =
imperf.
tera.
, et ce-
sing.
stibj.
suhjv.
=
=
=
singular.
subject.
subjunctive.
lit. = literally voc. = vocative.
;
NOTES.
——
The First Epistle of John.
CHAPTER I.
1. HN ' APXH2 = ^.
, The
ing and accent are not written on capitals, o, the antece-
,
dent of the rel. pron. is often omitted,
act. ind. of
breath-
2 perf.
prin. parts §88. A few verbs beginning
with a, €, or
-
have what is called Af/i'c reduplication
I.e. a reduplication which is the first two letters prefixed to
€€,= --,
the theme,
vowels.
augment,
.
pron. is
, ,-§ 157.
dropped between two
-,
is
learn prin. parts of
lit. of us.
often used for the poss. pron.

§ 88.',
This
verb most commonly has both the temporal and syllabic
The pers.
the art. may be used with absiract nouns in

Greek, and ofttimes with concrete nouns, where it cannot
be translated.
,,,
3•
4. ^ ,
2. Observe the change in tenses, aor., perf, pres.
,
repeated after
§119. /£^', §12.

^,
see 64. ?, § 159.
also to you, not as in Eng. to you also.
perf. pass, subjv. See

perfects made thus from
called pcriplirastic forms.
, ,
For
§ 56. The
a///, and the perf. part, are
NOTES. 113
5.
the penult,
, ^, note the accent. Always emphatic when on
for the double negative, see § 142.
6. iav, § 124. ,'/, learn prin. parts of (, § 88.
)?,
],,
8. for the 3 pers. used for the i pers. cf. 213,
latter part.
9. ,
of the aor. here and in
2 aor. act. subjv. of
see § 114.
§ 66. For the sense
10. For the two ace. cf. § 161.
verb
See
1.
is
§ 83,
is voc.
,
i for class of verbs.
,,
CHAPTER 2.
for neg. see § 119.

learn prin. parts § 88.
The
2.
3. /, . . .
prin. parts of -. not only . . . but also.
,. ,
4. ] is equal to a condition, //" one does not
keep, hence the neg. § 137.
'
,.
5• OS § 126. for the formation of
adverbs,
,
the
6.
inf.
,
cf. 227.
the
in indirect discourse,
inf. depends upon
,'. intensive,
See
-
§ 131 for
,. ,,
after
12.
.
9. ,
what tense? 37, 9, note.
note on v. 6.
see under
cf.
§ 66. The perf. denotes

the completion of the act, and equals here "stand forgiven."
13. = note the gender. The
art. and an adj. are thus often used substantively.
15. , § 138. , i.e. the goods or affairs of the world.
The
Theme
general use of the neut.
16.
18.
Ttav
vvv,
I
, explained by
even noiu.
changes to . .,
is to be noted.
the following clauses.
Cf. 2
2 perf. act. of
perf of --, § 57.
.
I
19.
vowel
aor.
tion, see § 122

and
22.
23.
24.
176.
,
often appears
variable vowel %.
,
ei
{<
el yap
=
and
-, prill,
. .
§ 123, latter part,
unless, except, as
also.
6 ... =
in
. ",
parts
one word.
Iv
,
€.
of '.
the place of the 2 aor.
for the condi-
The
175
This is a common construction in John. Not only does the

relative clause come before the principal clause, but to
,,, ,
make the expression more emphatic a personal pronoun
(not used except for emphasis) is thrust before the rela-
tive,whose antecedent is dropped, . . /Aevetre, for
25.
20.
«-.
the fut. and aor. of liquid verbs, see 203-208.
192, 193.
€, 27• subj. of /xeVet. Cf note on v. 24,
,
above.
masc.
28.
? ' ),
^,29.
, prin. parts of

i.e. shrink in shame
learn the subjv. of ,
4', §
from
§ 68.
88.
is
Iit/n.
neut.
, why not
, .,
CHAPTER 3.
(.
the aor.
1.
., £,
?
cf. 2 aor. of
prin. parts of
how different from
prin. parts
of
where
. ,. , ,
2.
5-
The long vowel « appears
in other verbs we find %.
fut. of €, § 65.
For the
in the 2 aor. ind.
§ 153.
class of verbs, see § 82, 4.

6\€, see
7.
8.
8, why
eZs
not ovSels ? § 138.
TovTo,/or l/u's (purpose).
,
NOTES. 115
,
, 12.
sons, unless given a
masc.
an improper prep. /or sake
Hebrew names
.,
of places and names of per-
Greek ending, are indeclinable,
€, of.
(«-), § 82, 2. ,
.
€ 14. prin. parts of
has the sense of over, a change from one place to
another. Note the strong antithesis between the gen.
with €K and the ace. with €ts.
^^.
15.
,, goes with Review pres. act. part,
.
of §43.
1 6. § 63 and 235, 3, note. Learn prin. parts of
, ]
has the simple
, , . ,,
17.
1
19.
8.
OS
/£^,
'
§ 151.
= €-€,
tkei/ie
. .
for the
.
2 aor. act. inf.
of the verb.
mood, see
. . . ],
The
§ 113.
2 aor.
§ 126.
for the gen. see § 152.

always
20.
22.
23.
24•
, , cf.
see
OS
',
. above,
§ 155.
where we should expect
, ,',
§ 38.
see note on
The relative is often
o.
§ 150.
§ 152.
above.
1. ,
attracted to the case of
the gen. or dat. case.
, 2
its
perf.
antecedent, when the latter is in
CHAPTER
of
4.
,
«^'•*'•'•• Cf. -,
,
I Jn. 2: 18.
,
2. 2 perf. part. Cf. § 43. For the
participle in indirect discourse, where and the indica-
tive are more common, see § 136.
3. §147. cf note on i Jn.
I :
4.
I.
ev ,
a substantive expression.
use of the article in Greek.
Note the wide
.
,
,,
Il6 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
?.,
5. § 148.
9• cf. a similar use of the art. and adj. in
IJn. 3 12.
how different in
1 1 ,
:
mganing from
prin. parts of
see § 59 for the inf. of contract verbs,

Cf. 157.
/-
stibscript is
12.
15.
19.
20.
, regularly omitted here in classical Greek.
reOearat, Ocdoâi, § 77, 4.
eav, § 126, latter part.
not ind.
see under £, in table of irregular verbs.
,
etTT»;,
21. ayaira, ind. or subjv. ? § 59.
CHAPTER 5.
1.
2.
3- , /£,
. . .
§ 127.
nom. fem. plur. Adjs. in -vs are rare.
-- ,,
192, 193.
6.
come,
-4.
8.
,,, =
which has conquered. See aor. act. part, of
€V, «Is, § 39.

€.
-vpt'ov.
i/ie victory
§ 43.
he who has come; lit. the (one) having
Cf. , § 43.
.
,
10. =
13. goes back to Obser\ê the
tense.
14. the mid. how different from the act.?
8€, &
,,
eav rare construction, § 124.
, 15.
I Jn. 4:15.
'.
eav, cf. os
16.
8. -,
t8ri,
aor. pass. part, of , § 43.
,
1 cf.
20. tva note the mood. § 119.

21. (-), § 82, I. 213,
latter part. Why neut. gender?
NOTES. 117
,
to
3.
4.
g.
10.
,.
§ 56.
viol is pred.
8^8-,
before
11.
.
', against.
is
Mat. 5
the beatitudes.
perf. pass. part,
€8€
: 3-12.
in the pred. position, 64.
of
may be
See the
5.
,
trans, as
fut.
,
§ 147.
pass, of
change
an adv.
9. ,
,
Mat. 6
THE lord's prayer.

note the case, = os «•
: 9-15.
, ,
,
(8-), see 178 and the aor. pass. imp. of § 56.
.
. note the use of the imperative mood in
.
commands. For the in this form, note on Jn. 2 19•
, cf. i :
, 11.
12.
13.
,
€,
see 2 aor. act. system of
€£],
see 2 aor. system of
indir. obj. ; sc.
prin. parts of
,.
see under prep. § 164.
88, § 63.
§ 66.
For the con-

-
(),
14. ,
struction, see § 117.
may be
.
either neut. or masc. as in
see under
aor. mid. imp.
i Jn. 2:13.
Luke 15.
I. 8e
use of the part, with
the prodigal
«/^common
is a
= '
son.
Be
form of
. This
participial
ri8 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
New Testament writers. Perhaps more

expression in the
,
emphatic than the simple imperf. of the verb would be.
,,,,, ,. . .,
§ 154.
2. avveaOUL, note the force of <rvv-. What case follows
this prep. ?
4. § 39, a. prin. parts of
,.
pres. pass, sense. €vpr), prin. parts of
§ 128, for mood, i.e.
6. 2 aor. pass. imp. of Cf. same

of
y. , § 58.
§ 65. . because
gives the idea of turning about from one stand to
of.
another.
8,
, , ,,.
8. was a Greek coin worth about 18 cents.
'.
,
133, I. 3, note. for the irregular contraction,
cf. § 59. sc.
. § 153.
/,
part.
here,
12.
13.
;
,
means
.
Ji.
^? ,
. of
see § 37,
SielXev,
life,
regularly found in the 2 aor. of this verb.

portion.
.
and note,
di-vided ; prin. parts of
The Attic
'. ,
reduplication
neut.
See note on
is
I Jn.
^tTO,
14.
15.
.^?,
I : I. Prin. parts of
179 and 190.

fastened ; found in the pass, only in the New Testament,
,
gen. abs. 194, 10, note.
lit.
->''-
be glued,
'. ,
and with the reflexive sense Join one''s self to.
', ^/,^,
,
16.
17. £ts
18.
§ 157.
fut. with no pres.

,
, .,,
,. . .
see note on i Jn. 3:24.
observe the nice use of the imperf.
just as in English,
.
the action is going on.

see 2 aor. system of
see under ;
§ 63.
§ 149.
a ,
-, ,
NOTES.
€.
119
€7€,
,,
,
TL av
19.
, ^, «-.
22.
23.
26.
-.
iêviyKare,
lit. bound
aor. act. imp.
what this is.

(8) undenieath
prin. parts of
for the class of verbs, see § 82, 4.
SYMPHONY.
is the opt. of
ivSvaare,
«For
the forms of the opt. in the New Testament (and the uses
().
-.
For the
cf.
,
prin. parts of
ENDUE,
.
-
case, see § 148.
d-
,
of this mood), see §§ 70, 71. The optative is used instead
of the indicative in indirect question when certainty does
27.
28.
29.
30.
,
not exist in the speaker's mind.
,
,
is pred.
',
note the force of
2 aor. mid. imp.

observe the force of the prep, as in trans-gress.
devoured, squandered.
imperf. ',
see 244 sc. <ri or
bac-k.
so always in the New Testament for

4'tos.
,
, ,. as
31. ; ;
subj. of the infinitives.
I Cor. 13.
, ,. 1.
2.
',
= , § 13.
LOVE.
£, see under , § 68. ê^t-

§ 134.
= ' ,
all that is, all the
, ,
3- ;
i.e.
I have, see 2 aor. act. of § 63.
-
things
\.
y.
,
keep (7^ what threatens.
8.
to stop one's
cf.
first
self.
means
§ 59.
; then to cover and thus
to cover
Hence, hold off against, etidure.
in the act. to stop some one
Hence, cease.
in the mid ;
I20
,
11.
-
ESSENTIALS OF
,
imperf. tense.
= ^v, mid. end.
See 78.
-; for act. -v. Note the
,,
,
12. ;
tiri adds the idea of WtV/
or thorouglily.
13. greater; therefore, t/ie greatest. For the
-
case of see § 150.
v. 3, is an aor. mid. subjv. A doubtful
(-^) from ,
reading where some editors give a passive form
bum.
:
:
LITERAL TRANSLATION.
The First Epistle of John,
chapter i.
1. That-vv'hich was from beginning, tliat-which we-

have-heard, that-which we-have-seen \-6
eyes of-us,
that-which we-belield and the hands of-us handled, con-
cerning the word of-the Hfe, —
2. And the Hfe was-manifested, and we-have-seen, and
we-bear-witness, and we-proclaim to-you the life the eter-
nal which
to-us, —
()
was with the Father, and was-manifested
3. That-which we-have-seen and have-heard, we-pro-

claim also to-you, that also you fellowship may-have with
us and the fellowship tmly the our with the Father and
:
with the Son of-him Jesus Christ

4. And these-things write we that the joy of-us may-be
(having-been-fiUed) full.
5. And there-is this the announcement which ve-have-

heard from him and re-announce to-you, that the God
light is, and darkness not is in him at-all.
6. If we-say that fellowship we-have Avith him, and in
the darkness we-walk, we-Iie and not we-do the truth :
7. If however in the light we-walk, as he is in the light,

fellowship we-have with one-another, and the blood of-
Jesus the Son of him cleanseth us from every sin.
:

8. If we-say that sin not we-have, ourselves \ve-deceive,
and the truth not is in us.
g. we-confess the sins of-us, faithful he-is and
If
righteous tliat he-may-remit to-us the sins, and may-cleanse
us from all unrighteousness.
lo. If ve-say that not we -have-sinned, a liar we-make
him, and the word of-him not is in us.
CHAPTER 2.
1. Little-children of-me, these-things write-I to-you,

that not ye-may-sin. And if any-one sin, an Advocate
we-have with the Father, Jesus Christ righteous
2. And he propitiation is for the sins of-us; not for
the our and only, but also for whole the world.
3. And in this ve-know that we-have-known him,
if the commandments of-him we-keep.
4. The-one saying that I-have-known him, and the
commandments of-him not keeping, a liar is, and in this-
one the truth not is :
5. Who however () keeps of-him the word, truly in

this-one the love of-the God has-been-perfected. In this
we-know that in-him Ave-are :
6. The-one saying in him to-abide ought just-as that-

one walked also himself to-walk.
7. Beloved, not commandment new I-write to-you,
but commandment old which you-had from beginning:
the commandment the old is the word which ye-heard.
8. Again, commandment new I-write to-you, which-
thing is true in him and in you, because the darkness is-
passing-away, and the light the perfect already shines.

9. The-one saying in the light to-be, and the brother
of-him hating, in the darkness is until now.
. :
LITERAL TRANSLATION. I 23
10.The-one loving the brother of-him in the light

abides, and oft'ence in him not is.
11. The-one but hating the brother of-him in the
darkness is, and in the darkness he-walks, and not he-
knows where he-goes, because the darkness blinded the
eyes of-him.
12. I-write to-you, little-children, because are-reniitted
to-you the sins on-account-of the name of-him.
13. I-write to-you, fathers, because you-have-known
the-one from beginning. I-write to-you, young-men, be-
cause you-have-conquered the evil-one.
14. I-wrote to-you, little-children, because you-have-
known the Father. I-wrote to-you, fathers, because you-
have-known the-one from beginning. I-wrote to-you,
young-men, because strong you-are, and the word of-the
God in you abides, and you-have-conquered the evil-one.
15. Not love-ye the world, nor the-things in the world.
If any-one love the world, not is the love of-the Father in
him.
16. Because every-thing the in the world, the lust of-
the flesh, and the lust of-the eyes, and the vain-glory of-
the life, not is out-of the Father but out-of the world is.
17. And the world is-passing-away, and the lust of-it
the-one but doing the will of-the God abides into the age.
18. Little children, last hour is; and just-as ye-heard
that antichrist is-coming, even now antichrists many have-
become ; whence we-know that last hour is.
19. Out-of us they-went-out, but not were-they out-of

us ; if for out-of us they-were,
they-would-have-remained
() with us but that they-might-be-made-manifest that
:
not are-they all out-of us.

