SUMMARY OF TEXT AND NON-TEXT, MODALITY,

LOGICAL CONNECTOR AND NOTICE AND ANNOUNCEMENT

A. Text and Non-text
B. Modality
Modal (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must) or also called modal auxiliary is a special
verb that different from normal verb such as “play, sleep, intend…” Modal auxiliary expresses ability,
request, probability, advice, request, permission, etc. A modal may have several different meaning
while similar meaning may be expressed by using different modal. Modal is also giving additional
information about the function of the main verb that follows it.
The following are some characteristics of modal:
 Modal auxiliary always come first then followed by infinitive (bare infinitive)
He may come first this morning
 Modal auxiliary take no “s, es” for third singular person
She can speak several languages
 Modal auxiliary have no past tense form, although could, might, would, should are used to refer
past time
When I was young, I could stay awake all night long
 Modal auxiliary have no infinitive, ing or past participle form “ed”
I can speak English fluently
Not I can speaking English fluently
 The negative is formed simply by adding "not" after the verb; questions are formed by
inversion of the verb and subject
You should not go there
Can you pick me up at seven?

Here is the modal auxiliary list with examples and expression

Modal Verb Expressing Example

Strong obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn
red.
must
logical conclusion / Certainty He must be very tired. He's been working all
day long.
must not prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital.
can ability I can swim.
 permission Can I use your phone please?
possibility Smoking can cause cancer.
ability in the past When I was younger I could run fast.
could polite permission Excuse me, could I just say something?
possibility It could rain tomorrow!
permission May I use your phone please?
may
possibility, probability It may rain tomorrow!
polite permission Might I suggest an idea?
might
possibility, probability I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
lack of necessity/absence of I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of
need not
obligation tomatoes in the fridge.
50 % obligation I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a
terrible headache.
should/ought
advice You should / ought to revise your lessons
to
logical conclusion He should / ought to be very tired. He's been
working all day long.
had better advice You 'd better revise your lessons

Soal Uraian Bab II

1. Analyze the meaning of could by giving the examples.

The meaning of “could” can be as:
a. Possibility He could be a friend of my sister
b. Polite Permission could I rent your house?
c. Request could you send me this letter?
d. Ability (past) I could speak Spanish better when I was child

2. Analyze the following sentences:

You must stop when the traffic lights turn red; He must be very tired. He’s been working all
day long.

a. You must stop when the traffic lights turn red (express obligation)
b. He must be very tired. He’s been working all day long. ( express certainty)

3. Make some sentences consists of probabilities.

 she may come home earlier today
 We may fly to Bali next week
 I think he might not have time to visit his parents

C. Logical Connector