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Cell division
2 types :
Mitosis Meiosis
In growth and repair of body cells In producing gametes (sperm and ova) in
sexually reproducing organisms
Produces 2 genetically identical ( clone ) 4 daughter cells , each has ½ no. of
daughter cells with same chromosome no. as chromosomes of parent cell
parent cell
Daughter cell is Diploid (2n( like parent cell Daughter cell is Haploid (n)
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Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
Stem cells from human embryos can divide and differentiate to any cell type
Cell cycle is regulated by many proteins called cyclins… some proteins are internal regulators,
others are external (growth factors)
Internal : Make sure the cell doesn’t undergo mitosis until certain conditions are met.
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Cellular and molecular biology
Replicated chromosome
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
G-2 (2nd GAP Phase) : Cell produce organelles like mitochondria and other
components that will populate 2 new functioning daughter cells
G-2 Checkpoint : All Chromosomes must be fully replicated with no other types of
damage.. only then it can enter mitosis and divide
N.B : Cell division is strictly regulated process that mostly works without errors. If errors
→ Cancers
Interphase : مراحل3 أولmore than 90% of cell life is in interphase……… most cells we
observe under microscope are in interphase
During interphase :
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Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
prophase :
1. Strands of chromosomes condense and become
visible الكروموسومات فى االول بتكون خيوط رفيعة اسمها
كروماتين و بعد كده بتتكثف و تتخن
2. Nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate الحظ
كان سليم فى االنترفيز
3. Nucleoli disappear الحظ كانت ظاهرة فى االنترفيز االن
اختفت
Metaphase :
1. Chromosomes line up in a single file ( هامfor ex:
human chromosome line up as 46 chromosomes in a
single file ) on equator or ( metaphase plate )
2. Centrosomes are already at opposite poles
3. Spindle fibers run from centrosomes to centromere
Anaphase :
1. Shortest phase
2. Centromeres of each chromosome separate and
spindle fibers begin to pull sister chromatids apart
Cytokinesis-
this is division
of the
cytoplasm and
cell
into two by
constriction
59 from the
Cellular and molecular biology
edges of the
cell
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
Telophase :
1. Chromosomes cluster تتجمعat opposite ends of cell هامand
nuclear membrane reforms هيتكون هنا تانى
2. Super-coiled chromosomes unravel and return to pre-cell division condition as long
thread-like strands ( chromatin )
Summary
* Interphase
* Prophase
60
Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
Cytokinesis
Meiosis
- Meiosis is a form of cell division in which cells having diploid chromosome number (2n)
produce gametes (sex cells) with haploid ( monoploid ) chromosome number (n)
Meiosis I
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tetrad Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
Meiosis II
62
Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
N.B Chromosomes Come in Pairs: Homologous Chromosomes We said that human cells
have a total of 46 chromosomes. But these 46 chromosomes come in pairs: Each human somatic
cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Many other species also have their chromosomes situated in
pairs. 46 just happens to be number of chromosomes in human cells; hence, human cells have
23 pairs of chromosomes. Another way of saying this is to say that human cells have two sets of
chromosomes, and each set consists of 23 different chromosomes.
Think about the set of 23 chromosomes that came from Dad. We’ll call them 1A, 2A, 3A … all
the way to 23A. Now think about the set of 23 chromosomes that came from Mom. We’ll call
them 1B, 2B, 3B, etc. Chromosomes 1A and 1B are very similar (not exactly alike, but very
similar). They form one of 23 pairs of chromosomes in your cells, and we refer to them as being
homologous. Chromosomes 1A and 1B form a homologous pair. So do chromosomes 2A and 2B,
3A and 3B, 4A and 4B, etc. One last point: Cells that have two sets of chromosomes (all
chromosomes have a homologous partner) are said to be diploid ( 2n ) → 2 X 23
Princeton Review. Cracking the SAT Biology E/M Subject Test, 15th Edition (College Test
Preparation) (Kindle Locations 1823-1829). Random House Children's Books. Kindle Edition.
63
Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
Questions :
1. An important process that occurs during sperm formation in diploid organisms is.
(A) Fertilization.
(B) Cl oni ng
(C) Meiosis.
(D) Parthenogenesis.
(E) Gastrulation.
(A) Crossing-over
(B) Metaphase spread
(C) Gene mutation
(D) Non-disjunction
(E) Mitotic cell division
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Cellular and molecular biology
SAT II Biology E/M Dr Haitham AbdAllah
0100 36 777 19
4-
Ans : B
N.B :
Linked genes : genes that are on the same chromosome and inherited together هام
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Cellular and molecular biology