20. And you anointing have from the Holy-One, you-
know (you) all.
21 Not I-wrote to-you because not you-know the truth,

but because you-know it, and because every lie out-of the
truth not is.
22. Who if not the-one denying that Jesus

is the Har,
not is This-one is the antichrist, the-one
the Christ?
denying the Father and the Son.
23. Every-one the denying the Son, not-even the Fathei
has the-one confessing the Son also the Father has.
:
24. You that-which you-heard from beginning, in you

let-it-abide. If in you abide that-which from beginning
you-heard, also you in the Son and in the Father shall-
abide.
25. And this is the promise which he promised to-us,
the life the eternal.
26. These-things I-wrote to-you concerning the-ones
deceiving you.
27. And you the anointing which you-received from
him abides in you, and not need have-you that any-one
may-teach you but as the of-him anointing teaches you
;
concerning all-thinJjF and true is, and not is false, and

just-as it-taught you, abide-ye in him.
28. And now, little-children, abide in him that if he- ;
be-manifested, we-may-have boldness, and not may-we-be-

ashamed from him in the presence of-him.
29. If you-know that righteous he-is, you-know that
every-one tlie doing the righteousness, out-of him has-
been-begotten.
TRANSLATION (Revised Version).
CHAPTER 3.
Behold what manner of love the Father hath be-

I.
stowed upon us, that we should be called children of God :
and (such) we are. For this cause the world knoweth

us not, because it knew him not.
: :
TRANSLATION (REVISED VERSION). '

1
25
2. Beloved, now are we children of God, and it is not
yet made manifest what we shall be. We know that, if he

shall be manifested, we shall be like him for we shall see ;
him even as he is.
3. And every one that hath this hope (set) on him

purifieth himself, even as he is pure.
4. Every one that doeth sin doeth also lawlessness :
and sin is lawlessness.

5. And ye know that he was manifested to take away
sins ; and him is no sin.
in
6. Whosoever abideth
in him sinneth not whosoever :
sinneth hath not seen him, neither knoweth him.

7. (My) little children, let no man lead you astray:
he that doeth righteousness is righteous, even as he is
righteous
8. He that doeth sin is of the devil ; for the devil
sinneth from the beginning. end was the Son To this
of God manifested, that he might destroy the works of
the devil.
g. Whosoever is begotten of God doeth no sin, be-
cause his seed abideth in him : and he cannot sin, because
he is begotten of God.
10. God are manifest, and the
In this the children of
children of the devil whosoever doeth not righteousness
:
is not of God, neither he that loveth not his brother.
11. For this is the message which ye heard from the

beginning, that we should love one another
12. Not as Cain was of the evil one, and slew his
brother. And wherefore slew he him? Because his
works were evil, and his brother's righteous.
13. Marvel not, brethren, if the world hateth you.
14. We know that we have passed out of death into
life,because we love the brethren. He that loveth not
abideth in death.
; ;
15. Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer: and

ye know that no murderer hath eternal life abiding in him.
16. Hereby know we love, because he laid down his
life for us and we ought to lay down our lives for the
:
brethren.
But whoso hath the world's goods, and beholdeth
17.
and shuttetli up his compassion from
his brother in need,
him, how doth the love of God abide in him?
18. (My) little children, let us not love in word, neither
with the tongue ;
but in deed and truth.
19. Hereby shall we know that we are of the truth, and
shall assure our heart before him, whereinsoever our heart
condemn us
20. Because God is greater than our heart, and know-
eth all things.
21. Beloved, if our heart condemn us not, we have
boldness toward God
22. And whatsoever we ask, we deceive of him, because
we keep his commandments, and do the things that are
pleasing in his sight.
23. And commandment, that we should
this, is his
believe in the name
Son Jesus Christ, and love
of his
one another, even as he gave us commandment.
24. And he that keepeth his commandments abideth
in him, and he in him. And hereby we know that he
abideth in us, by the Spirit which he gave us.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS FOR
,
TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH.
,
,
, .
be glad.
to love. ,
, to hear.
, vainglory.
,
65,
,
beloved.
, i/iessage.
€,, ,
?,
?,
to clang.
trne.
truth.
, gel.
, niessenger^ an-
,
?,
,
true, real.
adv., truly.
,
,
?,
?,
,,
to hallow.
ayios. Jioly.
pin- ify.
pure.
c>, field.
,
,
conj., but.
,
07ie
,
another.
to sin.
sinner.
sin.
,
,
,
,
,
,
ENIGMA.
, brother.
nnrighteoiisness.
blood.
dark saying, ,
, added
,
,
latable ;
to temporal
relative conj., not trans-
see
and
Greek index.
to declare.
live again] revive.
,
',
, ,
to take
to
away.
to be ashamed.
ask for.
request.
?,
?,
-,
,
d, man.
', man.
, murderer.
to raise up.
5, d, age,
eternal.
EON.
127
?, , lawlessness.
, ANTICHRIST
2
.
•€', ,
,
,
ESSENTIALS OF
ivorthy.
?, , knowledge.
, ,
to announce. ', clerk.
',
,
•5€,
away.
to be
prep. w. g&u.,from.
to write.
, fingering.
,
to go abroad. to expend.
to answer. €, conj., and, but.
to take back. €, impers., it is fiecessary.
,
,
--',
, ,
,
,
to loose, destroy.
to send away.
prep. w. gen., through;
ace, on account of.
,
to touch. to divide.
€,
, ,
-TOs,
,
to light.
pleasing.
to deny. ,
6, devil.
to
inind.
murmur.
,
,
•€,
,
adv.,
,
,
apTos, o, bread.
,
now.
beginning.
to teach.
to give,
to scatter.
,
to begin. just.
, justice.
,
to act unseemly.
,
-?,
, , , , adv., dissolutely. to thirst.
,
, of himself
to forgive.
to cast.
.
he, she, it.
,
€,,
,
to persecute, follow.
to
to be
prove.
a servant.
serva7it.
-,
Papvs,
,
-€, -, heavy.
', life,
, kingdom.
sustenance.
,
, two.
to be able.
conj., if.
),
-, to see. €, of himself
«,
.
,
€,
to feed.
conj., for. €, /.
tocome near.
,
€.
,
,
', neighbor.
to beget.
to be, become.
to k)i07U.
, tongue.
, conj.,
«,
,
,
€,
am.
TO,
if.
2 aor.,
IDOL.
I said.
peacemaker.
,
cls,
-',
els, «, one.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS.
prep. w. ace, into, in.
to enter.
,
, , desire.
to fall dcnini.
to place upon.
129
€6, to bring in. «, TO, wor/c.

€£, wJiether. «, ,
€8, ,
desert.
',
€K,
€,
prep. w. gen., out of.
\nA&(\.,one hundred.
adv., there.
«,
«,
kid.
to come, go.
shall say.
6,
£, that one.
to carry ont.
«,
«-,
to ask.
to eat.
€€, to show fnercy. '-. TO, tnirror.
,
£€,
iXirCs,
?, my.
€v,
4,
,
to
merciful.
hope.
put
adv., before.
prep. w. dat., in.
on, ENDUE.
£•8, last.
(,
,
iTos, TO,
',
year.
to find.
he said.
«, to have.
',
to gladden, rejoice.
i'veK€v,
€, count
prep. w. gen., on ac-
of. ,
,
conj., 7intil.
to live.
ninety.
, to envy.
,
€vv€a, ni>te.
«, , comniandmeftt.
adv., in
,
,
,
,
to seek.
life.
conj., or.
,
before,
,
^,
,
face of.
cf. «K.
to go out.
, promise.
,
,
.
'5,
,
',
adv.,
am
,
now.
coine.
day.
OUT.
,
to promise. to soimd.
Iiri, prep. w. gen., lipon
dat., 0/! ; w. ace,
falling
;
to, on.
com-
w.
,
',
,
to
death.
marvel.
,
to, to behold.
<, ing to.
to
to desire.
know well. ',
,
to will.
05, , God.
will.
;
130
£€,
, ,
8,
-, ,
ESSENTIALS OP
to observe.
to sacrifice.
JesiiS.
,
-,
,
', ,
\, judgment.
to Speak.
CYMBAL,
, ,
propitiation. to take.
, conj.,
-05, strong.
/';/ order that.
,
\(^, to say.
, hunger.
?, to purify.
pure. ,
, word.
judge, think.
,
,
6,
?, , lamp.
,
,
conj., even as.
,
,
conj., and, also. /(; loose, destroy.
,
,
',
, Cain.
new.
ei'il., bad. ,
,
blessed, happy.
to suffer long.
long, far.
,
,
,
to call.
,
prep.
heart.
w. ace, tJiroiigh.
',
',,/ to
\v. gen., against
to condemn.
to leave behind.
bring to nought.
-,
€,
,
',
,
€,
to
,
to
greater.
remain.
to
part.
TO,
bear witness.
witness.
remove.
prep. w. gen., with\
.
-,
der.
6,
€, to
to devoiir,
lie,
kiss.
to boast.
recline.
TO, the fruit of the
squan-
,
€,
,
,
,
w. ace, after.
Jiot.
to repent.
, repentance.
to cross over.
neither, nor.
,
Carob used for the
tree,
swine, also by poor peo-
Lit., a little horn. ,
-€',
no one.
to hate.
hireling.
,
ple.
£, -.
to shut.
£,
,
d, hire. pay.
-,
-, , ,
r\,
to inherit.
felhnvsJiip.
pjinishnient.
world, COSMOS. ,
, o)dy begotten.
alone, only.
d, calf.
, MYSTERY.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS. 3
veavicTKos, o,
,
v€Kpos, dead.
v€os,
,
young.
youiig riian.
,
',
6£, ,
,
€,
adv., thus.
,
debtor.
debt.
,
, ,
to
young
conquer.
victory.
child.
,
,
,
to 07ve, be indebted.
,
shall
eye.
see.
adv., now.
o0€v, adv.,
,
whence.
,
, ,,
TO, child.
child.
8, / know.
,
, Iiottsei
oIkos, d, lionse.
oXos, whole. ,
,
,
to hiniger.
old.
adv., again.
, PARABLE.
,
(>€(>,
,
,
,
like.
TO,
to confess.
to revile.
to see.
name. ,
, up.
fort.
to
to
pass away.
to deliver,
summon, com-
give
,
to anger., arouse. d, advocate.
opos, TO,
-Tis,
mountain.
OS. , , who.
8,',, whoever.
£,omit.
,
to
trespass.
pass by,
£, conj., when. to be provoked.

, conj., because, that.
-,
irapovcria, , presence.
,
ov, not.
ou8eis,
neither, nor.
no one.
.
, all.
d,
, boldness.
father.
'-, adv., never. 6. to persuade.
,
,
€'. adv., no longer. '€'•,
^, to send.
,
,
adv., not yet.
,
', heaven.
heavenly.
substance, prop-
-,
,
grieve,
d,
6, prep. w. gen., concern-

ing; w. ace, around.
mourn.
temptation.
, erty.
this one. '•£--€,
to walk.
to abound.
132
'-£'•€€,
,
, boast.
ESSENTIALS OF
to fall.
to believe.
to vaiint, ,
?, quire.
••€,
,
.
to
beggar.
adv., ever.
learn, en-
,
ttCo-tis,
,
irio-Tos,
,
, faith.
faithful.
,
wander,
caicse to
wandering.
to II.
irws, adv.,
.,
<,
,
(,
to
, flesh
how.
to deliver.
sweep.
adv., to-day.
,
•7€, ,
0€, to do, make.
spirit.
(,
(TiTivTOs, fatted.
, cause for
,
6, citizen. stumbling.
iroXvs, nuich, many. (, , darkness.
•,
•08. wicked.
go, Come.
iropvos, o, fornicator.
cTKOTos, TO,
<rds, ////.
darkness.
to have com-
iroo-os, how great.
-, passion.
,
,
iroTairos, what
adv., where.
irovis, o, foot.
sort of.
,
-,
bowels.
, seed.
compassion,
, ,
irpaijs, gentle. robe, gar^nent,
•€-5, ,
•-,
elder.
prep. w. gen., before. -,
-,
thou.
, miisic.
irpos, prep.
TO, sheep.
w. ace, to, -,
•€,
to collect.
to eat with.
towards.
••€'., to receive.
'•£,
-,
-,
to call together.
to rejoice with.
,
-,ers
•-?,
to.
irpwTos, first.
,
to
d,
to offer
summon.
face.
, prophecy.
PROPHET.
pray-
-,
-,
,
,
',
',
to slay.
',
body.
saviour.
adv., quickly.
Tf'\£ios,
to', little
to', child.
perfect, mature.
child.
VOCABULARY OF THE SELECTIONS.- 133
,
€£, to p 67-feet.
d, collector of taxes.,
-,
?,
inflated.
to be puffed up,
, ?, ,
publican. to', light.
€, brass, bronze.
,
to keep.
to p2ct, place. », , joy.
tCs, t£,
Tis,
one.
Ti,
who ? what ?
sotne otie, certain , to rejoice.
used as prep. w. gen.,
for the sake of.
?,,
Too-oiJTos, so much. €, , hand.
Tpiis,
',
,
', to run.
, neck.
three.
to tnake blind.
,
?,,,
Xopo's,
•€,
Xpcia, ,
swine.
dancing.
to be filled.
need.
, to be well, strong.
-, ',
to be kind.
,
,
',
TO, water.
d, son.
to go.
to be. ,
'?, ,
,
€•75,
,
anointing.
Christ.
country.
lie, to speak falsely.
',
viTi'p, prep. w. gen., for.
, , false
',
,
', sandal. prophet.
-,
,
to endure.
to lack, want. -?. ,
TO, lie.
liar.
€'$,
6,
to shcnu, appear.
plain, tnanifest. ,
, ,
to touch,
soiil.
handle.
,
fnake manifest. give in small parts.
',
8,
bring, bear. ,,
, as follows, thus.
6, friend.
,, shoulders.
'.
',
-,
',
to fear.
fear.
to think.
to guard.
,
tis, as.
debtea
hour.
to
to.
owe, be in-
PART II. — GRAMMAR.
1. WRITING AND SOUND.
1. Greek is written with twenty-four letters.

Form. Nam . Latin.
A alpha a as in father
7 " beta
gaiiuna
bi
g as in get
€ (short) € / delta
epsilon
seta
d
e as in Viet
(long) eta e as in they

,•} ^^ theta th as in thiiig
t^
8 iota
kappa
lambda
in
nil
i
c or
1
m •
as in machine
k
(short)
- xi
oniicron
X as in exainple
as in obey
7 pi
rho r
2 5 sigma s
tail t
French
3 upsilon
^ [^
German
Ji
ii
or
phi ph as in phase
^ chi ch as in chasm
psi ps as in lips
(long)
f ,
ouiega as in tone
1 Letters without equivalents are pronounced as in English.

2 ( in the middle of a word; s at the close, ^ See 11, d.
^ 60
( "nJ
5»
(
'-S
(U
'
00.
b ^ ->
S
/^\
rfl
)0
^ §
'%
)-<
-^
" "*
„i-^
<i3 >a3 Si 0)
C
S
:— ^^j. JJji
iuO
03 5
^
«i,
.4_»
Q S •.nj
Uj
4->
(/I
OJ OJ 3 ^
( >^
'w OJ c . <L>
CO foil •"
( the; -Si
J3
—- X ;5
4-)
M-l
W
as
—
" -c .i:
> open;
W
c
-g - — Q3.CO > (
fa
3
2 fa Si are
ipJitJiongs
3^ 8
e
2" — t= t- ^ yA
pa
„
£ 5 55
U
a
C >3
c
3
c
f2 .
3 s
Linguals
Palatals S)
Labials
c ! c
>"
CU
Is. 3 M-l TO g.
-3
?^
^ )- (U
V
.
«
3 3
- 9 'S
i > ^ '^
>
Id
C
b
.( Si
>- 13 ^
ci CO
eor> ^ «ys 3
•
>
CONTRACTION. 1 39
 ^
- -5
C <
5> iz)
> 'OJ en
3
-li
-^^-^^
- «--^
C
3
w,
ot^
>>2
cc
•£- ^t^-2c 'rt §
'^
^ U ^ ^ ° S ^
0-o"ll''Ôc«"iL. II
aJc^ll
Ml ^ ^ « ^ -
-233 00 II
I
g
^
gl3
::
^^^n"
,
^ ^"11 So S^-^S
>3o '';^"li CO C.cCi-
« ^ £«£
iS § . s: ^
. —^ WW
^ -^ ^
— ./
^
- •>- ^
:
(J (D
J-:
: ; : :
140 essentials of new testament greek.
Accent.
§ 9. There are three kinds of accent in Greek .
The acute ; as in /, tvho ?

The grave "
The circumflex ; "
ri?, some one.
There are two fundamental laws of accent

to hint. ,
VERBAL, explained in 3, and nominal (includ- <?> ;
ing nouns, adjectives, and participles), given in

57.
Breathings.
§ 10. Every initial vowel or diphthong has a

breathing mark over it
(') is called the smooth breathing,

pronounced. fSio?, . and is not
(')
Note
is
of //.
that the breathing

,
called the rongJi breathing,
sound Jidra ;
is
, and gives the
hantou.
placed over the

second vowel of the diphthong.
Initial always has the rough breathing, .
Movable v.
§ 11. Movable may occur at the end of the

following
{).
I. All dative plurals in -{). 7rdac(v), -
apostrophe; crasis. • '
141
• 2. All verbs with the ending -. {),

\{).
After -e of the third person singular of
3.
verbs.
4.
'\£{),
After kari ;
{).
{).
as
So
vowel, as
also
?-
<; is movable in '^, thus. Before a
but before a consonant,
Apostrophe.
§ 12. In the prepositions a short final vowel

may be dropped
a vowel.
zuJiicJi ; ^, E.g. air ,
before a word beginning with
zvith us.
from him ; ", at
Note that the elision is marked by an apos-

trophe, and that a smooth mute, as vr, , changes
to the corresponding rough mute, ,, before a
,
i'ougJi breathing.
but, also suffers elision ; as ' e/xot.
Crasis.
§ 13.
thong,
as Kayco or
(mixture), and
When
the contracted form.

.
come together
two vowels, or a vowel and a diph-
is
in two words, as /cat
or TO evavTiov, they are usually joined together;
This is
indicated by the coro)iis over

called crasis
^ But in the New Testament often s before a consonant.

Punctuation.
§ 14. The Greek has four punctuation marks :
the comma and the period, as in English ; the

interrogation mark { ; ), as the English semi-
colon ; and the point (•) above the line, which
equals English colon or semicolon.
2. ACCIDENCE.
§ 15. Accidence treats of nominal hiflexion,
the declension of nouns, adjectives, and partici-
ples, and of the cotijiigation of verbs.
Inflexion.
§ 16.In Greek all nouns, adjectives, and par-

ticiples have inflexion; i.e. an ending or suffix
which is added to the stem or substantial part
of the word. There are three sets of endings or
suffixes, and according as a noun takes one set
or the other it is said to belong to the nrst,
second, or tJiird declension.
§ 17. Nouns of the first declension have the

stem ending in -. This is therefore called the
A-declension.
Nouns of the second declension have the stem
in -0. O-declension.
GENDER AND NUMBER. "
1 43
Most nouns of the third declension have

stems ending in a consonant, hence the term
Consonant Declension is used.
Gender.
§ 18. All nouns in Greek are either mascu-

line, feminine, or neuter gender.
Nouns denoting male persons are masculine.
Nouns denoting /i7«rt/fc' persons are feminine.
§ 19. Outside of these sex rules the gender

may be determined very largely by the declen-
sion to which the noun belongs :
1. Nouns of the A-declension ending in a, r\,
are feminine. Those ending in -? are mas-

culine.
2. Nouns of the 0-declension in -09 are mostly
masculine ; those in -ov are nenter.

3. In the third declension the gender varies
according to the ending of the stem. See
Lessons XV., XVI., XVIII., and XIX. for the
discussion of these forms.
Number.
§ 20. In the Greek of the New Testament

there are two numbers, singular and plural, as
in English.
Case.
§ 21. There are five cases in Greek :
1. Nominative, as in English.
2. Genitive, source or whence-case. Eng-
lish possessive or objective with of.
3. Dative, \vhere-case, to or for which any-

thing IS or IS done. English remote or indirect
object.
4. Accusative, whither-case. English direct
object.
5. Vocative, case of address.
- ,-
§ 22. First or A-Declension.^
Stem
, , begitining.
Stem
, wisdom. ,, - Stem
hour.
S.N.V.
G.
D.
9 -
($ upas
<
•Sp»
P.N.V.
A.
G.
D.
A.
$ $ ( (,$
copwv
«pais
, Stem
, glory.
5o|i-
S.N.V. P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
88
, G.
D.
A.
$
$
^ Cf. 55 for table of endings in the A-declension.
SECOND OR 0-DECLENSION.
? - ?
145
•-?, , PROPHET
Stem
...
?
^
S.N.
G. G.
D. D.
A. .
V.
o''
ple
.
a,
.
;
c.
Most nouns of this declension have the nom.
and are feminine.
veavias,
yrj,
young man
, earth, contracted
; ,
Some end in -s, and are masc. E.g.
judge.
,
from yea, is declined through-
in a, ,
disci-
out as o.pyr], but with the circumflex accent.
?,-
§23. Second or 0-Declension.
?,
S.N.
G.
5,
Stem
d, word.
\o-ô- -',
Stem
8
88 ? servant.
Stem
ma7i.
D.
A.
€ £
?
V.
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
?
? ?
?
?, son.
S.N.
Stem - ... £
G.
D.
A.
G.
D.
.
?
?
V.
1 See 51 and 54.
8,
S.N.A.V.
Stem -
TO, gift.
P.N.A.V. 8
G. G.
a. , D.
Jesus, is >;
D.
in the gen., dat., and voc.
L
§24. The Definite Article.
Masc. Fern. Neut.

S.N. 6
G.
D.
8
"^
A.
P.N. ol Td
G.
D. Tois rats TOiS
A. TOVS TOS
Adjectives of the A- and 0-Declension.

25.
S.N.
, good.
G.
D.
A.
V. «
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
,
85
one's
PRONOUNS
own.
IN -05.
, small.
147
S.N.
G.
D.
tSLov ? )
A.
V. €
...
G.
D.
.
, § 26. Pronouns
ihis (one)
S.N.
; , in -.
i/tai
Cf.
(one) ;
62-64.
, /le, himself.
G.
D.
A.
P.N.
G.
D.
A.
. and
except the neut. sing, of each
and ace.
? are declined like
is and '
'?, above,
in nom.
>. is used as tlie pers. pron. of the 3 pers., /le,
she, it
noun
;
in
but in the oblique cases only.
any case, it means
When used with a
himself., etc e.g. b; ,
the man
,
himself.
it means
But when the
the
art.
same (man).
precedes the pron., as
Cf. 69-70.
7. Relative Pronoun.
OS, who.
OS
ols als
f
ov oil's as
\
28. Consonant or Third Declension. Lingual
Mute Stems. Cf. 127-132.
xdpis,
-
, grace. «XirCs,
-
, hope.
5
Stem Stem
S.N. xapis iXiris
G. «XiriSos
D. iXiriSi
A.
V. X^pis iXirC
P.N.V. xapiT€s iXirCSes

G.
D. ••£
.
vvt, ,
Stem
xapiras
,
-
mghi. ,- Stem
«XiriSas
6, ruler prince.
^
S.N.V.
G. VVKTOS apxovTOS
.
...
D.
G.
D.
vvKTiS €
-
. apxovTas
NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
149
§ 29. Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension.

Stems in -ar. Cf. 106.
- - -, , body.
S.N.A.V.
G.
D.
-
(
-$
, ,-
(
( -
Stem
P.N.A.V.
ftame.
G
D
S.N.A.V.
G.
D.
?
'
Stem
P.N.A.V.
G.
D. -,
§ 30. Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension.
Stems in -ea. Cf. 135.
8, , race.
Stem yeve<T-
S.N.A.V.
'
7€'vos ^ P.N.A.V. '
€ (yeVea)
G.
D. € (yeVeos) G.
D. '€-
(yevewv)
§ 31. Stems in -t and -ev. Third Declension.

TTOXis, , ctVy. Cf. 112.
Stem jroXi-
S.N.
-
P.N.V.
G.
D•
€5
€ •
G.
iroXeis
iroXewv
D.
A• -- A.
V.
I50 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
S.N. pa<riXivs
-
Pao-iXcvs, 6, king.
Stem
P.N.A.V. Pao-iXcis
G.
D.
A.
V.
-
(.«'
(€
.€
G.
D. -€(
32. Liquid Stems of the Third Declension.
,- , age. '(, leader.

/-
S.N.V.
G.
D.
.
Stem
P.
,
1$
S.N.V.
G.
D.
.
€8 . €€
£
€ €$
Stem
€
33. Syncopated Stems in -ep-.
, - , father.
?
Cf. 113.
S.N.
G.
D.
. € ()
Stem
irarpos (Trarepo?)
"-
P.N.V.
G.
D.
.
^
-
?
V.
, - , f/ian. Cf. 114.
8
Stem
. (
8<()
8. P.N.V. avSpcs /pes)
G. dvSpos (avepos) G.
D. dvSpi (ave'pt) D.
A.
V. avep
() . avSpas (avepas)
a. -, , . -,
ADJECTIVES OF THE CONSONANT DECLENSION.
jiwtJier^
are nouns declined the same
daughter^ and
as
151
belly^
§ 34. The following are nouns of the third

declension that have irregularities of form or
Only forms New Testament are
,
accent. of the
here given.
,
,€5, TO, knee. ,
,,.
?, , ,
-..
Plur.
,, .., ,65,8., , .
, tuoinan, Plur.
£, , hair, Plur.
dog. Plur.
?,
,. ear.
-,
Plur. -.
, , ?, . ^- ', , ,
irois, , foot, iroSos, Plur. iroSes, iroo-C,
?•
'.
waier, Plur.
€, , hand., X«ip<5s, X«i-pi, Plur. X€ip€s,
-, xeipas.
§ 35. Adjectrês of the Consonant Declension.
,-'
STEMS IN --
true. ,-
STEMS IN -V-
foolish.
S.N.
G.
D. £'
Stem Stem
?
A.
V.
£8
' €$
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A. €$ - $-
§ 36. Irregular Adjectives of the Consonant

Declension. Cf. 164-165.
', great.
iras, all.
- -- /-
? ? € €5 €
Stem Stems €•-,
SN. iras «- ,-
-
G. iravTOs
D.
A.
()
- -
€ '
«
V.
-
-?, ? ????
.N.V. iravTes
G.
D. -
A. iravTas
iraerais
-, -
-
7niich, tiiany.
?" - Stems
S.N.
G.
D.
.
"? .
??
? ??
§ 37. Comparison of Adjectives.
1. Add -€ for the compar., and -raros for the superl.
-?,
strong.
•-?,
strong-er.
(--?),
strong-est.
2. Add - for the compar., and '<

?,
much.
-, for the superl.
-•?,
most.
^When the penultimate vowel is short, as in )%, the
6$,
().
is lengthened before -repoi and -raros; e.g.
Cf. 225.
CARDINAL NUMERALS ; PROxNOUNS. 153
§38.
,
05, good -
Irregular Comparison.
€
,
05,
,
,
bad
good
great
small
€
-- -
« ^
.
§39.
miicJi
Comparatives in - are declined like
Cardinal Numerals.
, § 35.
, €, €-•€, four.
. €
G. € ' € 07ie.
'
ihrec.
'•-€
- (
D. evi evi TeVtrapcri
A. 4' ' €<<
.
b.
The
declined like adjectives in

{,
cardinal numerals from 4 to 100 are indeclinable.
Ordinal numerals
-05.
etc.) in -05 and -ol are
c. For the declension of oiSet's (ov8e, and not, + els, one),

see 221.
§ 40. Pronouns. Cf. 68 and 213.
S.N.
, /. Personal.
S.N.
, you.
G. «, G. «
(
D. <, D.
. «, € A. CTi
. . «5, lue P.N.

G. G.
D.
.
1 Occurs but once,
D.
A. ?
NEW TESTAMENT
,
154 ESSENTIALS OF GREEK.
S.G.
D.
A.
,
,
,, $ -$
-
myself.
-fj
Reflexive.
<€,
(,
-€, -
•6, -
thyself.
-r\%
5 ,£, $8 5 ?
•
P.G.
D.
A. avTas
S.G.
D.
,
€
€, -fjs
/innself herself
P.
itself.
«8
A. €, -, - -fj
€$ «?
S 41. Interrogative. Indefinite.
Tis, who. tIs, some otie.
S.N. t£s P. Tives S.N. tIs tI p. Tiv€s

G. Tivos Tivos
D. Tivl Tio-l
. Ttvas Tivtt tI Tivas

a. TIS, some one, is an enclitic. Cf. 196-198.
§ 42. The indefinite relative 6<; (6, ivJio,
and ?), whoever, has the following forms

S.N. oo-Tis, 5, ,. P.N. oiVives, aiTivis, .
:
43. Participles.
, loose.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
XvoVTOS ?
Present Active.
-
-) XvOVTOS
PARTICIPLES OF .
-
155
€5
P.N.V.
G.
D.
A.
-
5 ?
a. For the pres. pai 1. of ,^ see 183 and 184.
S.N.
G.
-
- - -
-
Xvlo-as
-)
-avTOS
Aorist Active.
D.
A.
P-N.V.
G.
D.
-
(<
("
(€5 - --
-•9
A. •(5
S.N.
£ ?
£
Perfect Active.
?
G.
D.
A.
€
€£5
KOTOS
?
?, €$
P.N.V.
G.
.
D.
A.
So
€8
likewise the 2 perf. act. ; as ?, ,
staiidi>ig, from , /(? ;//7/•? stand.
S.N.
G.
D.
A.
?
'
€5
'
Aorist Passive.
£<
-?
-) '
'
'
'
156
P.N.V.
ESSENTIALS OF
-
kvBtvTis
£( '
€
G.
D.
A. '? €$
XvGiicrais
€
€"
-, ,
, , C.
§ 44.
So likewise the 2 aor. pass.
from
Participles in
sow.
-€ and
; as
- contract as
follows
' - ,
9
:
become
^
^
-
- ,
-
speaking'
living
become
05 5
§ 45. Second Aorist Participles of Irregular
.- — Sovs, giving.
Verbs.
.-, — going.
5 (5 8 ? •5 5
S.N.
G.
etc.
S.N.
G.
,5
etc.
$.
.? €( ' €(-. --
a.
S.N.
So the
— -,
pres. part.
Geis, placing.
S.N.
— falling.
ire<rov
G. €5 €<8 GiVTOS G. ir€<rovTOS --? iricrovTOS

etc. etc.
b. So the pres. part. tiOcCs. c. So all 2 aor. ptcs. in -.

1 See §§5, 8; 8,4. 2 See §§ 5, 1,2; 8,3.
;
THE VERB. 157
<. — ?, -. — ?,
S.N. (TTds
G. crravTOs
<•
(-? ( 8-8
standing.
S.N.
G.
-us
knowing.
()
-
etc. etc.
§ 46.
like , All participles in
§ 25.
The Verb.
are declined
Voice.
§ 47.There are three voices in Greek the :
and passive. Of these the active

active, middle,
and passive are the same as the active and
passive in English.
The middle voice represents the subject as
acting upon itself or in some way that concerns
itself.
1. The Direct Middle where

upon , I ,
the subject acts
,
directly itself; e.g: ivash ;
I wash myself.
2.
e.g.
self ;
my
,,
The Indirect Middle where the subject is
represented as acting in some way for itself
I buy,
I zvash,
hands.
I buy for my-
/ wash ?,
§ 48. The uses of the middle voice are numer-
ous, and are best learned from the lexicon.
middle e.g.;
suade myself, I obey.

,
Often the sense of the verb changes
I persuade ; ^, in the
I per-
Mood.
§ 49. There are five moods in Greek : the In-

dicative, Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative, and
Infinitive. The Indicative, Imperative, and In-
finitive correspond very closely to the same
moods in English. The Subjunctive is most
often translated by the English potential. The
principal uses of the Subjunctive are explained
in 87, 95-97, 158. See also under Syntax.
The Optative mood is rare in the New Testa-
ment, and hence is not given with the para-
digms. For the forms that occur and the uses
of the same, see § 70 and § 71.
Tense.
§ 50. The tenses of the Indicative mood are

seven. The present and imperfect denote con-
tinued or repeated action the aorist and future
;
denote an indefinite action the perfeet, pluper-

;
fect, future perfect aQX\ot& completed action.
§ 51. The tenses of the subjunctive are the

present, aorist, perfect ; the latter is very rare
in the New Testament.
THE VERB. 159
§ 52. The tenses of the Indicative are distin-

guished as primary and secondary.
Primary : Present., fjcttcre, perfect, future perfect.
Secondary : Imperfect., aorist, pluperfect.
§ 53. The
principal parts of a Greek verb are
the firstperson singular of the present, fnture,
(first or second) aorist, (first or second) perfect,
indicative active ;
the perfect middle, and the
first or second aorist passive
,
, -,
§ 54.
', €',,
, ', ',
There is
4'.,
no difference
;
,
e.g.
meaning nor
in
in translation betvêen a first aorist and a second
aorist, between a first perfect and a second
perfect.
§ 55. The tenses of the verb are divided into

nine classes or tense systems, each having a
distinct tense stem.
\. Present incluaing present and in/perfcct.

2. Future " future active and middle.
3. First aorist " and middle.
first aorist active
4. Second aorist " second aorist active and middle.
"
First perfect first perfect and pluperfect active.
5.
6.
7.
Second perfect ^^
Perfect middle "
second perfect ,
pluperfect active.
perfect and pluperfect middle and
passive and future perfect.
8. First passive " first aorist and future passive.
9. Seco7id passive " second aorist and future passive.
§56. I. Active Voice of «.
Indicative.
Present.
'
Imperfect. Ftiture.
(»
-
(€15
I. € € 4'€
p. X
[
2.
3-
€€
«
iXv£T£ (£€
Subjunctive, .
• S. J 2.
. 2.
£
£
3-
Imperative.
S.
2. £
3•
£
[
2.
-^ 3• or
Infinitive. £
Participle. ,(, (,
(§ 43) <
<(,
ACTIVE VOICE OF . i6i
I Aorist. I Perfect. i Pluperf.
Indicative. '
'- (£)€€
S.
I.
2.
€<6
-as €5
6 (
(€)£
)65
L3•
I. €<£ (€)€€1-
€
P. 2. €-£ (€)X£XVIKCI-
6
'-
3•
- (l)\eXvKci
Subjunctive
s.
•
.
2.
(
-)5
[
?
or
p..
.3•
I.
2.
3•
--)
•6
€6
]
Imperative.
s.^
r 2.
- [€€
- ']
l3-
'2. (6
p.-
'
3• or
Infinitive.
Participle. -,
Xijcra<ra,
(§ 43)
,
?,
08 (§ 43)
l62 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
2. Middle Voice of .
Indicative.
Present.
I.
Imperfect.
£
-
Fiiture.
),
),
-
s. 2. Xvei
.3• Xierai
Subjunctive
P. -
.
I.
2.
3•
I.
\v€<r0€ €6-€
<
(£6
s. - 2.
.3•
I.
p. 2.
.3•
Imperative. 2.
S.
3• £•
-
[
. 3 '- or
Infinitive. € (€(
Participle.
,
€5,
(§ 46)
€,
-
-,
(§46)
MIDDLE VOICE OF . 163
Indicative. I. -
I
-
Aorist. Perfect.
'
' «
Pluperf.
«
S. 2.
P.
.3•
I.
2.
(
-- €.
€€ '
^
-
.3•
Subjunctive
s.
.3•
I.
2.
-
] '
- €^
€€'05
€€09 3
1
p.
I.
2. -€ €
-
.3•
Imperative.
s.
'
2. ['
- --
.3•
12.
3•
-- or or
Infinitive. -
Participle. ?,
-5,
-(§46)
-,
-(§46)
-^
1 64 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
.
-
3. Passive Voice of
[- «
Fut. Perf?- i Aor?- I Future^•
Indicative.
S. ] 2.
2.
II.
I.
3• -
€,--6 ?
-
-€ -
], --€
3• €•(3
Subjunctive. .
S. 2.
.;;
Imperative.
S.
-'
Infinitive.
Participle.
- -
£(€5, ,,
-, - €•,
or
(€5?
-, -
(§46) €(§43) (§46)
^ All other tenses of the passive voice are the same in form
as the middle-
SECOND AORIST, PERFECT, ETC., OF . 165
§ 57. Second Aorist (Active and Middle) and

Second Perfect and Pluperfect of Xetirw.
2 Aor. Act. 2 ^<?r. y]//i/. 2 /Vr/. 2 Phiperf.

Indicative.
1
I . ' ? [--
Xe'Xoiira
6€5
S.
1
I
I
2.
3.
I.
'
€X.nres
€-7£
••6
€••£
€€€(^
P. 1 2. £--6€ €£•6 eXe\otireT6
[
L 3. €\e\oiiri(rav]
Subjunctive.
?
] ) '
[ I.
S. -; 2. €•75
P.
1
Imperative.
3-
2.
3-
.
]
[.€
.
. J
f
2.
3•
2.
3•
"•6€
or
- -]
-'
or
€7€6
Infinitive.
'
Participle.
,. £5,
-
(§ 45, <)
(§ 46)
-, ,,
[XeXoiirlvai]
-iros (§ 43)
58. Future and First Aorist Active and Middle

(Liquid Forms) and Second Aorist and
Second Future Passive of
Flit. Ac Fut. Mid.

.
I Aor. Act.
€ €) ''
"
Indicative. av(o
V €.
Is lavei
Subjunctive.
ii
13 .
€€
'
|$
-ii
€
Imperative. 2
€
S.I
P• 3
«( or
€ €(
,, €$,
Infinitive.
Participle. ,
- -, -,
(§ 46)
(§44) (§43)
FUIURES AND AORISTS OF .
Indicative.
f'•
I
«
Aor. Mid. 2 Aor. Pass.
€5 €,
€ -€
2 Fiit. Pass.
--
, (€•
S. -* 2.
(€
-
.3•
I.
P. - 2.
.3•
Subjunctive.
i^•
1
S. J 2,
P.
.3•
I.
2.
.3•
€
€
-
Imperative, c i2.
( €
. J
l3-
\ 2.
3• or '
Infinitive.
Participle.
[
-
€5, £5.
<€
-,
-
-, €•, --,
(§46) (§46)
(§43,0
1 68 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
'T3 "^
.
D
--
3
.»
'3
<-»
«O lO (O
^^
<^
^p• ^f^ ^P" ^p- ^- ^•
(
'<
<0
^
(lO
•< ><
«3
^ ^ -
(• (- (
'K
t/<
3?r:!SS
^ <
<<.
^ - - '. < ^ ^ "

*-« y^~s.
.
,
-
r
^ '3 '
<•* ,.
V"r
.'5 % "S S <3 .^ <P=
W ^"i "« --4--4- 4----6- ^ •6----•
G 3 <
3\S "S "S "J § "§ ^?"?
"^ -- -- -- -^---©- [^: 0-----
3 w .V.
( S ,
_,
I S I ..
3 <'
.i?. .d.
'd' <l <d
<3 .s .1
<3 «3 <*
lU /^s »- h I- I- h
> a ^ V4J «4^

" W
"
a. A "ai
"Si
s.
-d
s. .3.
.1-1 C3
contract' verbs. 169
3 t>
3 w h 3
w
b
<3
^ ^ ^
F .£"
'3
(O (O CO
•3
<3
/<
f="
^^^^^
F
"F
bO - , (lO
.F
°
^
F
"3
^
.
J<
to
3 3
:^:<:<
(
3-
.3 -
*^
§
3 ^ "
"o ^ ^ ^
00 00 00 00 00 CO CO iijij-S
3 b "*
i ^ t t ^
"^ ui ^VK w ^wCV ^^ -^ -^
^ ^-<
^vu ^vt»
^^-^ "Q,
c< ^ ^ '< ^ t il2d
.-^
^^ \.-^ ^^ ^^ \ S • V '
S_^ \ •
Vi ~^ ^^ ^^ ^^
^
» 3 b
W u. -> ^ UJ I- "^
<3 « '3 rd sg -3 ° -d <d

i i i ^ i i i
<iJ
i i
,0 p- 3
^ lu ^w lu Ô K^w ci S
'd ^ti § S "S g ° "S ^S §. i
,3- ,3- ,3- .5- ,3- ,3- ,3- ,3- ,3- ,3- v^'t"
^ ^ ^ 000000
p-p-p-p-p-p-
"3
p-p-p-p-p-p-
<3 ^3 e3 <3
(Soous
.«::«. <v ciocob0ci0(0(o
'?:
•• _. /^ _
v§ ^5 ^« ,« ô w 3 .£=!= 3 - 3
"c- a-^
00 CO *«
'< <<
J^.S",^
-<
5=~
^
^ss-^S" '^•-S.'<
,5",5" !=-
^s- '<R- -iff-
^ J< ^ Q - w 'i .ri <3 <P= <• -3 cp• <3

-- -- -e-
^ '^ -- -e- -- -- -4- -- ~ -- -- -- -- -- --
^
-<_ !-(/— :/—\ _si
viJ ^w lu a %i ,_/ ^^ ^^^ ^^^
5 2 <3 <* <5 -3 <§ <3 <3 <5 -3

i i i <§i A
<3
I.
i3- iS- -5- i i d. i i i i <d-
-fc -t .« 'i I- h h 'f 'f 'f 'f h h
a § a. ^cs "S -a a "d ^d ^d "d "d d ^d -d

'f f-e .3- ,3- ,3- ,3- ,3- ,3- .3- ,3 ,3- ,3- ,3- ,3-
0^ c/5 oi oi ai
CONTRACT VERBS. I?!
b * ^ cp 
b 3
3 « 3 <»
^ e> <r> b l•.
b b oî ^p
^5 ^ 'i 'i
.
'i "i /< 5i5 ,< >< ^ ><

^ ^
•«-•«-
'i
----
-^ ^ ^J. -------«---:-
>.
a ^^ <^
3
^^ 
b 3
3 «? 5 p• 'S h
3 w
^ <»
b °-d
,
fe b
-3 <3 <d -3 'd <3
b b i i
«3 ^§ <§ -d i ,f-
% i. i. i d.
-3-3-3• I- ** ..
f f l••
I'
^
3 ^3 3 _g S
?^ ^-^
^^ CIS
<
Jf
3. l~ vS- b
b b ^3. ô Ô
S ."= b . b ci -d ^d ^d "d
-a a -d d a "S S §- S. 2- 3- 3- 3-
:i. 3. a. a. S, 3- 3- h _^P _^w C C
'Ul
^^ ~-^
^ '^ ^
Conjugation of Verbs.
§ 60. Verbs in differ from verbs in in

the Present and Second Aorist Systems only.
See Lessons
§ 61.
in the Present
Synopsis of ,, ,
XXXI. and XXXII.
and
and Second Aorist Systems.
Active.
Indie.
(,
( -
SubJ.
€
Imper.
(Infin . Part.
IcTTOs
€£
8($ ( $
4'
cSiSovv
«» ( ?
Sw 86s ?
OcCs
-• 1( Passive and Middle.

< '8
8$
f,
-
•
!
600 $
'9
CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 173
§62. PRESENT SYSTEM.

Active Voice.
Sing.
•
?
Freseni Indicative.
8(
(8$
(- -. 8(
.3•
<€ €€
€ €
Plur. -
i^•
1
.3•
2. <€
--. € .
SCSoTC
Imperfect.
.
Sing, -
3•
]
2.
.
<
(€
€
€€1$
€(£
€
€($
(8€
<€ £€€ €€
Plur. -
.3•
2.
€€ €-
Present Subjunctive.
I. (
- )5 $
Sing. 2.
3• - ^
'
•«€
,
I.
Plur. 2. 1<
5(
-
.3• "«<
Present Imper ative.
Sing.
2. -
< €1 SCSov
8(>
Plur.
3•
2.
3• <- €'
or
TiOe'rw
or
£€
- or
Present Infinitive.
,€
Present Participle (§45).
TiOeis 8i.8ovs
Passive AND Middle.
I. ' . -
•• (£
Present Indicative.
'
Sing. 2.
3•
Plur.
I.
2.
3• -
<• -
1• '
Imperfect.
Sing. J
.
2.
.3• (
-- - £€-
CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 175
Plur.
1.
2.
'€
i'<j-Tacr0€
66€
cSiSocrOc
13 'icTTOVTO
( 8
Present Subjunctive.
Sing. ->,
3
2
(
(
( €
Plur. - 2 (
( -
Sine
2. - -
£- -
((
Present Imperative.
Plur.
Is-
2.
3•
(•
(- or
j)(rav
€<€
'-
€'(
or
(€
- or
Present Infinitive.
(€( ,
1(€$ '
Present Participle (§46).
€8
§ 63. SECOND AORIST SYSTEM.

Active.
I. €< ^
Second Aorist Indicative.
'? « €8^
Sing.
Plur.
J
[3•
2.
3•
2.
.
'?
««
'
(.€
€'<€
£
4'
€
«
'
€€
Second Aorist Subjunctive.

'•
I
9
.
Sing, j 2. (TTfjs
3• *'"'" ^ ^
€
[
.
Plur. 2.
3• <(.
€ €
<
[
2. «
«
Second Aorist Imperative.
Ois 05
^
Sing.
[ 3•
2.
Plur.
3.
or or ' or
( Second Aorist Infinitive.
5 Second Aorist Participle.

(§ 45) £8 (§ 45) (§ 45)
^ No 2 aor. ind. act. of and occurs — so the

I aor. in - is given. Cf. 235, 3, note.
CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 1 77
Middle.
Second Aorist Middle Indicative.
££
!I.
' '
«
2.
3- €'0£TO 4'
. €£
Plur. \
[
2.
3• '
€€-€ €'•€
Second Aorist Middle Subjunctive.

I .
Sing. J 2.
•
1^
3•
.€ 2.
3.
-
Second Aorist Middle Imperative.
2.
-
Sing.
Plur.
3.
2.
3•
'
--or '-
-
-(>
€
-
or
Second Aorist Middle
-
Infinitive.
' ?
Second Aorist Middle Participle.
(§ 46) (§ 46)
178 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAIMENT GREEK.
Irregular Verbs of the Form.
§ 64.
with , ,2,, , ),
compounds),
The verbs
,, and
know,
am, (compounded
go (only in
say, are all irreg-
ular.
65. €( (stem -), am.

Present.
Indicative. Siibjioictive. Imperative.
I £(
Sins. 2 cl OS
«o-tC '-,
3
I €<€
««
€ «
Plur. i 2
3 cl(r( - «(
Ifififiittve.
Participle, , -, ;
gen. ovtos, $, etc. (183).
Imperfect. Future.
Indicative. Indicative. Infinitive.
I. (') €'( €•€•

Sing. 2. (-) 4'£, €<|
3• " 4'< Participle
. €
€
(£) €(6
Plur. 2.
3. - 1
'-
eVeo-Ge
Cf. 78, .
:
IRREGULAR VERBS OF THE FORM. 1 79
S 66. (stem e-), revtit.
The following forms of this verb occur in

the New Testament
—
Indicative Active.
-, €€,
?,
-, £$,€€, , .,)-
(Pres. as though from
.
Imperf.
'.
.
Fut. etc. Aor.
,,..
Kas, etc ^
Indicative Mid. and Pass. — Pres. £-
-.^. — 3 per. plur.
Fut.
Aor. pass,
Subjunctive
Aor.
Imperative Act.
Participle Act.
).
Act. 2 aor.
— Pres.
— 2 aor.
— Pres.
.
,
. ?. €.
. 2 aor. €5,
Pass.
Infinitive Act.
a. In compounds with
2
has <)-, and (rvvCov<ri.

,
the pres. ind. 3 per. plur.
-
2 aor. act.
.
.
.
and 2 aor.
-, and with 2 aor.
b. Pres. part. o-wuCs and
Subjv.
Aor. pass. ind.
are found. The former
is more regular and occurs in -8,
2 aor. act. part, also occurs.
§ 67. «•»- (stem 1-^1 go.
But few forms of this verb occur, and always

in compounds.
Indicative. — Pres. --. Imperf. -jfti, --.
Infinitive. Uvai.
Participle. , -rov<ra, -, regular like , -,
ov (183).
Conjugated like the mid. of
^ .
Such forms only are here given of the compounds of
2
as might be difficult to recognize. The lexicon ought to be

consulted for all verb forms
. :
1 8 ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENl GREEK.
I 68.
olSa (stem -), know.
This verb is a second perfect and conjugated
regularly olha, olSa<;, etc. The 3 per. plur. has
once, lare in 2 per. plur. is also found.
Imperfect. — ',
— --.
-p'Seis, etc.
Future.
Subjunctive.
Imperative.
— «, €8.
«18»,
— -€, k/Knvye (occurs once).
Infinitive. — «.
Participle. — €8,
€l8us, etSos, like €5 (§43).
^ 69. (stem -), say.
This verb is found

per. sing,
he said.
and plur.
in pres. ind.
and . Imperf.
and
, 3
§ 70. The following forms of the optative
1.
, .
mood occur in the New Testament
,
, , , ^, -
Present Tense.
€, OekoL, €, uyj,
,
2. /^z'rsi Aortst.
,,
...
,.
3
4•
,
Second Aorist.
First Aorist Passive.
1
-..
>;, evpoiev, //,
In fact a 2 pluperf., but the perf. and pluperf. have in this

verb the sense of the pres. and imperf.
! :
,
,,, , €,
It -
8, , , ,
may be noted
OPTATIVE MOOD.
(«) ^,
Karevui'vai,
TENSE SYSTEMS.
form the Optative by the ad-

dition of I, which, with preceding vowel, forms a diphthong
], -;
Svvaivro,
l8l
^
;
this diphthong is always long, (d) ',
^
form the Optative by adding ; in the case of
the iota is siibscript. (c) t\oitv, evpoiev, are
also made by adding , the in the third person plural
changing to €. (c/) differs from
in that € and have changed place.
§ 71. The following examples will illustrate

the uses of the optative
1. T/ie Optative
Rom. 15:5.
grattt unto
of Wishing.
6eos
you
. . . '; , now may God
The Potential Optative.

2.
(.
3.
Acts 26
indirect Question.
Luke I
she
:
: 29.
29.
was
this 7night be.
discussing
?
^,
what manner of
tlf] 6 /,
I could wish to God.
salutation
4. The Conditional Optative.

I Cor. 14: 10. £t Tvypi., if it should chance.
Tense Systems.
§ 72. No one verb has all nine tense systems,

but the following table shows the various tenses
(as far as found in the New Testament) in ,
: .
l82
loose,
desh'oy.
, ESSENTIALS OF
cast,
<, zunte,
%-
and €,
Present \v%. %- £%
- €%- %- €%-
. . . .
Future \v<r%-
€-
. . . .
1 Aorist --
%-
. . .
2 Aorist .
(- (-
1 Perfect
2 Perfect
Perfect
Mid.
J
.
Perf.
'erf
.
I Flit. P. \t\v<r%-
.
- ,-
()-
-
£•
iPassi"^""^•
Aor.
\ Fut. %- %-€()- £()-
«*()-
2 Pass. j
[ Fut. <%-
73. Personal Endings.
Active. Middle and Passive.
Primary. Secondary. Primary. Secondary.
I. V
S. 2. , (<) (
<,
.
3•
I.
2.
€
€
€
€
€
-€
3• -, , <rav
74. The personal endings of the imperative

are
Active. Middle and Passive.
S.
r
[
2.
"K. P.
f
1^
2.
X.
T€
- 3- -
2. o-o
P. \
[
2.
3. «-
-£
or
AUGMENT. 183
§ 75. The endings of the infinitive are :
^ .. iv, contracted with € to eiv.

J
[ , £vai.
Mid. and Pass,
§ 76. The tenses of the indicative are formed

by adding to the verb theme, with certain modi-
fications, the following suffixes.
Pres. Fid. Aor. Perf. Pliiperf.
Active: -%- -<r%- --- -- --

Middle and Passive have the same suffixes
except in perf. and pluperf., where there is
none. The aorist passive has -ê- for i aorist
and -e- for 2 aorist.
Augment.
§ 77. I. When the verb begins with a con-
sonant the vowel e is prefixed to the theme in

the imperfect and aorist e.g. e-\v-o-v, e ; --.
This is called syllabic augment. In the perfect
the initial consonant is placed before the aug-
ment e.g. Xe
;
--.
This is called reduplication.
In the pluperfect the reduplicated form may be
augmented ; e.g. i-\e-Xu-K€i-v.
2. When begins with a vowel this

a verb
vowel is lengthened in all past tenses =, :
, .
=, =.
augment
Such an augment
e.g. ', lead, ] ,, is called temporal
come,
,
; ;
.7]; hear, An initial diph-
ask for,
3.
); -,
thong may lengthen the first
pray,
Verbs beginning with two consonants or a
vowel
^,.
; e.g.
double consonant {, , )
have the augment and
no reduplication in the perfect and pluperfect.
, , and
; e.g.
call, has perfect

,
A mute (§ 2) followed by a liquid , , , , is an
exception to this
4. Verbs beginning with a rough mute

.
judge, has perfect
,,,
,
have the corresponding smooth mute ,
the reduplication
behold,
; e.g.
€-&-.
, -- love,
, , in
The Eight Classes of Verbs.
§ 78. It is necessary in the study of the Greek

verb to determine the theme or root, for on this,
with certain modifications mostly of tense and
mood signs, the various tenses are built. This
theme may or may not correspond to the theme
as seen in the present indicative. More fre-
quently the present stem is a strengthened form
\,
of the theme e.g.
; loose, has theme and
present stem \v- the same, while steal, «, -
-.
,
theme kXett-, has present stem
receive, theme \-, present stem \-.
THE EIGHT CLASSES OF VERBS. 1
85
With reference to the relation of the theme

to the present stem the verbs in Greek are
divided into eight classes :
§ 79. First Class. —

Verb stem remains un-
changed t]iroughoiit. The present stem is formed
by adding simply the variable vowel % to the
theme :
,
-, say
conquer
-
Theme.
.-
Pres. stem.
Xey%
.%
Second Class.
§ 80. Strong vozvel forms.—
Some verbs have a theme ending in a mute, § 2,
preceded by a short vowel, principally or v.
The present theme of these verbs is formed by
lengthening this vowel, l to et, to eu, and the
addition of %
, - %
:
persuade
^(.v^f>),flee
-
Theme.
--
Pres. stem.
$%
€•/%
Fut.
§ 81.
-class.
Third Class.
Some
—
Verds in or the
verbs have the theme in a labial
-
mute 7, , , that form the present stem by
adding % to the theme
,
:
, -
Theme.
- %%
.%
Pres. stem. Fut.
-
steal kXc{J/%
/i/de
a. is for -».
:
§82. Fourth Class. — Iota class.
1. Some verbs having a theme ending in a

palatal mute /c, 7, ,
add t % to form the present
stem. This % with the mute gives %, rarely
-,
•- -t»,
preach
svtite
-
Theme.
- %%
Pres. stem.
7% .^%
Fut,
2. When t% is added to a theme in - the

present stem ends \%•.
,
-», save
baptize
Theme.
/?-
- %
Pres. stem.
% % /?7%
Fut.
3- theme
for the present.
in a liquid,
\l% becomes
,,
% , , may add l%
%
:
% %
Theme.
^,
fia.\\m,cast
announce ayytX-
\-
€%
Pres. stem. Fut.
4. But with and the usually passes over

to the preceding vowel and with or e forms a
diphthong
,
, take
show
away
Theme.
-
ap•
Pres. stem.
%
alp%
Fut.
apf.%
€%
:
THE EIGHT CLASSES OF VERBS. 1 87
§83. Fifth Class. N-c/ass. —

The present
stem of some verbs is formed by adding v% to
the theme :
Theme. Pres. stem.
irCv», drink ttl- iriv%
1.
{,
2.
The
Under
suffix
sin
this
may be
class
-
-av%.
Theme.
(i) come
%
Pres. stem.
several verbs
,
,
that insert a nasal , 7, before the final mute :
, The
receive
happen
suffix
Theme.
-
/3-
may be -,
%Pres. stem.
\.%
after a vowel
-.3.
,
(,
,
show
gird
swear
Theme.
«-
-
- ()
'/
Pres. ind.
§ 84. Sixth Class. — Verds in -^ the in-

ceptive class.
^ %
A few verbs form their present
%
stem by adding or to the theme
(,
-,^?«/
know
Theme.
yvo-
tvp- %
Pres. stem,
Seventh Class.
§ 85. —
added to shnple
stem. This class includes most of the verbs of
the yut-Conjugation, which form their present
and imperfect tenses luiihotit the use of %.
-,
£, say
make stand -
Theme.
- -
Pres. ind.
§ 86. Eighth Class. —

Mixed class. Verbs
of this class are among the irregular verbs and
form different tenses on entirely distinct stems.
See the list of irregular verbs.
,
, eat
see
caî-
OpCL-
--
Tl lemes.
07-
€, run 8-
€, bear -
rpcx-
OL- evcK-
,
, , ,
,,),,
,,
,
§ 87. The following verbs may be classified
,
,
according to the principles laid down above.
, , ,
, ,
',,
, ,
, ,,
, '/, , .
,
€, ,,,
,,,
88,
)((,
§ 88. The following table gives the principal

parts of the most common irregular verbs in the
New Testament. The aim is to give only such
forms as occur. A rare compound or a variant
reading may in some few cases present a form
that is not given.
TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 89
g-t:
1 . .
3
3- ®-
^ .1 -I:
H£
« 3
>^ - ^ - -a
I
8^ ^r^ §
I .^ « g al
g
- ij^'S fris-»?^-??- »Si• "a "a -p• Ji-"a
3 3
b <3 .b
^ »a a -a *a "^s "B -a "a "a a -a
•^ a (^>
« ^ '^ <U ;
1 s ^
^^ I 5- 3' "^
f c
-.^ 3t- ^Sa3 K^
*e a a 'a 'a «a "a ' -a -a '2
.(1, 'w "w r^ 'lu CO 'w -w "w "SS- "!S• -^
ti S S 3 2 3 3
h mJ" ir $ vifr CO CO P^ 5i
oa. ?-»w ?^
S.ca;:< oil i I S
^cna
»v5"5a.
w;i.!i.s
^• ?^ T^CO CO
§-3o
CO CO «O
^""
î^,'^
^»
-"JUi
.3 '^
I 3 I I
^ §<3 .^§1-3 ^|-^T3 .^J<3 1 <3
1 î ?> r^ ?>»CO CO CO CO CO -w -w »vi 'i

I I
i ^l^S 11
^3 ^ J?>.^^cococo ?;^
02. '^S.
§
Qa.
.3 c|
cocococo
g J - "W
^2.
" *"v
><
"U '5
^
TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS. I9I
--
.5 'V
1= 3-
>3.
\ <:§
'<
S-
-^
».?-»>«
lit I flip
ff-,
Q.'
W »vu
i Hi
^
-<3
V
k
Is 3 3=^=
a
3 3|a3
"^ Js i- b
?^ "P-
^
'^
^ t2 §0 ii
1
:i
3"
^s
^ !
- tii
tgi ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
1-
b b
"-
I -- . 1
=^3 "
(,
'^
1 b
- art 3- Q.
1 I a, Q. &, 3- a
1 - . 1 ti Q- b
^ w a a
"3 a
^ g ti" §<:§
'b <3S
^§- S 3
i; J- ^1•
-Ul
>
I
a
gS*!^ i.sl,=3 a §.
^ ^"§1
»iy SVji >\ii
IJ
*3 "^^
1
*VJ >\ij
fill
»\y *Vt; >\U I
S-1
^VJ '*'
§:tg
*W »W *W
3
^^ 1
'
3 S c? 3
• < *< ^
^ •;:; 8
<e -^ 5^
^-^ 1 ^ -3 ^":<:vi ^::-^~

3'~
I 3 ;^
|i. ig ^^ ^
S. ;i
3•-
><
3'
b 1 3 ^ 3" b ig I g ^S-
a a 3
TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 1 93
«3 ^ '?r v^.'^T
V -lu -iu "lu 'lu ,j; " ^^^ "jr- 'w -vu "lu
g CJ ^ «
1^ 3. i. s.
b J5
b a _
^ •^ §
P- 3 -'^
S. 3.
« Oh
b
-V -r
b.b t^S
b W I-
§i"
^ ^ « § a g; I
n^ ^b ,b
b
h Si ,i- *-
^ Q^
'S'^tibj-.g-s.tio^ g?ô 2-
.s
I
b i
»u; >*> 'W
^
s-Vt;
" t ^c§- e
*W *W *w *W ^
S ^
*K*
-§-.b
*W W "W
^
'3 4 3J , I 111 I .3
"? >? b ^-^ -I- 's -e-S-e- ?<
C ^ I
5^
r^
§
3 1 3'
: 3'
1 3
3"
:^ 3\3 3.
3'
3 1^ i
-
- ,1s
:§-,
s
b b b w - --
§ 89. To locate a verbal form at once is the

most difficult thing a beginner has to learn.
It is intended, therefore, that in the following
pages the student shall have a special oppor-
tunity for mastering a large part of this main
difficulty. Of the most common irregular verbs
there are here gathered into small space the
forms that occur, and by a mastery of these
pages a great deal will be done towards gaining
a rapid and easy understanding of the Greek,
read as Greek.
After a thorough acquaintance with the
paradigms and the principal parts of the ir-
regular verbs, nothing may prove of greater
profit than repeated drill on these forms.
,
,,
],
,
,
,,,
,
,,,
,
,
§ 90.
},,,
, ^
,^ hear.
€<;,
, ,,<;,
,
1
,
, ,,-,
The aim is to give forms of these verbs, but such com-
pleteness can hardly be expected. The various editors give
often a different form for the same passage, and no concordance
is, as yet, published which gives W. and H's. reading.
,
, ,,,,
,
, ,
, ^,
IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS.
,
1 95
, .,
, , , -
,
, , ,
, ,-
<, ,
,
§ 91.
,
i-aisc up.
,
,,., ,
avaarrj,
, <;, <;,
,,,,,,
§ 92.
,>,,,
',
open.
',
, ^, , ,
avoiyei,
')(,
-,
,,
', ^,
^, ^<;, -,
-.,
, ^., ,^<;,
^, -, ', '<{,
^],
,, ,,
,^-
§ 93. die.
>],
,
.,
^ ^
,
196
, ^
^
,
^, ,
velrai,
,-
-
ESSENTIALS OF
.,
)^
,,
, .,,,^
§ 94.
, ,, destroy, kill.
,
,
,
},,
,,
^ .,,,,,
.)
', cnroXeaei,
'?,
-
-
,
,
, ,
,
,^,
),
,,
§ 95.
,, ,-
-
send.
,
, ,
,,
XevTi,
],-
,
,
., ,
,^,.-
, .)
IRREGUL.4R VERBS : STUDY OF FORMS. 1 97
§96.
, ,,
, .,,'?,€,
, ,,, , , - OJ^\.r\\^\., remit, forgive.
,
,
?;€<9,
,
, -,., ,
€,
,
, ,
€,
€<;,
€,
=
?],
-,
^, , ,,,,,,,
-, -, -, €-.
,
§ 97. go, come,
, ,,,, ,
,
,
,
,
,).
,, ,
,
, , , ,,
,,, ],
',
, ,
(for
,
, , ,
§ 98.
, ,
,,
,,,,, ,
-
east
, ,,,,,,
,
, , ], -)],
^
igS
, ,,,,,.,
ESSENTIALS OF
\],
NEW TESTAMENT
Luke
GREEK.
],
, ,
(a verbal, 5 '
^),
-,
^, ', ^,^,
§ 99.
yivovrai, iyevovTO,
eyeveaOe, ^^.,yevra,
^^.,
, be, become.
yeyova,
'yeyvaev^
yevoevv,
yiveraL^
yeyovevai,
^, eyeyovei,
yev€,
yeyevrjadai, yevrjvaL,
yivov,
ylveaOai,
yevoev,
yeveaOai^
yev6V0Vy
yeveve^, ey€vav, yve., yvevov,
,
yevevov,
yLv€va,
yevijOevTa^,
y€vea,
yeyovaai,
y€v,
iy€vv, yeva,
y€Vo€Ii, yev€^ yevo-

eyevov,
/'
iyivero,
€<;, yevijaeraL,yivoevv, yeyova<;^ yevovo^

yeyovoTi, yeyovav, yeyovare, iyevero, y€voevv,
yeve., yiveaOe., yeyovei, yeveva, yeyovvia,
yevijaeaOe, yev6eva, yeyovore^., eyeve^ yeyo-
1^09, yeyove, yevevv, yevoiro (optative, mostly
in the phrase yevoiro, may it not happen,
God forbid).
§ 100. -, know.
yv€a, yLvv,
,
^/, yvoidi, yvwai., yLvwaKeiv,
eyvov, yiva>aK6L,
eyv€, yvev€^, eyvu>Kare,
,
yvo), yivodaKerat,
€yva., yvco-
yvoiaovrai,
yLvcoaKere, yLV(a-
6, ^,
,
yvovi;, yvu)T€,
,
IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS.
,^^^,',^
<€<;,
€<, ^,
1 99
, ^4.
^,-.,<€, €<^ ^,
'^,
-,
'yvu>^
yvovra^
eytVw^/ce, iyvcuKeire,
eyvw-
,
=
8, , , ,
§ 101. give.
€8€, 88, 8, •, , 88, /-

,
,^
,
, , ,
88€,
88,
8,
88, SeScuKeiaav, iSlSovv,
] , /, ,,, ,
SoOfj, Sovvai,
and 8, irregular forms , ^, for
8, 8 = optative 8,
/, ;, 88€, 88, €8€, 86,
,8.,
,
],
8e8oTai,
€8, 88,
8€, 88, ?,
8, •, 8.8€, .
§ 102.
8, 8, '^?/,
,^, .,, ,
, €86,
co;ne, go.
, €^,
, ^^ .,],^
€\, €)(^,
,
-^,
<,
., .
^,
-^
€)^€,
^pxjj, iXOetv,
ep
eXOovTC,
,
,,
,, eXevaerai,
€7'],
eXO
1 Cf. similar form in ', § 104, latter part.
200
(,
, ,,,,
,
,
eXôVre?,
,
-
^,
ESSENTULS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
iXOov,
';,
6\€<,
- ,.
^,
occurs for
^,
%
^^??
in the 2 aor.
^^),
VPX^^^
; as
(* commonly
A few forms in are omitted.)
^,
, .,,,,
§ 103.
, ,- find.
,
,
,,,
,
,
',
ebpi']ar]<i,,
,
,
', ,
,,
, ,
<}
,
<,,-
,
^}, (opt.),
,
,,,.
), , , , ,^
,, ^'>
,
§ 104. /lave.
,,,
, ,,,,,
^'^'
^,
,
^/^,, ,,,
^,
, - ],
, ,,, ,, , ,,
,
and
, ' (opt.),
1 Cf note, p. 189.
^,
IRREGULAR VERBS: STUDY OF FORMS. 20I
^, ^, both = ', -^ = ^^,

(nearly all the forms of the pres. act.
,
part, occur).
, , ,, ,
,
, , ,
§ 105.
,
[€,
, ,,,,<,,
,-
cause to stand.
,
,
, , ,,
,, , ,, ,
,
-
<;,
]';,
,
, , ,
,
, , ', , ,
, ,
), ,
,^,
-
. -
,
<;. W. and give throughout the
,
plupf. instead of e /-.
,, ,,,
,
§ 106.
, , take, receive.
},
,
,
, ,
,
,,,, ,-
7],
,,
, ,,
',
,, , -,
, , -
, ,',
(opt.), = -<;.
,
,[], ,, ,,,, ^',
§ 107. drink.
, ,
,. , ,
7€, 7€,
., , ,
., ,
eine,
7rivovTe<;,
Trie,
7?7, ],
Trivet,
iriveiv,
,., ,', ,, ,
/,
§ 107
,' .
€7€,,^,,, ,
.
,
7€€,
fa//.
,
,
eireaov, Trearj,
ire-
,
,,, ,
(for -<;),
^
,
€, ,
, ,
,
§ 108.
, ,
reOeiKa,
,,,
, ,
., €,
, ,
put, p/ace.
reOfj^ €€,
,
, ',
', ., , , ,
,, €,
WevTO, €€,
),
,, ,,,
,
§ 109.
,,,,], show, appear.

, ,,
, ], , .
IRREGULAR VERBS : SYNTAX. 203
- },
]^,
,
,
€€,
-,,,^
§ 110.
^,
€<,
,
, , ^
-
, ,, ,.,,, ^, ],
dear.
'^, iveyKare,
, -,^,^,, ,
-rjvejKaTe,
<;, -^,
<€, -, '^<,
-],
4<], -€<, -'.
3. SYNTAX.
§ 111. It is not the purpose of this introduc-

tory work to deal largely with Greek syntax.
No study, however, of the New Testament, in
the Greek, can be prosecuted without at least a
modicimi of knowledge of the Greek syntax.
It is therefore within the scope of this little
work to furnish that modicnin.
It is believed that the examples and prin-
ciples here set forth will prove of great value
in assisting the beginner to keep his bearings
amidst the various forms of construction which

render the Greek so rich a language, and at the
same time make it appear so difficult to the
learner.
The inductive study of syntax is valued by no
one more highly than by the author, and I hope
that the following principles may not be looked
upon as rules that are to serve as pegs upon
which the student is to hang his subjunctives,
infinitives, genitives, and datives. The study
of the syntax should begin with the examples
and not with the principles, with the Greek text
and not with a work on Greek syntax.
The New Testament, written as it was by
several different persons, cannot but present
the peculiarities of style that belong to these
authors. This variety of style often passes
over into a different syntactical expression.
Accordingly, what is a very common form of
construction in the writings of Paul may not
be found in the Gospels, and Luke may use
expressions that do not occur elsewhere.
The aim has been in the following examples
to give those that are representative of the
language as used by all the writers of the
New Testament.
syntax : subjunctive. 205
The Moods in Independent Sentences.
§ 112. The indicative in independent sen-

tences is the natural one and needs nothing
said about it here.
Subjunctive.
§ 113.' The
person plural of the subjunc-
first
tive,
tive
Let
^ ,
is
lis
,
eat
(l
and
may be used to
either present or aorist,
denote a command or cxhortatiojt. The nega-
Cor. 15
drink,
Let US not love
:
32),
i
'^
John 3
in zuord.
: 18, /*/;
,
-
§ 114. The distinction between the present
and aorist is that the present denotes what is
continued, extended, or repeated, while the aorist
denotes the fact simply without any continued
or extended action. This distinction is generally
true of the present and aorist in all moods
except the indicative. The aorist subjunctive
and imperative do not refer to past time, but
to the present or future. The aorist infinitive
may refer to past time.
115. In questions of doubt or uncertainty the

subjunctive is used in the first person, rarely in
the second or third.
8€' ;
Mark 12 14,
shall zue give or shall we
: ^
not give ?
§ 116. The aorist subjunctive is used with

the double negative ,
to express a strong
negation.
,
John 6:35, 6
ireivaajf
he who comes
e'/ie
me shall not hunger,

eh e'/xe -
and he ivho believes on Die shall not thirst.
Note that the future indicative is thus also
used.
§ 117. The aorist subjunctive may express a

negative command. Matt, y ayiov
., 7]86 Xe
-,
-.6,
give not that which

Score
is
€-
holy
to the dogs, nor throiv your pearls before stvine.
Optative.
§ 118. The optative is used to express a wish

that refers to future time. Luke 20 16, :
ykvoLTo, may this not Jiappen. See § 71.
In Dependent Sentences.
Subjunctive.
§ 119. Final clauses denoting piirpose are intro-

duced by
more
3 : 14, \ €7
or
]/ and take the subjunctive,

rarely the indicative ; negative
. . .
7], e
. Mark
and
7
SYNTAX : CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 20
he chose tivclve in order that they viight be with

hifn, and that he might send them to preach.
Acts 9
']^
Lord has
: l/j
sent me
7\)
that yoii might look up
. .
ayiov,
.
and
the
be
filled ivith the holy spirit.
§ 120. Object clauses after verbs of exhorting,

commanding, and entreating, take the subjunc-
, '?
' .
^
tive with more rarely negative
,
;
Matt. 14 : 36,
,
they
entreated him that they might but touch the hem
of his garment. Mark 13 : 18,
and pray ye that it
happen not in the luinter.
Conditional Sentences.
§ 121. A
condition stated simply without any-
thing being impHed as to fulfilment has in
,-
Greek, as in English, the simple present, future,
or past (aorist) indicative in the condition, with
the same tense in the conclusion.
, Matt. 4:6,
if thou, art the Son of God,
,, cast thyself
down. Matt. 26
all men
, ejco
:
33, el
shall be offended in thee, I never shall be

if
2o8
offended.
if
,
ESSENTIALS OF
2 Cor. 5
aWa
we have known Christ according
yet noiv tve knoiu him no longer.
NEW TESTAMENT
• l6> ^^' i^^^^
, GREEK.
to the flesh,
and
§ 122. Conditions CoJitrary to Fact. — When av

is added to the conclusion where el appears in
the condition, a non-fulfilment is implied. The
same tense of the indicative is used in both
parts.
§ 123. The imperfect denotes present time,
,
and the aorist or pluperfect denotes past time.
Imperfect John 5 46, d
:
believing in Moses, yoii

:
^,
for if you ivere now
would now
Implying that they are not believing
be believing
-
in me. in
Moses.
',
,
Aorist or pluperfect :
for if they had knozun it they ivonld not

i Cor. 2 : 8, el
have crucified the Lord of Glory,

et <âp
for
ef
if they had
.,
been of
i John 2 19,
lis, they would have

^, :
re-
mained zvitJi us.
§ 124. Future Conditions. — Clauses that refer

to future time are introduced by eaV, which is
followed by the subjunctive {rarely the indica-

SYNTAX : RELATIVE CLAUSES. 2O9
tive).
ment,
ivTo\a<;
if ye shall keep
I
,,
In the conclusion the future indicative
occurs or the present with future sense.
Matt. 9:21, iav
shall be saved.
my
If sJiall
John
but touch his gar-
ev
15
commandjnents, ye shall
Tjj
:
;,
10, iav
re-
main in my love.
§ 125. The negative in the condition is
usually , in the conclusion always oh.
Relatfve Clauses.
as
§ 126.
09, luJio, and
principles as conditional clauses
,
Clauses introduced by relative words
where, follow the same
when referring
to present, past, or future time. The relative
word stands as the conjunction in the room of
el. Where an eaf-construction is implied, the
relative word usually takes the place of the el
and the dv remains, as 09 av. More rarely 09
eav
14
e70Lev
:
is
Luke 8:18,
zvhoever has, to
9,
found.
,^
iav
b? av yap '?;,
him shall
shall be preached, that luhich she has done will

be told.
it
SoeaL•
be given.
eiiayyeXiov,
zuherever the Gospel
,Mark
...
Temporal Clauses.
Temporal Clauses introduced by ^^

§ 127.
ivJien, , until, are followed by the same con-
is
€
go out
,
always written orav.
tJience.
,
struction as relative conjunctions, § 126; ore av
Mark 6 lO,
abide there
Matt. 2I :4, orav ovv
;
:
6
wJicn there-
)
Jintil you
fore the lord of the viiieyard cometJi, what will

he do ?
§ 128.
Luke 22
),
More
:
croiv to-day until

knoiu me.
34,
rarely
you deny
e'fo? appears without
the cock shall

three tiifies that
av.
not
you
able
§ 129.
meaning
;
struction
, The
of such verbs as
Infinitive.
hope; ,,
infinitive is
is the same as in English.

used to complete the
If this
zuish;
seek.
,
This con-
infinitive has a subject different from that of

the principal verb, this subject must be in
the acciisative. Hebr. 6 : 11, 8
?/!/,
we moreover desire each one of you to exhibit
the sanie earnestness. 2 Cor. 11 : 16,
SYNTAX : INFINITIVE. 211
^) elvai, let no one tJiink me. be

foolish {that I am foolish).
tJie
subject
§ 130.
attributes
I
zuere
:
be wise.
same
22,
§ 131.
made
When
is
Words
as
not
are in
foolish
that
elvai
of
of
commonly
the
,
the subject of the infinitive
principal
expressed, and all
the nominative case. Rom.
by declaring themselves
saying and in general ex-

verb,
is
this
they
to
pressions of thought may be followed by the

infinitive with the cases as above. See last
example in § 129 and in § 128.
The infinitive may be used as a sub-

§ 132.
stantive, and in this construction may take the
,
article in any case. This substantive phrase
(while keeping its verbal force) is governed as a
noun, and often takes a preposition.
I Cor. 14
14:9,
I
39, ro \a\eiv
: 48,
'
:
forbid not the speaking with tongues. Acts

he has faith
that he will be healed, Ut. faith of being healed.
John
,, before
Philip called you.
§ 133. The infinitive is frequent after i'yevero,

it came to pass, where the infinitive, with or
without a subject accusative, is the subject of

the ijevero.
,
Luke 6 i, eyeveTo :iv
it came to pass as he
journeyed on the Sabbath.
8e ev
-,
ayiov eV ,
been baptized {ev
that the heavens tuere
Spirit descended 7ipon him.
§ 134. ,
and
)
zvJien
Luke 3:21,
Xabv
all the people

happened
opened, and that the Holy
so that (to
it
be distinguished from
. . . -
iyepero
had
as an introductory word, and so, therefore),

takes the infinitive (indicative twice), negative
. Mark 9
\eyeiv
:
^,
26, eyeveTO
he became as one
<
dead, so that the most said that he was dead.
, § 135.
Charran.
,
The
before.
infinitive is
Matt.
ev ^,
before the cock croivs.
common
26 :
34,
after
Acts 7
before Jie
: 2,
dwelt in
or
Participle.
§ 136. Verbs of hcaj'ijig, seeing, knowing, and

perceiving, may be followed by the participle.
This construction is a form of indirect discourse
SYNTAX: NEGATIVES. 213
^
and is rendered by such a clause in English.
Acts 7:12,
A'LyuTTTov, and Jacob having Jicard that there
^
was
',
corn in Egypt. Luke 8 46,
,7€ '^ ^ ^
:
for knoiu that

power has gone ont from Die. i John 4 : 2,
iv
every spirit zuhich confesses that Jesus
CJirist canie in the flesh. For some other ex-
amples of the participle see 190-193.
Negatives.
§ 137. is the usual negative in the condi-

tional, relative, and temporal clauses, ov the
,
negative of the main clause.
§ 138. is the negative of the imperative,
'
marvel not.
§ 139.
negative reply
aught
Tt
to
]
eat ?
is used
is
in
expected.
eêre
asking questions where a
;
John 21:5,
/itt/e chi/dren,
,
have ye
§ 140. is used in questions where an

affirmative answer is expected. Luke 17 :
17,
-^ SeKu ; were the ten not
purified f
214 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESIAMENT GREEK.
§ 141. The double negative is used to

express a strong negation. See § 116. Matt.
24 :
34, TrapeXOr) yevea
ykvy]Tai. This generation shall not pass
away until all these tilings come to pass.
§ 142. When a strong emphasis is desired

several negatives may occur in a sentence,
provided the simple negative as
,, or be
,
, ^.
followed by the compounds, as
Mark i :
44,
speak ne er a word to any one.
I John
no darkness
pa
I :
5,
is in him at
€77], see to it,
But where the
or
ev
all.
negatives are simple, the effect is as in English.
§ 143. In general, is the negative of state-

ment or fact ; while />; is the negative of con-
ception, possibility, or contingency.
Uses of the Cases in Greek. •
§ 144. It is supposed that the student is
already acquainted with the simpler uses of the

cases that have come up in the course of the
lessons.
Genitive.
,
tive.
§ 145.
Matt.
they
Time
came
28 : 13, <
tuithin luJiich is
in the night aiid stole Jmn.

put in the geni-
€\€
syntax: uses of the cases. 215
he
§ 146.
a vohintaiy agent,
genitive.
The agent
was baptised by JoJui.

Mark
, i
is
:
after a passive verb, usually
9,
expressed by
Matt, ii
a I'eed
: 7,
shaken by the
,
and the
zvind.
;
icate
§ 147.
after
and I am of
,
The
. .
^.
genitive
Christ.
i
, may be used
Cor. i : 12, ', as a pred-
of Paul . . .
Verbs of touching, begging, hearing,
, ^,-,
§ 148.
tasting, and the like, are usually followed by the
genitive. Luke 5:13, he /,
€
tojicJied him, saying.
''
Mark 8 :
and he
23,
took hold of
his hand.
begged Jiim, saying.
,
Matt. 17
hear ye him. John 8 52,
etf
Luke 5:12,
he shall not taste death forever.

:
^
5, d/coiêre
he
' § 149.
plenty,
,
1:15,
and
Words
waît,
denoting fulness, deficiency,
take the genitive.
., John
full of grace
and
James
truth.
if any of you
:
5, ^l
Luke 1:53,
he filled the hungry zvith good [things).
is lacking in zvisdom.
, and
2l6 ESSENTIALS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
§ 150. The genitive follows the comparative

degree of the adjective.
mandmcnt is greater than -these.

, Mark 12:31,
otlie}' com-
'yap
§ 151.
condernning,
The
iyKaXeiaOat
and the like.
,
genitive follows verbs of acciising,
Acts 19 : 40,
for zve
disturbance.
,
are in danger of being called
Mark 15
and
:
3,
to account for the
the high priests accused

him of man}'
,,,,
John
after
§ 152.
me was
The
1 5)
things.
before me, because

,.
genitive follows most adverbs, as
, he who comes
lie was prior
:
to me.
Dative.
§ 153. The dative is used after words signi-

fying likeness, agreement, or their opposites.
John 8
§ 154.
:
55,
be like you, a liar.
The
,
dative follows verbs of approach-
I shall
\
ing, joining, following.
, Luke 15:25,
and as he %uent he
SYNTAX USES OF THE CASES.
\&
: 2 1
7
drciv near to the house.

,
ship,
Matt. 21
huti
folUnv
§ 155.
are
not.
'€,
:
Die.
12,
John 9 :
,
€& , ,
believe,
commonly followed by the
381 k^cu
Mark
and
2 : 14,
wor-
dative.
fe believed
and he zvorshipped him.
§ 156. The dative is used after et/it and <ylvo-
eartv
part).
to
,
denote the possessor. Acts 8:21,
no part is to yo2t {you have no
§ 157. Cause, means, manner, degree, and
,^,
instrument are put in the dative
usually with a preposition.
the latter
Rom. 1 1 20,
;
because of their ujdielief

:
^
10
more,
€L• 7€ ]
: ,
they were brokeji
48,
lit.
off.
more by
ev
Rom. 8 24, rrj yap
for we are saved by hope.
inuch.
;
Mark
:
Luke 22
he cried inueh
49, Ku^te,:
Lord, ivhether shall zue

strike with the szvord ?
§ 158. Time zuhen and place zuhere are in the
)
dative ;
rfi
more commonly with kv. Luke 12 20,
this night they ask from thee thy soul.

,
:
8
Accusative.
§ 159. Verbs of motion tozvards require the

accusative case. The motion may be objective or
subjective,
a preposition, as
still
et?, ,, .
the same case occurs, and with
or Luke 56,
'
i :
vTrearpe'êv tiirncd into the
,
et? Jie
house. Mark 5 : 23,
,
he falls at his feet.
the Word
John 1:1,0
zvas with' God.
\oyo<i
Extent of time and space is put in the

§ 160.
accusative.
,John 7 33, eVi :
yet a little while I am with you.

John 6:19, €7]\€<; ovv
^ '
7€€, zvhen then they had gone about twenty-five
fnrlongs.
§ 161. Tivo accusatives may follow verbs of

saying or asking something of some one also
),
;
ov
men.
§
,
doing something to some one.
son ask for bread.
162.
6
The infinitive
Matt. 7 9,
Matt. 4
I shall make you
:
whom
19,
shall his
fishers of
has the subject in the

:
accusative. See 131.

SYNTAX : PREPOSITIONS. 219
§163. Prepositions.
,
, instead
fro)n.
of.
Genitive only. -
,
€K, out of.
before.
Dative only.
-, until.
Accusative only. els, into, to.
, through. Gen., Dat. liri, upon, at. to.
down. and - -rra.po..froj/i, by, to.

Genitive
and
£, with, after. Accns. [ irpos, /<', at.
irepi, about.
Acciis.
,
vTzip, above.
,
under.
,
,
,
§ 164. instead of oSovra ,
a tootJi for a tooth.

denotes separation, arro
from
sin.
,
Galilee
Source,
;
,^^' learn of
from every
vie.
, ) genitive,
entering through
'
through,
eyeveTO,
the door.
the zaorld zvas
Means,
8ia
made
tJirongJi him. Accusative, on account of, for
,
THE SAKE
sake
cls
; 8ta
of, hia TO
on account of this.
denotes motion toward, either
., for 7ny name's
real or
implied,
vioiititain. Time,
eh
et<f
,, Jie zvcnf up into the
for everlasting.
Used metaphorically to denote rest or a
/
CONDITION,
is
eh
in the bosom of the Father.
Jie
., .,
€K denotes motion out of, where there has
,
been a close union,
,
out of heaven. Time, ck
Place, eV
iic a voice
after this {time).
on the rigJit hand.
€V, IN, eV TTf a'yopa., in the market-place ; BeSo-
with
]
iv
plural nouns).
given among men
Instrument,
(so often
iv
,
T7}
earth. Time, eVl

Claudius.
With the
,
,; shall
dative,
we
with the genitive, upon, with verbs of
RESTING, GOING, STANDING, eVl T^9 /;•?, Upon the
in the time of
where,
strike zvith the sivordf
iirl }, at the
,
stern ; errl
they
a charger.
Accusative, motion toward,
put
- ,
Jipon
it upon a lajnpstand,
great multitude zuas
-eVl
tive,
,
gathered to him.
motion from above downward.
,Geni-
they rushed doivn
the steep place. An opinion or judgment against
any one, el tl eêTe ^?, if you have any-
thing against any one.
;
SYNTAX : PRErOSITIONS.
Accusative^ along, through, according to,
,
Kara ^^ .
throilgJioiit tJiese
according to the
places ;
€ ,€, association with. Genitive,
^
tJie FatJier is zvitJi me.
,,
Accusative, After, denoting succession, /xera
ravra and after this he said.
genitive,
always of a person,
receive from him.
from the side of.
, From,
zve
,
,
Dative, by the side of. Something
is done by some one or something,
they remained tuith him.

,
is or
Accusative,
contrary
TTCpi,
Trepl
and about
avTov,
contrary to, ^Xê
he zvcnt
to the teaching.
genitive, about,
it is
to
Accusative, about, around, irepX 8e

the eleventh hour;
the sea ;
concerning,
zvritten concerning him.
^
,^,
88^,
aronnd
Tyre.
irpd,
the world.
BEFORE,
irpos, accusative, after

,, before the doors
before the foundation of
verbs of motion,
motion
XoL'9j
<},
is
he departed to tJiem.
not objective,
Where the
(ind indeed they contended ivith one another.

-
Proximity,
zvas zviih God.
Xoyo'i
Dative., near, ?
©eoV, t/ie
ope<,
ivord
by
,
the mountain. Genitive but once, Acts 27 :
34,
,
for the advantage
WITH,
with them.
of.
he proceeded
,
icrrep, genitive., for sake
shall lay doiun
Accusative, above,
my
of,
life
ho\)\o•^
for yon.
,
nor
to
, is the servant above his fnaster.
genitive., always with the passive voice
denote the agent, he .,
zvas baptized by Jo Jin.
Accusative, under, elSov ,/
sa7v yon underneath the fig tree.
The student should by no means consider this

short treatment of the prepositions exhaustive.
Many ofthem occur more than 1000 times in
the New Testament, and often with varying sig-
nificance. Only the most fundamental uses have
here been indicated.
In all cases constant reference should be made
to the lexicon.
INDEXES.
,
GREEK INDEX.
. . — All references are made to pages. Occasionally more particular
,
reference is made in parenthesis.
A, in contraction, 139 ; conjugation, 179; prin.

changed to rj, 15; to a, 48 parts, 189; forms in N. T.,
(note), 197.
^';, comparison, 153. -, contract form in, 168.
76, class of verbs, 186.
ay , 2 aor., 118 (v. 13). B, classification among the
,
,
ot, short in endings, 23 (top).
1 86.
,
mutes,
changes before
138 (2); euph.
, 49.
, (v. I).
2 perf.,67 (top)
decl., 151.
&v, in apodoses,
clauses, 210;
208 ;
and 112
in
in rel. clauses,
temp.
,
3,
in
in
prin. parts, 190;
N. T., 197.
prin.
N. T.,
parts, 190;
197.
decl., 150.
forms
forms
209.
,
,
among the
,
cLvqp, decl., 45. classification
'^, forms
, w. gen., 219.
in N. T., 195. mutes,
changes before
,
138 (2); euph.
, 49; before
forms in N. T., 196.
-, 117 (top).
, 196.
forms in N. T.
w. gen., 215. ,
•, decl., 151.
\v. gen., 215.
(bottom)
,
8g prin.
;
axiTos, pers. pron., 30 (top); parts, 190; forms in N. T.,

intensive pron., 29 (bottom); 198.
position and meaning with 8g (bottom) prin.
;
art., 29, 30, 147. parts, 190; forms in N. T.,

for eavTov, 80. 198.
225
,
,
220
69 (bottom).
ESSENTIALS OF
aor. pass, -^,

ei,
ei5oi',
et/it,
?'/, 207, 208.
57 (bottom).
conjug., 178; w. dat. of
, classification among the poss., 217; enclitic, 31.
mutes, 138; dropped before eijui, go, in composition only,

, 49; euph. changes before _
179•
in ,
a liquid, 69 (mid.); inserted
45 (bottom).
elwov, forms of, 58 (top),
et's, w. ace, 219.
compound,
,
^,
,
30. eis, decl., 151 ; 83.
,
Set, impers., 90. e/c or e|, w. gen., 220.
w. gen., 215 (mid.). eKeivos, 27.
,
,
in -,
conjug.
forms, 168.
conjug.
of
87,
contract
w. gen. and ace, 219.

of,
88;
1 73;
redupl., 89
verbs
,
,
e\7r/s, decl., 51,
ev, w. dat., 220.

147
decl., 154.
vv.
().
148.
gen., 2l6 (mid.).
(bottom) ; aor. in , 88 iwl, w. gen., dat., and ace,

(note) ;
prin. parts, 190;
,,. 220.
E,
in contraction, 138; in aug.

15;
aor.
lengthened to
of liquid stems, 79;
, 48; in
2
, in
187;
N. T., 199.
', prin. parts, 190;

parts,
prin. parts, 191;

1 91; forms
class,
forms in
aor. pass., 69 (bottom) ;
N. T., 200.
fut. liquid stems, 78; -, -3, -, in the gen. of the 3d
conjug. of \4, 1 68; vari- decl., 44, 45.
able vowel, 4, 13 (top), 15 ?ws, construction of, 2IO.
(mid.), 48 (top) contraction ;
of eai, 13. Z, double consonant, 12 ();
,
-eat, for -etrat, 13.
iav, w. subj., 39, 208, 209.
iyeipw,
decl., 154.
fut. of, 78.
iy^, decl., 29, 153.

H,
-r;s,
verb stems in -', i86 (2).
see under
adjs. in, 84, 85.
e.
ei for ee in aug., 16 (note). See , classification among the

under e. mutes, 138.
;
GREEK INDEX. 227
€, in aor. pass., 68. M, 138.

{), only w. prep. -^, decl., 152; compared,
-;
,
prin. parts, 191;
of verbs, 187 (bottom).
class
,
,
153•
-w. gen. and ace, 221.
-, decl., 151.
decl., 15 1 (top).
neg. in cond.,
temp, clauses, 213; in wishes,
206; w. imp., 213; w. dubi-
rel., final,
I, close vowel, 138 (3); added tative subj., 205 (bottom);

and adv., 52 (note) ; double neg. ,
26 (top)
,
to pron.
opt, 181.
-, see
-Lv,
',
.
in redupl., 89; sign of the
in ace. sing., 51 (bottom).

conj., construction w. final
in asking questions, 213.
N, 138;
187.
decl., I5I (top).
in 5th class of verbs,
clauses, 206; vv. object V, case ending, 51 (bottom).

clauses, 207. -vat, infin., 76, 183.
', of forms,
redupl., 89; inflection
prin. parts,
-, in 3d per. plur., 4.
173;
191; forms in N. T., 201. S, double consonant, 17 (top).
•, -iffTos, comp. and superl.,
86. O, in contraction, 139; length-
ened to ,48; to 011,52(132);
K, for classification of mutes, connect, vowel, see under e.
138; before <, 49; before , 0, , TO, art. decl., 146; pro-
117 (top). clitics, 21 (note).
-, 88 (note).
in verbs,
KUKOs compared, 153. ,
01, diphthong, 8,
conjugation, 180.
.
,
KoXos compared, 153.
, w. gen. and ace, 220.

,
(-, -), class of verljs,
,
187.
,
prin. parts, 191. decl,, 42.
w. gen., 86 (note).
A, 138; verbs in -, i86. ';, in obj. clauses w. subjv.,
,
class
prin. parts, 192.
of verbs, 187;
, 207.
prin. parts, 192; aug-
, 2 aor. of,
conjug., 160.
165. ment, 112
8i, rel.
(v. l).
pron., 33 (bottom).
,

da-Tis,
,, forms in N. T., 154.

28 (note 2) ; see
dropped in nouns, 53 (bot-
tom); in ,., and ,
,
01),
under . 13 («). 17 («). and 56 (a);

movable , 141 (top).
decl., 83.
oCs, ear, decl., 151. - and -, see under .
ovTos, decl., 147; use
-,
n,
ing of, 26, 27.
verbs in,
for classification,
168.
138; be-
and mean-
,
-,
,
,
88.
3d per. plur., 15 (top),
decl., 154.
prin. parts, 193.
decl., 153.
fore , 49; before Oe in aor.
, pass., 69. T, for classification, 138; euph.
,
w. gen., dat., ace, 221. changes with other Unguals,
,
, 69; dropped before
iras, 64. 49.
,
',
decl., 45.
class of verbs, 187;
-?, masc. nouns in, 22, 23.
see 89 and 90.

154; see 75.
/
prin. t/s, decl.,
,
,
,
parts,
202.
192;
foil,
decl., 44.
decl.,
forms in N. T.,
by dat.,
152;
217 (top).
compar.
tIs, decl.,
Tjoeis,
187
193•
154; see 75.
decl., 153.
()
(mid.);
class of verbs.
prin. parts,
,
,
153•
51 (top); decl., 151 (top).
w. infin., 212.
Y, close vowel, 138 (3).
', decl., 151 (top).
Trpos, vv. gen., dat., and ace, VL, diphthong, 10 (c),
6, 221.
TrpQros, w. gen.,
w. gen., 216 (middle).
216 (middle).
,
vios, decl., 145.
, 138 euph.
,
classification, ;
at beginning of a word, 140. changes, 49, 69 (178).

conjug., 166 class of
;
, forms of, 3 (note) ; classifi- verbs, 186; prin. parts, 193;

cation, 138
w. mutes. 49
to <r before
;
;
euph. changes
Unguals change
a lingual, 69;
, forms in N. T., 202.
193•
i88 (mid.); prin. parts,
GREEK INDEX. 229
.
,
X,
,
see reference under
Xelp, decl., 151 (top).
see KaKos.
double consonant, 19 (a)

il,
,
-$,
see under
, augm.
,
for
part, of
0.
,,
01,
in adverbs, 86.
w. inf. and
15 (36).
ind., 212, 80
and 138. (note l).
;.
ENGLISH INDEX.
See remark, page 225.
Absolute gen., 74 (note 3). from I aor. in form and mean-

Abstract nouns, w. art., 112 ing, 57; aor. in , S8(note);
(v. I, latter part). Attic redupl. in aor., 118
Accent, nominal, 24; verbal, 2; (v. 13); accent of 2 aor.
gen. and dat. of oxy tones, 20; part, and inf., 62; aor. pass.,
monosyllables of 3d decl., 42; suffix of, and act. endings,
in contr. syllables, 78 (top) 68, 69; sense of aor., 61
in enclitics, 29 (note). (mid.) and 205.
Accusative case, 144; uses of, Apostrophe in elision, 141.
218. Article decl., 146; proclitic, 21
Accusing, verbs of, foil, by gen., (note); w. $, 29,30; w.
216. adjs. to give positioti, 27.
Active voice, 157. Augment, 15 and 183.
Acute, see under Accent.
Adjectives, compar. of, 85; Believing, verbs of, foil, by dat.,
agree w. nouns, 1 1 ; attrib. 25 (note 2).
and pred., position of, 27 (64)
Adverbs, formation of, 86 foil. ; Cardinal numerals decl., 153.
by gen. case, 216. Cause expressed by dat., 217;
Agent, see under Genitive. by part., 72-73 (top).
Alphabet, 137. Classes of verbs, 184.
Antecedent, assim. of rel. to Close vowels, 138 (3); stems
case of anteced., 1
15 (v. 24). of nouns ending in, 51 (bot-
Antepenult, 2 {6). tom).
Aorist, 158, 159; use of, mean- Command expressed by imp.,
ing of, 55, 56; 2 aor. diff. 83•
;
,
ENGLISH INDEX. 231
Comparative, see Degree. Deponent verbs, 32.

Comparison of adjs., 85; of Diphthongs, 138 (4); contr.
advs., 86. w. vowels, 139 (8) ; in aug.
Compound verbs, 32, 33; nega- 15•
tives, 214. Double consonants, 138 (2);
Condition and conclusion (pro- negatives, 214.
tasis and apodosis) syntax Doubt, questions of, exprs. by
of cond. sent., 206-208. subjv., 205.
Conjugation of -verbs, 160;
of -verbs, 172. Elision of vowels in prep., 141
Consonants, division of, 138 (mid.).
(top) ; euph. changes of, 49 Enclitics, 29 (note).
and 69 ; movable consonants, Endings, pers. end. in verbs, 4,
140; at end of words, 42 182; case endings in nouns,
(note) ; consonant stems of 23, 42,45, 51.
3d decl., 53. Exhortation exprs. by subjv.,
Contraction, 138, 139; of verbs 205.
in -, -, -, 1 68; in parts, Extent, see Accusative.
of same verbs, 156.
Coronis, 139. Feminine gender, 143.
Crasis, 139. Final clauses, 206.
Following, approach-
joining,
Dative, meaning of, 144; uses ing, verbs of, foil, by dat., 216.
of, 216-217. Fulness and want exprs. by
Declension of nouns, 7 and 142; gen., 215.
A-decl., 19-23; O-decl, 6-11; Future, formation of, 47-49; in
3d 41-46 and 50-54;

decl., liquid verbs, 77-78; syntax
irreg. nouns of 3d decl. ,151;
of adjs., 26-27; ^djs. of 3d
of fut. w. ov , 214 (top).
decl., 85; of participles, Gender, 143,

154-157; of pronouns, 153- Genitive case, meaning of,144;
154• accent of oxytones, 20; in
Demonstrative pronouns, 26, 3d 41 (bottom) and 51
decl-,
27. syntax 214-216; prep, w.,
of,
Dependent clauses, syntax of, 219; gen. abs., 74 (note 3).

206-310. Grave accent, 9 (note).
,
232 ESSENTLi.,LS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK.
Hearing, verbs of, foil, by gen., Movable consonants, 140-141

II (note). (top).
Mutes, 138 ; euph. changes,
Imperative, 82, 83; endings of,
49, 69, 117 (top); verb
182; used in commands, 83.
stems, 186.
Imperfect tense, meaning of,
14; aug. in, 15; secondary
Nasals, 138 (2).
tense, 159; used in cond.
Negatives, 213; see under
sent., 208.
Impersonal verbs, 90.
and .
Neuter, see Gender; neut. plur.
Indicative, 158;
207-208; w.
end. of,
,in cond. sent.,
182; suffixes
212; pers.
in, 183.
w. sing, verb, 18 (note);
neut. ace. of adjs. as advs.,
86 (mid.).
Infinitives, 76; 2 aor. inf , 62;
Nominative case, 144; of 3d
syntax of, 210-212; endings
decl., 41.
of, 183.
Number, 143.
Inflexion, 142.
Numerals, 153.
Irregular, nouns of 3d decl.
151 ; comparison, 153; verbs,
Objective case, 144.
189-193.
Open vowels, 138 (3).
Labial mutes, 138. Optative, i8o-i8x.
Likeness, words of, foil, by dat.,

Oxytone, 20 (bottom).
216.
Palatal mutes, 138 (2); verb
Liquids, 138; verb stems in,
stems in, 186 (top).
77-79•
Participle, 70-73 and 37, 39.
Manner, see Dat. ; exprs. by a Passive voice, 12, 157; second
part., 72 (2). pass., 69.
Means, see dat. Penult, 2 (bottom).
yut-verbs,87-90; conjugation Perfect tense, 65-67; primary
of, 172. tense, 159.
Middle mutes, 138 (2). Periphrastic forms, 1 1 2 (bottom).
Middle voice, 157. Personal endings, 4 and 182-
Moods, 158. 183.
Motion toward exprs. by ace, Place exprs. by dat., 217 (bot-
218. tom).
;
ENGLISH INDEX. 233
Pluperfect tense, suffix in act., Semivowels, 138 (2).

89- Smooth breathing, 140.
Predicate position of adjs., 64 Subjunctive, 35-36, 38-39;
(3d. sent.). syntax of, 205-210.
Prepositions, 219-222 ; suffer Subscript iota, 7 (a).
elision, 141 ; in compound Suffixes, 183.
verbs, 32. Superlative degree of adjs., 85
Present tense, 3, 4; primary, of advs., 86.
159• Systems, tense, 159, 181-182.
Primary tenses, 159.
Principal parts of verbs, 159. Tasting, verbs of, foil, by gen ,
Proclitics, 21 (note). 215 (mid.).

Pronouns, pars, pron., 29; in- Tenses, primary and secondary,
tensive pron., avTos, 29, 30; 159; tenses of ind., 158; of
interrog. and indef. pron., subjv.,35; of inf., 76; of
rel. pron., 33; refl. pron., part., 71-72.
75;
80, 81.
Time, within which exprs. by
Pronunciation, 137 and 138 (4). gen., 214 (bottom); -when,
dat., 217; how long, ace,
Punctuation, 142.
Purpose, exprs. by final clauses, 218; use of part, to express
206. time, 72.
Touching, verbs of, foil, by
Quantity of a syllable, 2 gen., 215.
(3, 4).
Questions of doubt exprs. by
Union and approach, words of,
subjv., 205.
foil, by dat., 216.
Recessive, see Accent. Voice, 157.

Reciprocal pronouns, 81. Vowels, short and long, open
Reduplication in perf., 66; in
and close, 138 (3); contract,
2 aor., 118 (v. 13); in pres. of, 138 (4), 139.
system, 89-90; Attic redupl. Vowel declensions, 142 (bot-
in perf., 1 12 (v. i). tom).
Relative clauses, 209.
Result exprs. by
Rough breathing, 10
, (<r),
212.
140.
Vowel stems in verbs, 48 (mid.).
Want, words of, foil, by gen., 215.

Rough mutes, 138 (2). Wish, exprs. by opt., 181.
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THE NEW TESTAMENT.

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Texts i
Works on the New Testament 6

Gospels and Acrs lo
Matthew ii
Mark 12
Luke 12
John 12
Acts 12
Epistles 13
Apocalypse 15
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The Early Church . 16
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Essentials of NT Greek

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mvS'

THE LIBRARY OF THE

^ RETURNED 1 °'^| RETURNED

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

NEW TESTAMENT GREEK

JOHN HOMER HUDDH.STON, A.B. (Harv.),

Author of " Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase-Paintings," " Lessons

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

All rii'hts reser-ned

By MACMILLAN AND CO.

Set up and electrotyped August, 1895. Reprinted August,

The publicationof the Revised Version of our

Can anything be done to bring the language of the

power of the earnest Sunday-school worker or other

Part I. includes the thirty- two lessons, which will afford

tions, afford opportunity for the teacher to exercise

experience as a teacher of the New Testament lan-

valuable suggestions of these well-known scholars.

Aside from the corrections of typographical errors,

few changes have been introduced in this new edi-

been impossible for me to enlarge certain parts of

the grammar which the favourable reception of the

work would have warranted.

very kindly gone over the whole work and favoured

PART I. — LESSONS; TEXT.

Notes on Selections 112-120

2. Accidence: Declension of Nouns, Adjectives,

My purpose is to offer here a few considerations

It will first be necessary to understand something

about the languages which were used in the countries

the tongues of these early nations. The Assyrians

South Semitic. Of these three groups, the North, the

language of the Babylonian court, must have become

We must conclude therefore that for centuries the

longer understood the Hebrew of the Scriptures, but

hard to measure the results of conquering of the

of ancient Hellas, so rich and beautiful, so full of

them still remained and spread with great rapidity

of Rome, Greek and Greek letters took captive

speech of trade and intercourse. Greek was even the

In Palestine there was of course a Greek population

two tongues as must have existed in Palestine at the

me to enterupon it here, but simply to state my belief.

It is more than probable, from what has been stated

we may conclude that Greek was used by Christ are,

history of the Jews first in Hebrew (Aramaic), and

as from the Hebrew. Paul, himself a Hebrew and

commercial intercourse. Thus we see this wonderful

a new soil was prepared ready for new seed, — the

ferent would have been the effect Imagine the

result if the simple grace of our English Bible were to

into the Greek. To a large number of people who

Greek. . . . The Greek was flexible and elastic

Here is the key to the whole question. How rich this

one and the same writer we can observe two extremes.

Of the four evangelists Luke was the best educated,

New Testament furnishes nearly 900 words that are

especially common. Rare combinations are used.

adjectives in - {-es) there are but two or three com-

may be observed that in the verbs those in - {-mi)

with either the indicative or infinitive to denote result,

and with nearly equal frequency in both constructions,

influence of which I have taken no notice, as well as